Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"Loading of EPO on hydroxyapatite/polyurethane composite scaffolds promotes osteogenesis and angiogenesis by regulating of HIF-1α/VEGF signaling.","authors":"Xuefei Xiang, Yufang Yang, Heyou Gao, Zhiyun Chen, Jingyi Xie, QingChuan Hu, Yu Wang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae68b0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae68b0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Composite scaffolds composed of porous Polyurethane (PU) block copolymer and nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) have demonstrated significant potential in bone defect repair. However, the co-effect of osteogenesis and angiogenesis during the process of large bone defect repair is still not yet fully understood. Recent research has found that erythropoietin (EPO) is essential for both osteogenesis and angiogenesis, offering a new research direction for bone regeneration strategies. In this study, a polydopamine (pDA)-modified, EPO-functionalized HA/PU scaffold was fabricated, and its physicochemical properties, release kinetics, and effects on bone repair were systematically investigated. In vitro, a co-culture system of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was used to evaluate the scaffold's effects on cell proliferation, osteogenic, angiogenic, and HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. In vivo, the modified composite scaffold was implanted onto the cranial bone defects of SD rats to assess its efficacy in promoting bone repair and HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. In vitro, the EPO/pDA/HA/PU group showed more three-dimensional cell morphology with prominent pseudopodia, facilitating cell adhesion, and significantly increased mRNA expression of ALP, Runx2, CD31, CD34, HIF-1α and VEGF. In vivo, the EPO/pDA/HA/PU group exhibited the most significant bone regeneration, with micro-CT analysis confirming a significantly higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV) compared to the blank and HA/PU control groups. These results indicated that the modified composite scaffold enabled sustained release of EPO, which upregulated the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF, thereby enhancing osteogenic and angiogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. Our research demonstrated that loading of EPO onto the HA/PU composite scaffold could effectively promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. HIF-1α/VEGF signaling plays a crucial role in this process. This discovery provides novel insights and methods for using HIF-1α/VEGF as a regulatory target to advance the clinical translation of large bone defects repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinted melanoma constructs reveal delivery-dependent efficacy of phytochemical-gold nanoparticle formulations.","authors":"Muge Kasim Kirac, Barış Bilge, Cansu Canbek Ozdil, Tuna Tugcu, Kutlu O Ulgen","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae5ee7","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae5ee7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the efficacy of phytochemical nanoformulations-specifically curcumin and thymoquinone (TQ) delivered via gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-against melanoma A375 cells in both 2D and 3D bioprinted gelatin-alginate scaffolds. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, TQ, epigallocatechin gallate, and betulin exhibit multi-target anticancer effects, but their clinical translation is limited by poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and low tumor penetration. We compared free phytochemicals, AuNP co-administration, and AuNP-phytochemical conjugates, assessing their effects on viability, ROS generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential over time. In 2D cultures, all agents exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with curcumin and TQ proving to be the most potent. However, in 3D scaffolds mimicking tumor microenvironments, only AuNP-phytochemical conjugates sustained mitochondrial and redox stress, overcoming adaptation barriers and providing durable suppression of melanoma viability. Free and co-administered agents displayed metabolic rebound and limited efficacy due to diffusion constraints and extracellular matrix-driven resistance. Unlike prior studies that investigate either free phytochemicals or nanoparticle delivery in isolation, this work integrates 2D and 3D bioprinted A375 melanoma constructs to directly compare free, co-administered, and gold-nanoparticle-conjugated phytochemicals. We show that only conjugated AuNP-phytochemical formulations sustain mitochondrial and redox stress long enough to overcome 3D adaptation barriers, establishing a delivery-strategy-dependent framework for preclinical evaluation of phytochemical nanomedicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and mechanisms of hydrogel-based interventions for intervertebral disc degeneration repair.","authors":"Wen Luo, Huiying Li, Xiangyuan Chen, Ping Wang, Ningbo Li, Dandan Wang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae5ee6","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae5ee6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of low back pain and remains difficult to treat because of its progressive pathology, complex microenvironment, and limited intrinsic repair capacity. Conventional conservative therapies rarely prevent degeneration, while surgical interventions fail to restore disc biology and are associated with substantial complications. These challenges have motivated increasing interest in biomaterial-based therapeutic strategies. Hydrogels have emerged as adaptable platforms for IVDD intervention owing to their injectability, tunable mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. By functioning as supportive scaffolds and delivery systems for cells, bioactive factors, or drugs, hydrogel-based approaches can modulate inflammation, regulate extracellular matrix metabolism, and stabilize the disc microenvironment. This review critically examines recent advances in hydrogel-based strategies for IVDD, emphasizing the interplay between material design. Key limitations and translational considerations are discussed to guide the rational development of hydrogel systems that support structural and functional repair of degenerated intervertebral discs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i>cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility of MAO-Zn/PLA composite films for potential guided bone regeneration treatments.","authors":"Hong Cai, Shijie Liu, Haitao Zhao, Zhihai Huang, Shanyun Sun, Beibei Tang, Huangqing Zhu, Bing Han","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae6214","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae6214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate the application potential of micro-arc oxidized Zn foil (MAO-Zn)/Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films in guiding oral bone regeneration (GBR) from the perspective of material composition, their cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility were investigated. The cytocompatibility was evaluated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and MC3T3-E1 cells by the CCK-8 method. For PLA films, the viabilities of the above two types of cells were 87.6% and 84.5%, respectively, and their morphology was normal. However, PLA has no antibacterial ability. In contrast, the inhibition rates of Zn foil and MAO-Zn foil against<i>S. aureus</i>reached 48.56% and 48.19%, respectively, and their inhibition rates against<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>reached 76.6% and 80.99%, respectively, after co-culturing with the bacterial suspension for 24 h. The cell viabilities of these two groups were only 10.38% and 9.13% for HGF and 67.31% and 8.90% for MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively, after they were cultured with the original extract for 5 d. The abnormal morphology also implied their toxicity. Under the protection of PLA for the composite film, direct contact between Zn foil or MAO-Zn foil and surrounding cells was avoided, and long-term sustained release of Zn²⁺was also achieved. The bacterial inhibition rates of the composite film were 81.09% and 89.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, the morphology of the above two types of cells was normal after they were cocultured on the surface of the composite film for 24 h. Moreover, the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes (COLL-<i>α</i>, OCN, ALP, and RUNX2) increased. The hemolysis rate of the composite film was less than 2%. The cell viability in the 1:9 diluted extract was 91.54% and 87.46%, while that in the original extract was only 8.75% and 3.36%, respectively. It is still necessary to further reduce its toxicity by subsequently adjusting its composition and structure. This study provides an experimental basis and theoretical reference for further enhancing the application potential of this kind of composite film in the field of GBR membranes.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147730823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in microneedle therapeutics for recurrent aphthous ulcers.","authors":"Wenhan Ma, Xuqin Tang, Yutong Han, Siming Xie, Haishan Shi","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) is a common idiopathic oral mucosal disorder marked by painful, round ulcers on non-keratinized tissues such as the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa. These recurrent lesions impair oral function and quality of life. However, systemic treatments, such as oral or injectable medications, often exhibit limited efficacy and are associated with notable adverse effects. The effectiveness of topical treatments is often limited by the barrier properties of the oral epithelium and the dynamic oral environment. Continuous salivary flow and mechanical forces from speaking and mastication dilute, remove, or prevent adequate absorption of locally applied drugs, contributing to inconsistent therapeutic outcomes. Biomedical microneedles offer a promising alternative for delivering drugs to the oral mucosa, overcoming many shortcomings of conventional topical, oral, and injectable methods. Their capacity to painlessly breach superficial barriers enhances drug bioavailability while minimizing discomfort, bleeding, and infection risk. These features collectively improve patient adherence and provide a more acceptable treatment modality for recurrent conditions such as RAU. With rapid advancements in microneedle materials, fabrication techniques, and drug-loading strategies, emerging microneedle-based delivery systems are increasingly adaptable to the unique environment of the oral cavity. These include superior mucosal adhesion to prevent detachment, sustained drug release for prolonged retention, penetration into the pseudomembrane to bypass physical barriers, and the potential for designing multifunctional and smart-responsive systems. Such characteristics render microneedle-based systems a more acceptable and effective approach for managing recurrent conditions like RAU. This review provides an updated framework for understanding the potential of innovative microneedle technologies in the management of recurrent aphthous ulcers and highlights future opportunities for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonwoven nanofibrous PLA/SiO₂-gelatin/hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffolds by two-nozzle electrospinning: bone tissue engineering applications.","authors":"Marziyeh Ranjbar-Mohammadi, Roghayeh Ebrahimzadeh, Elnaz Esmizadeh, Ali Vahidifar","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents the fabrication and optimization of poly(lactic acid)/gelatin (PLA/Gel) composite nanofibrous scaffolds simultaneously reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) and silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles using a dual-nozzle electrospinning approach. Separate PLA/SiO₂ and Gel/HA solutions were electrospun simultaneously, but each from one distinct syringe to enable independent control of processing parameters. Compositional and processing parameters were systematically optimized using the Taguchi design method, a novel approach for this type of hybrid scaffold. Morphological analysis showed that fiber diameter could be tuned by adjusting formulation parameters, with average diameters ranging from approximately ~200 nm to ~1000 nm under stable electrospinning conditions. Uniform, bead-free nanofibers were obtained at balanced compositions, whereas higher nanoparticle loadings led to greater diameter variability and bead formation. Surface wettability was tunable, with contact angles ranging from 130° to 28°, depending on composition. Thermal analyses revealed that both nanoparticle content and polymer blend ratio significantly influenced degradation and crystallization behavior. The optimized scaffold, consisting of a 50/50 Gel/PLA with 2 wt% HA and 2.5 wt% SiO₂, exhibited uniform, bead-free morphology, favorable hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering (tensile strength 3.5 MPa; Young's modulus 180 MPa). In vitro evaluations demonstrated enhanced cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic differentiation, particularly in HA/SiO₂-reinforced structures. Overall, these findings underscore the effectiveness of dual-nozzle electrospinning combined with Taguchi optimization for tailoring PLA/Gel nanofibers structure and performance in advanced bone tissue engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Printed 13-93B3 borate bioactive glass/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/gelatin scaffolds with cerium oxide submicrometric particles for potential bone regeneration.","authors":"Sezgi İyigün, Alper Güven, Caner Arslan, Yasemin İlayda Albayrak, Ahmet Katı, Duygu Ege, Aldo R Boccaccini","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae67c9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a novel HPMC/gelatin composite scaffold was prepared by incorporating 13-93B3 borate bioactive glass (BBG) microparticles and cerium oxide (CeO₂) submicrometric particles as a discrete phase, enabling higher ceria loadings without disrupting the bioactive glass chemistry. Composite hydrogel inks containing 5 wt% BBG microparticles and up to 20 wt% CeO₂ submicrometric particles were successfully extrusion-printed into porous scaffolds with interconnected pore architecture. CeO₂ incorporation preserved printability and mechanical strength while significantly enhancing scaffold deformation ability. Degradation behavior was tunable, with BBG microparticles reducing swelling and CeO₂ submicrometric particles modulating water uptake and pH evolution. BBG microparticles and CeO₂ submicrometric particles synergistically promoted apatite formation following 7 days of SBF incubation. In vitro studies using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts confirmed high cytocompatibility and Alizarin red study showed enhanced mineralization in CeO₂-containing scaffolds. Additionally, BBG and CeO₂ incorporated scaffolds exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Overall, this multifunctional scaffold platform demonstrates promise for bone tissue engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistically enhanced aspirin loading and pH-triggered controlled release via a ZIF-L/ZIF-8 hierarchical coating on titanium.","authors":"Shanchun Zhang, Xiangyu Cheng, Jingtong Wu, Yunuo Song, Liping Ren","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae60d7","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae60d7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the challenge of preventing peri-implantitis, the present study developed a pH-responsive drug delivery coating on titanium (Ti) implants for controlled aspirin release. A hierarchical metal-organic framework coating was constructed on alkali- and heat-treated titanium by sequentially synthesizing Zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) and ZIF-8 (denoted AHTL8). Material characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of a hierarchical micro-nano structure, which significantly enhanced surface hydrophilicity. The AHTL8 system exhibited a remarkably high aspirin-loading capacity (0.227 mg) and intelligent release kinetics, with sustained delivery (77.36% over 72 h) at physiological pH (7.4) and rapid, extensive release (97.39% over 72 h) under acidic conditions pH (6.5). Furthermore, the coating demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, and the aspirin-loaded AHTL8 significantly promoted the proliferation of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. These findings indicate that the ZIF-L/ZIF-8 composite coating serves as a highly efficient pH-triggered platform with high drug-loading and responsive release capacity, and its excellent cytocompatibility and MC3T3-E1 proliferation-promoting effect provide a preliminary basis for its potential application in promoting osseointegration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic 3D-printed gyroid scaffolds with versatile bioactive coatings for complex craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.","authors":"Céline Tourbier, Valentina Basoli, Michaela Maintz, Elena Della Bella, Martin James Stoddart, Florian M Thieringer","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae55ed","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae55ed","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone regeneration, offering patient-specific solutions with tailored mechanical and biological properties. This study presents a 3D-printed gyroid scaffold composed of poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLLA) and<i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate (<i>β</i>-TCP), designed to enhance structural integrity and bioactivity. Using computer-aided design (CAD) and a dual-material additive manufacturing approach incorporating a water-soluble support material, scaffolds with controlled porosity and tunable mechanical properties are fabricated to match trabecular mandibular bone characteristics. Mechanical testing demonstrates that modulating wall thickness and porosity optimizes compressive strength and elastic modulus, ensuring stability under physiological loads. Chemical and cytotoxicity analyses confirm biocompatibility across manufacturing, post-processing, and sterilization. Biofunctionalization with polydopamine (PDA) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) enables selective cellular responses. PDA suppresses cell mineralization markers in osteosarcoma cells, while PDA-nHAP enhances osteogenic differentiation and fibroblast adhesion, supporting regenerative applications. High fidelity to CAD models and suitability for point-of-care fabrication underscore its clinical potential for CMF defect repair. By integrating tunable mechanics and targeted bioactivity, the developed scaffold offers a versatile platform for CMF reconstruction, addressing critical challenges in bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor cell membrane modified clinical lCG nanoprobes for NIR fluorescence imaging of targeted triple negative breast cancer.","authors":"Yuxiang Gao, Siyu Huang, Jiaxing Li, Lijun Zhu, Zhong Du, Jiabao Xiong, Nuernisha Alifu","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae65f5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ae65f5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with high metastatic and recurrence rates. However there is still a lack of effective targeting nanoprobes (NPs) which is leading to suboptimal targeted therapy. Cell membrane-encapsulation methods are one of an ideal targeting strategy, which could enhance the biocompatibility through endogenous membrane components while enabling functional integration of targeting and imaging capabilities. In this study, fluorescent dye-clinical indocyanine green (ICG) was successfully encapsulated by TNBC cell membranes via dual biolayer method to form M-ICG NPs. The M-ICG NPs exhibited well optical/photothermal property and stability while maintaining the advantage of TNBC targeting ability. Thus, the M-ICG NPs achieved well cancer-specific labeling and targeted near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, offering a foundational framework for developing multifunctional nanoplatforms with tumor-specific targeting, enhanced biocompatibility, and structural stability for in vivo theranostic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}