{"title":"Thermo-aided citrate cross-linking of a pullulan sponge incorporating tissue factor and collagen for potent bleeding wound care.","authors":"Xiaoqiang Wang, Jie Li, Zhuang Shi, Zhidong Ma, Bohan Liu, Chao Wang, Peijie Hu, Fang Huang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aeabe1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aeabe1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most existing wound dressings provide only passive hemostasis and protection, and lack robust bio-interactions, active coagulation capabilities, or pro-healing functions, often leading to prolonged bleeding, delayed repair or recurrent bleeding. This paper describes a multifunctional spongy dressing fabricated via thermo-aided citrate cross-linking of pullulan, incorporating tissue factor (TF, a potent physiological coagulation initiator) and collagen. The composite sponge featured an interconnected hierarchical porous structure (porosity >80%) for high blood absorption, along with favorable mechanical strength and shape-recovery property. Functional analysis demonstrated that TF encapsulation accelerated<i>in vitro</i>whole blood coagulation and reduced bleeding time and blood loss by ∼73.9% and ∼77.7% in a rat liver injury model, while collagen encapsulation promoted full-thickness skin wound healing. These effects stem from three synergistic mechanisms: pullulan's porous structure and large surface area enabling ample interactions with blood or the wound bed, TF amplifying extrinsic coagulation, and collagen inducing clot formation and tissue repair. Additionally, the sponge comprising multiple bio-derived components exhibited good biocompatibility. These findings establish the TF-incorporated cross-linked pullulan/collagen sponge as a highly promising platform for addressing heavy bleeding and orchestrating subsequent wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gwang Myeong Kim, Yunji Lee, Sojung Park, Inki Kim, Hwa-Rim Lee, Sungjune Jung
{"title":"3-layer lung cancer invasion model for evaluating MMP-targeted anti-metastatic therapeutics.","authors":"Gwang Myeong Kim, Yunji Lee, Sojung Park, Inki Kim, Hwa-Rim Lee, Sungjune Jung","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae834f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae834f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastatic lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality with invasion through the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a pivotal early step. This process is largely driven by metalloproteinases (MMPs), making them prime targets for antimetastatic therapy. However, conventional 2D or simplified 3D assays fail to capture the complex tumor-ECM interactions that are essential for evaluating anti-metastatic drugs. In this study, we present a 3D<i>in vitro</i>lung cancer model that faithfully mimics the native three-layer architecture-endothelium, ECM, tumor cells-within a physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment. By sequentially dispensing each layer, the model enables direct visualization and quantitative analysis of invasion dynamics, separating the effects of intrinsic tumor cell motility from platform for high invasiveness and revealing a strong dependence of invasion on ECM density. Furthermore, we analyzed correlation between invasion and MMP9, a critical protein involved in cancer invasion, using an MMP9 knockdown model that has clinical relevance to lung cancer metastasis. This analysis confirmed that cancer cell invasion was effectively suppressed in the MMP9 knockdown model. Finally, we demonstrated the translational application of the platform by quantifying the dose-dependent inhibition of invasion by a selective MMP9 inhibitor and the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor marimastat. This layered<i>in vitro</i>lung cancer invasion model provides a robust, organ-specific platform for cancer invasion studies and for preclinical screening of MMP-targeted therapeutics, and this approach can be adapted to model other metastatic cancers, enabling versatile evaluation of invasion mechanisms and targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148341231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Manganese dioxide nanoparticles attenuate pathological retinal angiogenesis by inhibiting the PLK1/AKT/FOXO1 signaling axis.","authors":"Min Zhao, Yong-Xuan Liu, Cheng-Yue Ding, Xian-Hui Wu, Zheng Nie, Hui-Min Zhu, Wen Zhou, Hao-Tian Xue, Hong-Ying Wang, Ling-Yun Ma, Jia-Wei Zhao, Wei Shen","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aeaa02","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/aeaa02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a primary etiology of irreversible vision loss in debilitating conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion. While metal-oxide nanomaterials have emerged as potent candidates for anti-angiogenic intervention, their clinical translation remains constrained by persistent biosafety concerns and inherent cytotoxicity. Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs), distinguished by their robust enzyme-mimetic activity and microenvironment-responsive properties, have demonstrated substantial therapeutic promise in oncology; however, their specific function and underlying mechanisms in RNV remain largely uncharacterized. This study provides a systematic investigation into the anti-angiogenic potential of MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs and identifies molecular pathways that may underlie their activity, representing a step toward mechanistic proof-of-concept. Our results demonstrate that MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs possess exceptional biocompatibility both<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>. These nanoparticles exert a potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation, migration, and sprouting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moving to<i>in vivo</i>validation, MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs demonstrate a distinct capacity to modulate physiological retinal vascular development in neonatal mice and, more critically, markedly attenuate pathological neovascularization in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Mechanistically, integrated transcriptomic analysis revealed a significant modulation of angiogenesis-related gene clusters, which-along with Western blot validation-confirmed that MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs exert their effects by targeting the PLK1/AKT/FOXO1 signaling axis. In conclusion, MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs emerge as a compelling and innovative therapeutic candidate for managing vision-threatening ocular vascular disorders. These findings not only offer a targeted pharmacological intervention for retinal diseases but also provide a mechanistic blueprint for the rational design of next-generation multifunctional nanomedicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149003001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Baicalin-loaded MOF-818 nanozyme for ischemic stroke treatment via ROS scavenging and neuroinflammation suppression.","authors":"Wei Shen, YuChen Wang, Xiaosong Zhu, Xiaojuan Chen, Xianjun Wang, Fengyuan Che","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae96ef","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae96ef","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke (IS) reperfusion induces neuronal damage through excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuroinflammation. Baicalin (Bai) shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects but suffers from poor solubility and bioavailability. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-818, a zirconium-based framework with superoxide dismutase- and catalase-mimicking activity, efficiently scavenges ROS but lacks pharmacological versatility. Combining Bai with MOF-818 may offer multitarget neuroprotection in IS. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of Bai-loaded MOF-818 (Bai@MOF-818) in IS.<i>In vitro</i>oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion models using PC-12 cells and BV-2 microglia were employed to assess ROS scavenging, mitochondrial protection, apoptosis, and microglial polarization.<i>In vivo</i>, Bai@MOF-818 was stereotactically delivered into the ischemic core of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological function, infarct volume, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and microglial polarization were evaluated. Bai@MOF-818 markedly scavenged ROS, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and promoted M1-to-M2 microglial polarization via NF-<i>κ</i>B inhibition and PPAR<i>γ</i>activation. This led to reduced TNF-<i>α</i>/IL-6 and increased IL-10/Arg-1, alleviating neuroinflammation. Furthermore, Bai@MOF-818 inhibited neuronal apoptosis by suppressing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 while elevating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Histological analyses revealed preserved tissue integrity, enhanced neuronal survival, reduced infarct size and edema, and improved motor and sensory recovery. Bai@MOF-818 exerts synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, attenuates neuronal apoptosis, and enhances neurological recovery, representing a promising multitarget therapeutic for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teodora/ Prebeg, Inga Urlić, Ivo Crnolatac, Igor Slivac, Floren Radovanović-Perić, Gordana Matijasic
{"title":"Optimization of ultrasonication-assisted decellularization of porcine liver for biomimetic scaffold fabrication.","authors":"Teodora/ Prebeg, Inga Urlić, Ivo Crnolatac, Igor Slivac, Floren Radovanović-Perić, Gordana Matijasic","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aeae94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aeae94","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogels in previous research demonstrated as promising biomimetic scaffolds. However, conventional decellularization protocols are commonly based on harsh detergents that disrupt ECM integrity. While milder detergents such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and physical methods like ultrasonication have been proposed to reduce these negative effects, their combined application and the influence of ultrasonication parameters remain insufficiently explored. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of ultrasonication-assisted decellularization on porcine liver tissue treated with SLES, with particular emphasis on ultrasonication exposure time. Decellularization efficiency and ECM preservation were evaluated through DNA, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan quantification, and structural integrity analysis. The impact of processing conditions on downstream applications was assessed by characterizing the gelation behavior, rheological properties, molecular weight distribution, and microstructure of the resulting dECM-based hydrogels. Biocompatibility was evaluated using HaCaT cells through metabolic assay and adhesion. Ultrasonication-assisted decellularization improved ECM preservation while maintaining effective decellularization, as all samples had < 50 ng of DNA per mg or dry tissue. Furthermore, it enabled the formation of hydrogels with enhanced physicochemical properties and increased cell viability compared to hydrogels obtained by detergent decellularization only. These findings demonstrate that controlled ultrasonication can reduce the need for harsh chemical treatments and improve scaffold preservation, highlighting its potential for optimizing decellularization protocols in tissue engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Therapeutic potential of natural polymer-based microgels for cartilage regeneration with implications for osteoarthritis.","authors":"Zahra Ghanavati, Maryam Farokhi, Fatemeh Koeini, Meisam Akbari Laleh, Atefeh Solouk","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aeae95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aeae95","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Articular cartilage has a limited intrinsic capacity for self-repair because of its avascular, aneural, and alymphatic nature, making cartilage repair a major clinical challenge. This limitation is particularly important in osteoarthritis (OA), where cartilage loss occurs within a complex whole-joint pathological environment involving inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, oxidative stress, chondrocyte senescence, and altered mechanical loading. Cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) has emerged as a promising strategy to restore cartilage structure and function by integrating cells, biomaterials, and bioactive signals. While traditional bulk hydrogels have been widely explored, injectable microgels assemble into microporous constructs whose interparticle voids support the convective and diffusive mass transport that bulk gels restrict, together with precise control over cell-matrix interactions and release kinetics for optimal therapeutic delivery and tissue regeneration. Natural polymers, including chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, collagen, and silk fibroin, are attractive for microgel preparation due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, structural similarity to native ECM, natural abundance, and tunable chemical groups. Beyond static delivery platforms, stimuli-responsive microgels that respond to disease-relevant cues such as pH, temperature, enzymatic activity, and magnetic or electrical fields add spatiotemporal control over therapeutic release. Compared to conventional intra-articular injections of free drugs or cells, natural polymer microgels prolong local retention and sustain release. Rather than acting only as passive carriers, they can modulate the OA microenvironment by delivering anti-inflammatory agents and supporting matrix regeneration. This review critically discusses recent advances in natural polymer-based microgels for CTE, emphasizing OA-oriented therapeutic ap NLM plications. We review material selection, design criteria, preparation and crosslinking strategies. Furthermore, we provide specific examples of cell, small-molecule, growth-factor, and gene delivery, including nucleic-acid and exosome-based strategies, and finally discuss current challenges and outline future directions toward clinically relevant microgel-based therapies for OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration by total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae-loaded magnesium phosphate cement/Co-doped hydroxyapatite composites.","authors":"Ziyue Zhang, Yiming Qi, Lele Shang, Kangle Wang, Hongqiang Wang, Xiaoxia Fan","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aea50c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/aea50c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) are traditionally used to repair bone defects. Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) features high early strength, fast setting, good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Cobalt-doped hydroxyapatite (Co-HA) exerts a significant role in guiding the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). We herein hypothesize that incorporating TFRD into MPC/Co-HA yields composite scaffolds with sustained drug release and self-setting capacity, capable of inducing osteogenesis<i>In vitro</i>and accelerating bone repair in vivo. Accordingly, MPC/Co-HA/TFRD composites were fabricated with various TFRD loadings. The results showed that TFRD was uniformly dispersed in the MPC/Co-HA matrix. It cleared that MPC/Co-HA/TFRD composites exhibited characteristic chemical constitution of MPC, Co-HA and TFRD, with no new phases formed. In addition, the weight loss ratio of the MPC/Co-HA/TFRD composites increased with increasing TFRD content, and the pH of the composite soaking solution remained within a range suitable for the human physiological environment throughout the immersion period. Drug release studies demonstrated that the MPC/Co-HA/TFRD composites exhibited an initial burst release within 48 h, followed by a sustained slow-release pattern.<i>In vitro</i>cellular experiments verified that the 5 wt% TFRD-loaded MPC/Co-HA/TFRD5 composite remarkably enhanced BMSCs proliferation. The incorporation of TFRD into MPC/Co-HA enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and accelerated calcium nodule formation, indicating that the composites effectively induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The introduction of TFRD into MPC/Co-HA upregulated the expression of osteogenic-related proteins (IBSP, Runx2, and Osterix) and angiogenesis-related proteins (OPN, HIF-1<i>α</i>, and HO-1) in BMSCs.In vivo results revealed that the MPC/Co-HA/TFRD5 scaffold implanted into femoral condyle bone defects in New Zealand white rabbits significantly accelerated bone regeneration 8 weeks after surgery and exhibited favorable osteoconductivity. Hence, the MPC/Co-HA/TFRD composite represents a promising candidate scaffold for bone tissue regeneration applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148921921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ROS responsive micelles coloaded with Linezolid and Honokiol for targeting and synergistic therapy of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia.","authors":"Yuan Liu, Ying Bi, Xiaofeng Wang, Jian Xu, Meng Dai, Shuyan Wang, Qianzi Ma, Lu Zhang, Xuetao Li, Ling Jiang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aead3b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aead3b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing crisis of bacterial resistance has prompted the development of novel antibacterial therapeutic systems to combat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. This study reports a nano-micelle system (RMLH-Ms) for the co-delivery of the antibiotic Linezolid and the traditional Chinese medicine monomer Honokiol. Antibacterial peptide Magainin II (Mag II) was employed to endow the micelles with bacterial targeting ability, and thioketal bond modification was used to confer ROS-responsive properties. Linezolid and Honokiol were successfully encapsulated into micelles with entrapment efficiencies (EE%>95%.) A low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.0138 mg/mL and sustained colloidal stability over 21 days were observed. Mag II‑modified RMLH‑Ms appeared to show improved bacterial targeting ability compared with unmodified micelles. The ZIP score for Linezolid and Honokiol combination was 7.61, exhibiting a synergistic antibacterial effect. Micelles incorporated with honokiol (LH-Ms) reduced the MIC of L-Ms from 4 μg/mL to 2 μg/mL. Furthermore, the incorporation of Honokiol also exhibited additional anti-inflammatory, macrophage polarization regulation immune microenvironment regulating activities in vitro. In vivo, The survival rates were 12.5%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, and 75% for the model group, L-Ms, LH-Ms, MLH-Ms, and RMLH-Ms group, respectively. The survival rate of the RMLH-Ms group rose by 62.5% compared with the model group. RMLH-Ms induced mild decreases in lung bacterial burden, mitigated inflammatory responses and alleviated pathological lung damage, exhibiting favorable in vivo activity under experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drug delivery systems modified with cell-penetrating peptide tat and folate reverse multidrug resistance in ovarian and colorectal cancer by endocytosis-mediated efficient uptake and energy production reduction.","authors":"Junqiao Zhu, Hanhan Zhu, Zhiting Sun, Xinhai Zhu, Yanfang Chen, Min Wang, Yuqin Tang, Yan Zhang, Guichao Liu, Zhigang Zhou, Jianfu Zhao","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/aea048","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/aea048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a severe challenge in the field of cancer treatment. Herein, two types of drug delivery system based on heparin named as H-F-DOX NPs (NPs-1) and H-F-Tat-DOX NPs (NPs-2) are demonstrated for efficiently reversing MDR. NPs-1 and NPs-2 were developed by nanoprecipitation method to use succinylated-heparin as backbone and decorated with folate-targeting ligand or dual-targeting ligands of folate combined with cell-penetrating peptide Tat to release doxorubicin (DOX) for reversing MDR in A2780/R (ovarian doxorubicin-resistant cell line) and HCT-8/R (colorectal doxorubicin-resistant cell line). Cellular uptake assay, colocalization study, rhodamine 123 accumulation and cellular uptake mechanism were detected by flow cytometry and laser confocal microscope. The expression of P-gp was estimated by western blotting. Detection of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were evaluated by luminescence assay and flow cytometry. The results of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, colocalization, and detection of intracellular level of ATP and ROS level elucidated that NPs-2 could efficiently enter A2780/R and HCT-8/R cells through dual-targeting of cell penetrating peptide and folate, release more DOX into nucleus by the inhibition of drug efflux, significantly increase ROS level and reduce production of ATP level for inhibiting the proliferation of A2780/R and HCT-8/R cells. It is worth noting that the reversal coefficients of NPs-2 in A2780/R and HCT-8/R were 7.47 and 9.86. The endocytosis of NPs-2 in A2780/R and HCT-8/R depend on energy-dependent endocytosis, lipid raft and caveolae for efficient uptake and ATP production reduction. It demonstrates that NPs-2 could efficiently reverse MDR of ovarian and colorectal cancer<i>in vitro</i>. This strategy provides a novel approach by increasing endocytosis-mediated efficient cellular uptake and reducing energy production to construct smart drug delivery systems for reversing MDR.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}