{"title":"Bilayer oxidized sodium alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel microspheres enable sustained BMP-2 release for enhanced bone regeneration.","authors":"Yafei Yuan, Xige Zhao, Jiangqi Hu, Yixuan Zhu, Xuening Deng, Qingsong Jiang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae0778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae0778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a highly potent osteoinductive factor that has received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to its significant osteogenic properties. Nonetheless, its clinical utility is limited by adverse effects linked to supraphysiological dosing and its brief half-life. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a safe and effective delivery system to enable the sustained release of BMP-2. In this study, we have developed bilayer-structured oxidized sodium alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan (OAC) microspheres through the application of electrospraying and the Schiff reaction. The inner layer, composed of oxidized sodium alginate, electrostatically adsorbs BMP-2, while the porous polyelectrolyte membrane on the surface enhances adsorption, thereby effectively regulating the prolonged and controlled release of BMP-2. We assessed the minimal osteogenic induction concentration of BMP-2 on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) to optimize the BMP-2 loading concentration within the microspheres. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the bilayer membrane structure of the hydrogel microspheres significantly delayed the release of BMP-2, facilitating a long-term, sustained release. Furthermore, the microspheres facilitated the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). The osteogenic-promoting efficacy of the BMP-2-encapsulated OAC microspheres was further corroborated in vivo through implantation alongside calcium phosphate cement into the dorsal region of nude mice. Collectively, the BMP-2encapsulated OAC microspheres we developed constitute a promising clinical approach to augment scaffold degradation and osteogenesis for the repair of bone defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunguo Liao, Hong Hu, Ziyu Tang, Dan Deng, Chao Li
{"title":"Development of a polydopamine-graphene nanocomposite electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of lung cancer biomarker VEGF<sub>165</sub>.","authors":"Yunguo Liao, Hong Hu, Ziyu Tang, Dan Deng, Chao Li","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adffd2","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adffd2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a novel electrochemical aptasensor utilizing polydopamine-graphene (PDA-G) nanocomposite for VEGF<sub>165</sub>detection. The PDA-G nanocomposite was synthesized through a one-step self-polymerization process and characterized by SEM, XPS, and FTIR, confirming successful PDA coating on graphene sheets with 22.3% C-N bond incorporation. Electrochemical characterization confirmed stepwise increases in charge transfer resistance (Rct), and quantitative detection was based on ΔRct (the change in Rct before vs. after VEGF<sub>165</sub>binding). Under optimized conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C, 30 min incubation), the sensor demonstrated dual-linear response regions with high sensitivity. Analysis of clinical samples showed minimal matrix effects with a 1:4 dilution ratio, and endogenous VEGF<sub>165</sub>levels in healthy donor serum were determined to be 28.4 ± 3.2 pg ml<sup>-1</sup>. The method's practicality was validated through comprehensive interference studies, with common serum proteins generating relative responses below 5.2% compared to the target.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"M-keratin induces regeneration of bone tissue in sprague-dawley rats.","authors":"Zhuojia Zheng, Yu Zhang, Mengxuan Xie, Wengui Lian, Liyi Zhu, Wuya Chen","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adfbdb","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adfbdb","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mineralized keratin (M-keratin) has previously been shown to promote the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into odontoblasts; however, the<i>in vivo</i>biological effects and biocompatibility of this material have not yet been illustrated. To investigate this, we first prepared M-keratin (defined as keratin that has been mineralized in Simulated body fluid) nanoparticles, then, implanted these into a femoral injury Sprague-Dawley Rats model. Signs of bone regeneration were observed and/or detected by CT scan, HE stains, Masson stain, and Western blot. We found the regeneration of bone tissue was accelerated in the 28 d following implantation, seen as an up-regulation in the expression of Runx2, ALP, BMP-2, and OSX proteins. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that cell membrane regulation and calcium ion signaling pathway were significantly activated, and it was revealed that multiple genes served as cross-linking hubs between different signaling pathways to jointly promote bone tissue repair. With this study, we hope to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of bone defect diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144857139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxiao Ye, Fangqian Wang, Wangsiyuan Teng, Wenxian Li, Tushar Kumeria, Sophie Primig, Sean Li
{"title":"Promoted osteogenesis on calcium modified surface of stainless-steel lattice produced by selective laser melting.","authors":"Yuxiao Ye, Fangqian Wang, Wangsiyuan Teng, Wenxian Li, Tushar Kumeria, Sophie Primig, Sean Li","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf78f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf78f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stainless steel has been widely used as an implant material for its good biocompatibility, suitable mechanical strength, and high corrosion resistance<i>in vivo</i>. However, its biomedical applications suffer from delayed healing due to its high density and stiffness. Here we proposed body-centered cubic lattice structures with various unit sizes to adjust the density and stiffness of 17-4 PH stainless steel implants to simulate the bone structure and mechanical performance. The mechanical properties satisfy the requirement to be used with the human body with a yielding strength over 60 MPa and Young's modulus over 1.7 GPa. Corrosion resistance characterization indicates that the implants have negligible changes in microstructures and mechanical properties in simulated body fluid for 6 months. The implants were modified by inserting calcium sulphate-based bone cement into the voids of the lattice to improve their biocompatibility. Cytotoxicity results showed that both the implants and modification have no toxicity to human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.<i>In vivo</i>safety and osseointegration testing of the implants were conducted by implantation in rabbit distal femur, showing an improved recovery and bone integration of the implants. The presence of calcium sulphate and tailored lattice structure synergistically promotes osteogenesis through controlled calcium ions release and matching the mechanical properties of the bone.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144786060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Nie, Xinran Li, Taiping Zhang, Yuanyuan Lu, Peng Ding
{"title":"Schiff base formed functional hydrogel dressing via<i>ϵ</i>-poly-L-lysine modified chitosan and oxidized dextran with the incorporation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate.","authors":"Lei Nie, Xinran Li, Taiping Zhang, Yuanyuan Lu, Peng Ding","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf67b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf67b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogel-based functional dressings for wound healing have garnered increasing attention due to their excellent hydrophilicity, adjustable mechanical properties, and superior biocompatibility. In this study, a composite hydrogel was facilely fabricated through the Schiff base reaction between<i>ϵ</i>-poly-L-lysine modified chitosan (CS-PL) and oxidized dextran (Odex). The formed hydrogel displayed the interconnected microstructure (100-200 μm), injectability, and adjustable mechanical properties. Macroscopic observation and alternating strain rheological analysis confirmed the good self-healing ability of the hydrogel. Furthermore, with the incorporation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the composite hydrogel exhibited an improved reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability and good antibacterial activity against<i>E. coli</i>and<i>S. aureus</i>. The designed composite hydrogel dressings exhibited hemolysis rates of 0.75 ± 0.60% to 0.81 ± 0.31%, indicating their excellent hemocompatibility. Moreover, CCK-8 analysis and fluorescent images confirmed the excellent cytocompatibility of the hydrogels after co-culturing with NIH 3T3 cells for various periods. The above results offer a promising strategy for preparing functional hydrogel dressings via<i>ϵ</i>-PL modification on CS for wound healing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidan Feng, Bowen Li, Yanting Wei, Yunlei Wu, Yanjian Huang, Bin Liu, Shan Wang, Huaming Mai, Wenjie Zhang, Hui You, Jieming Wen, Yu Long, Wang Guo
{"title":"Inorganic whiskers containing alkaline and bioactive ions enhance the comprehensive properties of 3D-printed biopolymer bone scaffold.","authors":"Sidan Feng, Bowen Li, Yanting Wei, Yunlei Wu, Yanjian Huang, Bin Liu, Shan Wang, Huaming Mai, Wenjie Zhang, Hui You, Jieming Wen, Yu Long, Wang Guo","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf619","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely studied as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering, but still faces challenges, including as insufficient mechanical strength, slow degradation rate, and poor biomineralization and cellular response. In this study, PLA-based composite bone scaffolds incorporating basic magnesium sulfate whiskers (BMSW) at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 wt% were fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. The compression properties of the scaffolds increased with increasing BMSW content and peaked at 5 wt% BMSW, with the strength and modulus reaching 21.51 MPa and 297.38 MPa, respectively, 73% and 50% higher than those of PLA due to the reinforcing effect and uniform distribution of BMSW whiskers. The addition of BMSW accelerated the degradation of the PLA scaffold, with faster degradation observed at higher BMSW contents. Specifically, the alkaline ions (e.g. OH<sup>-</sup>) released by BMSW neutralized the acidic products generated during the degradation of PLA, thereby accelerating the degradation of the scaffold through the synergistic effect of acid and base. Magnesium ions steadily released from BMSW degradation due to the encapsulation effect of the PLA matrix, and their release rate could be controlled by varying the BMSW content. The incorporation of BMSW also enhanced the biomineralization capacity of the composite scaffolds in simulated body fluid and promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, as confirmed by fluorescence and alkaline phosphatase staining. This study demonstrates that incorporating inorganic whiskers containing bioactive and alkaline ions into polymer can enhance its overall performance, making it more suitable for bone scaffold development.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koyel Dey, Venkanagouda S Goudar, Tuhin Subhra Santra, Fan-Gang Tseng
{"title":"SERS based pH nanosensors for<i>in-vitro</i>pH measurement in multicellular 3D tumour spheroids.","authors":"Koyel Dey, Venkanagouda S Goudar, Tuhin Subhra Santra, Fan-Gang Tseng","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf47f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf47f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor acidosis is a consequence of altered metabolism that primarily takes place due to lactate secretion from anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, many regions within the tumors are chronically hypoxic and acidic. To measure the intratumor pH dynamically, we have fabricated a biocompatible pH nanoparticle sensor using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS-pNPS) and monitored continuous pH levels in three-dimensional multicellular spheroids. The 3D multicellular spheroids were cultured using a micro-well array chip made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The SERS-pNPS were synthesized by linking 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of size 50 nm. The calibration curve demonstrates a linear correlation between the ratio of Raman peak intensities (1378 cm<sup>-1</sup>/1620 cm<sup>-1</sup>) with the pH level. The sensor exhibits a detection limit of pH 4.4 and demonstrates linearity within the physiological pH range (pH 4.4-pH 8.23). The SERS-pNPS was applied for pH measurement in different 3D co-cultured spheroid models such as lung cancer (A549-NIH3T3), breast cancer (MCF-NIH3T3), colon cancer (HCT8-NIH3T3) and mono-cultured spheroids using fibroblast (NIH3T3) cells. The detailed analysis indicated that the 3D co-cultured cancerous tumor models have 16% more acidic microenvironment as compared to 3D mono-cultured spheroid model. Also, a presence of a decreasing pH gradient from peripheral to the core region is observed in both the cases indicating acidosis in the core region. The SERS-pNPS platform facilitates a non-invasive and dynamic pH tracking, and thus offers an improved insight into the acidic microenvironment in various tumor models.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioengineered Silk Fibroin/Hyaluronic Acid Composite Hydrogel for Minimally Invasive Cartilage Repair.","authors":"Suxian Song, Bailei Li, Xinyu Gao, Zhen Zhang, Yu Zhou, Xiaojun Liu, Rong-Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf9ae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adf9ae","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the growing global burden of cartilage degeneration in aging populations and the limitations of conventional surgical interventions, tissue-engineered hydrogels have emerged as a transformative strategy for functional cartilage regeneration. Here, we report an innovative bioinspired composite hydrogel fabricated through carbodiimide-mediated crosslinking of silk fibroin (SF) and hyaluronic acid (HA) using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in MES buffer. The engineered hydrogel exhibited an optimally interconnected porous architecture (pore size: 50-100 μm), tunable compressive modulus ( 86.51 KPa mimicking native cartilage), and swelling performance (570 ± 15%), addressing critical requirements for minimally invasive delivery and mechanical stability. Comprehensive in vitro characterization demonstrated exceptional cytocompatibility, with close to 100% hBMSC viability over 7 days. Most notably, the SF/HA hydrogel significantly promoted chondrogenic differentiation, as evidenced by: (1) 1.8 fold increased in progressive glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition (Alcian blue staining), (2) upregulation of SOX9, COL2, and AGG gene expression (RT-qPCR, 1.4, 0.4 and 1.3 fold vs. control), and (3) enhanced type II collagen synthesis (Western blot). These results demonstrate the potential of SF/HA hydrogel for cell-based cartilage repair and osteoarthritis therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy R Cox, David Lesmana, Christopher J O'Keeffe, Alan Lam, Weibin Zou, Zidong Lin, Xuye Lin, Thomas H Roberts, Khoon S Lim, Steve Kw Oh, Payar Radfar, Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani, Lin Ding
{"title":"Maximising adherent cell production via customisable and dissolvable bio-polymer microcarriers.","authors":"Timothy R Cox, David Lesmana, Christopher J O'Keeffe, Alan Lam, Weibin Zou, Zidong Lin, Xuye Lin, Thomas H Roberts, Khoon S Lim, Steve Kw Oh, Payar Radfar, Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani, Lin Ding","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf1cd","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf1cd","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large-scale cellular production systems offer a significant and diverse benefit impacting the therapeutic (stem cell and vaccine production) and cellular agriculture (lab-grown meat) sectors. Producing desired cells at mass can improve production yield whilst reducing the environmental and ethical burden associated with industrialised agriculture and production of therapeutic goods. Many existing large-scale cultivation strategies of adherent cells leverage the use of microcarriers (MCs) within bioreactors. However, currently commercial MCs are not dissolvable and lack specificity for different cell types and bioprocessing contexts. In this work, we validate the effectiveness of customisable, polymeric MCs engineered to enhance cell growth and productivity. These MCs, which can be adjusted in terms of stiffness, surface charge, and size, maintain their structural integrity while offering precise property modifications. Under specific bioprocessing conditions, the custom MCs demonstrated significant improvements in cell productivity and sustainability compared to other commercial options. Our study (1) highlights how tailored substrate properties, particularly stiffness, can significantly impact cell yield and outcomes, and (2) suggests additional optimisations in surface charge and size that could further enhance MC technology. These advancements have the potential to improve large-scale cell and virus production efficiency, ultimately reducing the cost of production.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoying Xu, Jiuzhou Dong, Hongkun Chen, Shuhang Hu, Cen Chen, Fan Liu
{"title":"The enhanced osteogenesis of calcium phosphate oligomers modified collagen membrane to guide bone regeneration.","authors":"Xiaoying Xu, Jiuzhou Dong, Hongkun Chen, Shuhang Hu, Cen Chen, Fan Liu","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf386","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising technology for enhancing osteogenesis while preventing the invasion of fibrous tissue in implantation. Although collagen membranes have been widely utilized in GBR applications, their ability to support sufficient bone formation remains limited. Herein, we developed collagen-sodium alginate membranes (CSaM) with ultrasmall calcium phosphate oligomers (CPOs) incorporation by either physical adsorption (CSaM-em) or coprecipitation (CSaM-im). These two forms of organic-inorganic interaction facilitated biomimetic mineralization<i>in situ</i>, exhibiting high hydrophilicity, proper degradable rate, good mechanical properties, and favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore,<i>in vivo</i>test illustrated that CSaM-im membrane exhibited superior bone formation ability. These results suggested that CSaM with CPOs coprecipitation enhanced physicochemical properties and improved osteogenesis, highlighting their significant potential for applications in GBR.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144700472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}