Acta Odontologica Scandinavica最新文献

{"title":"The effects of headgear treatment timing on costs and orthodontic outcome: a follow-up study.","authors":"Matti Hannula, Mimmi Tolvanen, Pertti Pirttiniemi, Kirsi Pirilä-Parkkinen, Anna-Sofia Silvola, Johanna Julku","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46468","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the effects of cervical headgear (CHG) timing on costs and orthodontic outcome.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Sixty-seven participants with Class II malocclusion were randomized into two groups. In the early group (EG, n = 33), CHG treatment began after the eruption of first upper molars. In the later-timed group (LG, n = 34), CHG treatment began nearly 2 years later. Orthodontic outcome was evaluated when CHG ended and at the end of follow-up using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and Little's Irregularity Index (LII). Costs were calculated using medical records, estimated chairside times and average personnel and material costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean total costs including personnel and material costs during the follow-up were higher in the EG (€416) compared with the LG (€364) (p = 0.043). No statistically significant differences between the groups were found in the PAR and in the LII scores at the end of follow-up. The number of visits during CHG treatment was higher in the EG (13.3) compared with the LG (10.4) (p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Earlier initiation of CHG treatment increased the personnel and material costs, number of appointments, and chairside time. Based on the PAR and in the LII scores, the orthodontic outcome of CHG treatment was equal regardless of the timing of the treatment. If orthodontic treatment during mixed-dentition stage is considered, it would be justified from an economic perspective to favor treatment during late mixed-dentition.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"416-424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and periodontitis: a systematic review with considerations on CPAP therapy.","authors":"Aida Kukila, Muhammed Manzoor, Aino Salminen, Päivi Mäntylä, Pirkko Pussinen","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46512","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and periodontitis and to assess the available evidence on the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on periodontal status.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Study selection and data extraction were carried out independently by two reviewers. A total of 20 original studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen of the 20 studies (70%) reported a significant association between OSA and periodontitis. However, only two studies fulfilled all methodological quality criteria, indicating an overall moderate to low quality of evidence. Data on the effects of CPAP therapy on periodontal outcomes were limited, and the available studies generally showed no significant impact.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current evidence supports an association between OSA and periodontitis, suggesting that OSA may contribute to periodontitis. Robust, well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodology are needed to clarify the nature of this relationship and to determine whether CPAP therapy influences periodontal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"453-459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13382990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of periodontal condition with insulin sensitivity - results of the Oulu1935 cohort study.","authors":"Ville Myllymäki, Pekka Ylöstalo, Anna Liisa Suominen, Matti Knuuttila, Ulla Rajala, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirpa Anttila, Tuomas Saxlin","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46514","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether baseline periodontal condition predicts reduced insulin sensitivity (RIS) over a follow-up period of about 15 years among participants with baseline euglycemia.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A subpopulation (n = 224) of the Oulu1935 cohort was studied. Periodontal condition was defined by the presence and number of sites with periodontal pockets (probing pocket depth ≥ 4 mm) or by the participant being edentulous. Insulin sensitivity was measured using the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, with the lowest tertile indicating RIS. Rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Poisson regression models with a robust error variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RIS was observed in 21.3% of the dentate participants without periodontal pockets, 32.8% of those with 1-6 sites with pockets, 33.3% of those with ≥ 7 sites with pockets, and 40.8% of the edentulous participants. Furthermore, adjusted RRs with 95% CIs (in parentheses) for the association of periodontal condition with RIS (reference: dentate participants without periodontal pockets) were 1.4 (0.8-2.6), 1.1 (0.6-2.1), and 1.4 (0.8-2.7), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Poor periodontal condition and edentulousness predicted RIS. A healthy periodontium appears to support normal insulin function, but further studies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"434-444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment preferences related to pulpectomy and prosthetic restorations among Lithuanian general dentists and prosthodontists.","authors":"Viktorija Ašmankevičiūtė-Lemisnkė, Gediminas Žekonis","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46336","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to compare self-reported treatment preferences related to pulpectomy prior to prosthetic treatment, restoration selection for vital teeth, and impression-taking methods between Lithuanian general dentists (GDs) and prosthodontists (Ps).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 386 dentists in Lithuania, including GDs (62.4%) and Ps (37.6%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square and Fisher's exact test), with a significance level of p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most indications for pulpectomy were reported similarly by both groups; however, significant differences were observed for extensive coronal structure loss (> 50%) and deep caries, cervical lesions, gingival recession, short clinical crown, insufficient retention, enamel hypoplasia, and external root resorption (p < 0.05). Ps also more frequently reported using indirect restorations, including porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, lithium disilicate ceramic inlays and onlays, and polymethyl methacrylate crowns. Conventional impressions were more common among GDs, whereas digital or combined workflows were more common among Ps.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lithuanian GDs and Ps reported broadly similar preferences regarding preservation of tooth vitality, but differed in selected pulpectomy indications, restorative options, and impression-taking methods. These differences may reflect variation in specialist training, clinical experience, and access to prosthetic workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"408-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue response in hemisectioned primary mandibular second molars.","authors":"Jenny Öhman, Vini Rughwani, Julia Naoumova","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46272","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Congenital absence of mandibular second premolars occur in 2.91-3.22% of individuals, with nearly half of cases being bilateral. Interceptive hemisection of primary second molars promotes mesial drift but exposes the pulp for an extended period. This study investigates histopathological responses of pulp and associated mineralized tissues.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Children aged 7-12 in Skaraborg region, Sweden, were screened for over-retained primary mandibular second molars as part of a single-center, blinded, prospective split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial comparing hemisection with extraction. Mesial roots of 21 hemisected teeth were collected for histopathological analysis of inflammatory infiltrate, pulpal necrosis, fibrosis, and hard tissue formation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean interval between distal and mesial root extraction was 11.54 ± 4.3 months. Histopathological analysis revealed no pulpal inflammation in 14% of specimens, acute/subacute inflammation in 38%, chronic inflammation in 48%, and necrosis in 24%. Reparative tertiary dentin with capping occurred in 48% and without capping in 33%. Necrotic mineralized tissue appeared in one specimen. Three patients reported symptoms during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prolonged pulp exposure following hemisection induced tertiary dentinogenesis, maintaining pulp vitality for up to 17 months. Despite histological evidence of inflammation or necrosis, most cases remained asymptomatic, indicating remarkable regenerative capacity of primary pulp-dentin complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"401-407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring fulfillment of basic psychological needs in patients with dental anxiety: an investigation grounded in self-determination theory.","authors":"Vibeke Kranstad, Geoffrey Colin Williams, Torill Helene Tveito, Vibeke Elise Ansteinsson, Anne Elisabeth Münster Halvari","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46314","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This qualitative study aimed to investigate how patients with severe dental anxiety perceived cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered by interdisciplinary teams consisting of psychologists and dental personnel.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Twelve individual semi-structured interviews were conducted at the Oral Health Center of Expertise in Eastern Norway, using an exploratory qualitative design. The analysis was guided by Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. Self-determination theory (SDT) was applied as the theoretical and analytical framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The qualitative analysis identified five themes shaping patients' experiences with CBT and progress in managing dental treatment: Establishing positive relationships with the psychologist and dental personnel, Experiencing enhanced competence in managing one's anxiety, Discovering the opportunity to use one's own capacities, Identifying factors nurturing plans for future dental visits, and Experiencing additional effects on quality of life. These results underscore the importance of autonomy-supportive treatment that fulfills patients' basic psychological needs (BPNs) for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thereby fostering more autonomous motivation and desired behavioral changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that CBT provided by interdisciplinary teams may benefit from adopting SDT as a framework, integrating autonomy-supportive principles to fulfill patients' BPNs. This approach may enhance CBT's patient-centered effectiveness and potentially improve patients' quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"384-400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13324589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between oral microbiome diversity and rheumatoid arthritis in U.S. adults: NHANES 2009-2012.","authors":"Jun-Cai Lin, Qi-Song Wang, Zhong-Min Guo, Fan Zhang, Cai-Yin Qiu","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46064","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although links exist between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the gut microbiome has been implicated in RA pathogenesis, the role of oral microbiome diversity in RA remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to explore the association between oral microbiome diversity (including alpha and beta diversity) and RA status through a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,544 participants aged ≥ 20 years derived from the 2009-2012 NHANES cycles. We employed multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method and beta diversity assessment (Principal Coordinate Analysis [PCoA] and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance [PERMANOVA]) to examine associations between oral microbiome diversity metrics and RA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjustments, four alpha diversity metrics (observed amplicon sequence variants [ASVs]: OR [95% CI] = 0.996 [0.992, 0.999], P = 0.043; Faith's PD: OR [95% CI] = 0.943 [0.900, 0.988], P = 0.014; Shannon-Wiener index: OR [95% CI] = 0.786 [0.641, 0.965], P = 0.021; Simpson index: OR [95% CI] = 0.127 [0.018, 0.915], P = 0.037) were significantly inversely associated with the presence of RA. This relationship was approximately linear (P for nonlinear > 0.05) and moderated by socioeconomic factors (P for interaction < 0.05). ROC and SHAP analyses revealed that the Simpson index had the highest explanatory capacity for RA. However, beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, UniFrac distances) revealed no significant differences between RA and non-RA groups (all P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher oral microbiome alpha diversity is significantly associated with lower prevalence of RA. Oral microbial diversity may serve as a potential indicator associated with RA status. However, given the cross-sectional nature of this study, longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to further elucidate causal relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"360-372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13316869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148325393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between dietary diversity and periodontitis: analysis of NHANES 2003-2014.","authors":"Qi He, Qianying Guang, Yien Xu, Jian Zhao","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46079","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Periodontitis is a common chronic oral inflammatory disease with multiple etiologies. The relationship between Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and periodontitis prevalence remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To elucidate the DDS-periodontitis prevalence association.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Logistic regression evaluated the linkage between DDS and periodontitis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression assessed non-linear linkage. Interaction tests identified effect-modifying factors. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression identified food categories influencing associations. Mediation analysis investigated the mediating roles of body roundness index (BRI) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the full-adjusted model, higher DDS was linked with lower periodontitis prevalence odds (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-0.98; p < 0.001), with an evident dose-response relationship. RCS indicated no significant non-linear association between DDS and periodontitis (p-non- linear = 0.144). WQS showed balanced weight distribution of five main foods (all ~20%), indicating a dietary synergy effect. Subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions between DDS and periodontitis within subgroups of age, smoking, BMI, alcohol consumption, and osteoarthritis (p-interaction < 0.05). RDW (2.26%) and BRI (1.69%) partially mediated the linkage between DDS and the periodontitis prevalence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher DDS is independently associated with reduced prevalence of periodontitis, driven by the synergistic contribution of multiple food categories. Optimizing dietary breadth is important in preventing periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13316870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148325152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservative versus surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures: a comparative study.","authors":"Hampus Eksell, Anna Jinghede Sundwall, Robin Radamson, Annika Rosén, Robert Heymann","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46063","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Condylar process fractures are a common mandibular injury predominantly affecting males, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. This study examines outcomes in patients with mandibular condylar fractures treated either conservatively or surgically, comparing long-term subjective results. A total of 281 cases were reviewed (144 treated conservatively and 137 treated surgically), with symptoms and functional outcomes assessed through questionnaires. Surgical intervention was more common in complex cases (e.g. bilateral fractures or concurrent maxillofacial injuries), and the surgical treatment group had a higher proportion of male patients and trauma related to violence. Mandibular joint sounds (e.g. clicking and crepitation) were more frequent in patients treated conservatively, whereas pain both at rest and during movement was more common in women and those with interpersonal violence-related trauma. Multivariable analysis indicated the presence of concurrent fractures as a risk factor for joint sounds, and gender and trauma type influenced pain and symptom frequency. Despite these differences, both treatments achieved comparable success in maintaining stable occlusion and achieving painless jaw function. These findings suggest that both conservative and surgical treatments can be effective, although individual factors such as gender, trauma type and concurrent fractures may affect post-treatment symptomatology and choice of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"348-353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148248770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complications of dermal filler treatments – a registry-based study from Finland.","authors":"Vilma Koivisto, Jaana Rautava, Hanna K Laine","doi":"10.2340/aos.v85.46216","DOIUrl":"10.2340/aos.v85.46216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The popularity of dermal filler treatments is increasing in the Nordic countries. In Finland, legislation does not mandate healthcare training for those performing dermal filler treatments, potentially leading to increased complications. This registry-based study aimed to characterize complaints on dermal filler treatments received by Finnish Authorities, using data from (1) Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (TUKES), (2) the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira), (3) the Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (KKV), and (4) Regional State Administrative Agency (AVI). From January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2024, 19 complaints were received by KKV, unsuccessful lip filler treatments being the most common issue (59%). No life-threatening complications were reported. Most cases (56%) occurred in beauty salons, with treatments primarily performed by beauty salon employees (44%), followed by registered nurses (24%), and only 8% by medical doctors. Notably, 72% of the complications occurred in the last 3 years. The study underscores the need for regulatory oversight and advanced medical expertise in administering dermal filler treatments due to the increasing complications and the involvement of non-medical personnel. Complications may require immediate medical first aid and should be classified as procedures requiring advanced medical expertise.</p>","PeriodicalId":7313,"journal":{"name":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","volume":"85 ","pages":"354-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148248796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}