Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"Chitosan nanoparticles: a versatile frontier in drug delivery and wound healing across multiple routes.","authors":"Anshul Singh, Sheersha Pramanik, Ammar Kadi, Bassam M Abualsoud, Manisha Singh, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Abdelwahab Omri, A Deepak, Pankaj Nainwal, Stefano Bellucci","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add3e6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add3e6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain of nanoscience has observed significant advancements over the former two decades. Researchers in nanomedicine field have been rigorously exploring the employment of natural biodegradable polymers for targeted drug delivery (TDD). Chitosan (CS), acquired from the deacetylation of chitin, is a naturally occurring amino polysaccharide, whose features of non-toxicity, prolonged retention time, biocompatibility, increased bioavailability, and biodegradability have hastened extensive study into diverse applications. The presence of amino and hydroxyl groups within CS is crucial for its noteworthy characteristics, comprising mucoadhesion, improvement of permeation, drug's-controlled release,<i>in situ</i>gel preparation, and antimicrobial activity. CS nanoparticles (CS NPs) portray a safe and competent class of nanocarrier systems, demonstrating the controlled release of drugs and preciseness in TDD, and are found hopeful for treating wounds. However, safety concerns such as potential toxicity, immune response, and hemocompatibility must be carefully evaluated to ensure their suitability for clinical applications. This article explores the potential of CS NPs as versatile carriers for TDD, reporting essential challenges in both therapeutic domains, and progressing the advancement of innovative treatments. By connecting drug delivery and wound healing, our review addresses a critical convergence, fostering developments that can certainly affect treatment and recovery of patient. The initial part of the review will shed light on the extraction sources and notable attributes of CS. Additionally, we have presented recent research findings on how CS NPs are being utilized for drug delivery via different routes of administration. Further, we have endeavored to represent the latest investigations on the applications of CS NPs in wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study on the promotion of wound healing by paeoniflorin carbon dots loaded in chitosan hydrogel.","authors":"Ruiming Feng, Feng Tian, Jian Zhou, Yilin Ping, Wenze Han, Xuexue Shi, Xue Bai, Yufeng Sun, Jiali Zhao, Xiuping Wu, Bing Li","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add2ba","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add2ba","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to poor angiogenesis under the wound bed, wound treatment remains a clinical challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new dressings to combat bacterial infections, accelerate angiogenesis, and accelerate wound healing. In this study, we prepared carbon dots nanomaterial (PF-CDs) derived from traditional Chinese medicine paeoniflorin using a simple green one pot hydrothermal method. The average particle size of the CSs we prepared was 4 nm, and a concentration of 200 μg ml^-1was ultimately selected for experiments. Subsequently, PF-CDs were loaded into the chitosan hydrogel to form a new type of wound dressing CSMA@PF-CDs hydrogel. CSMA@PF-CDs demonstrated positive biocompatibility by promoting a 20% increase in cell proliferation and strong antibacterial activity. In comparison to the control group, CSMA@PF-CDs enhanced the expression level of anti-inflammatory factors by at least 2.5 times and reduces the expression level of pro-inflammatory factors by at least 3 times. Furthermore, CSMA@PF-CDs promoted the migration of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression by 5 times. The results of<i>in vivo</i>experiments indicate that CSMA@PF-CDs significantly promoted the healing of back wounds in rats. These characteristics make it a promising material for repairing infected wounds and a potential candidate for clinical skin regeneration applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of emerging 3D-printing materials against bacterial biofilm growth on the surface of healthcare settings.","authors":"Shristi Panigrahi, Shraavani Konatam, Antara Tandi, Dijendra Nath Roy","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add2bb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add2bb","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A significant burden on the healthcare system, microbial contamination of biomedical surfaces can result in hospital-acquired illnesses. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi may live on surfaces for days or months and spread to patients and medical personnel. This article describes the 3D printing technologies, such as fused deposition modeling, bioprinting, binder jetting/inkjet, poly-jet, electron beam manufacturing, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and laminated object manufacturing used for manufacturing the healthcare setting's surface to reduce bacterial contamination with exploring anti-biofilm activity against different bacterial species responsible for infections, based on the critical evaluation of published reports. This strategy has immense potential to become an upcoming approach for advancing the coating concept on the material's surface in healthcare settings. Our literature evaluation identifies beneficial 3D printing materials and associated technologies against microorganisms' growth, mainly bacteria involved in implant-based infection, emphasizing the development of anti-biofilm 3D-printed surfaces. Additionally, the authors have identified a few key areas where research and development are critically required to advance 3D-printing technology in healthcare settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-reinforced gelatin-based hydrogel biocomposite tubular scaffolds with programmable mechanical properties.","authors":"Xiong Yu, Zhongfei Zou, Yi Li, Jiachun Li, Yuewei Chen, Wenhai Shi, Xixia Liu, Rui Guo, Xianhui Cai","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add2bc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add2bc","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue-engineered tubular scaffolds (TETS) provide an effective repair solution for human tubular tissue loss and damage caused by congenital defects, disease, or mechanical trauma. However, there are still major challenges to developing TETS with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility for human tubular tissue repair. Gelatin-based hydrogels are suitable candidates for tissue-engineered scaffolds because they are hydrolyzed collagen products and have excellent biocompatibility and degradability. However, the mechanical properties of gelatin-based hydrogels are relatively poor and do not align well with the mechanical properties of human tubular tissues. Inspired by the extracellular matrix architecture of human tubular tissues, this study utilizes high-precision 3D printing to fabricate ultrafine fiber network tubular scaffolds (UFNTS) that mimic the arrangement of collagen fibers, which are then embedded in a cell-compatible gelatin-based hydrogel, resulting in the preparation of a fiber/hydrogel biocomposite tubular scaffold (BCTS) with tunable mechanical properties and a J-shaped stress-strain response. Finite element analysis was employed to predict the mechanical behavior of the UFNTS and BCTS. Experimental results indicate that by modifying the structural parameters of the UFNTS, the mechanical properties of the BCTS can be effectively tuned, achieving a programmable range of tensile modulus (0.2-4.35 MPa) and burst pressure (1580-7850 mmHg), which broadly covers the mechanical properties of most human tubular tissues. The design and fabrication of BCTS offer a new approach for the development of TETS while also providing a personalized strategy for such scaffolds in tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Custom FDM-based bioprinter with heated nozzle: optimizing slicer settings for precision printing using a print quality index.","authors":"Leif O Meyer, Valérie Jérôme, Ruth Freitag","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioprinting of microtissues has become a standard technique in medical and biotechnological research, offering a more accurate replication of the<i>in vivo</i>setting than conventional 2D cell culture. However, widespread adoption is limited by the absence of a universally accepted printing benchmark-common in standard fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing, as well as the high cost and restricted customizability of commercial bioprinters. This study introduces a method to convert a standard FDM printer into a bioprinter. All cell-contacting components are biocompatible and autoclavable, while the printer body can be UV-sanitized. Using a heated FDM printhead, we used the thermal properties of alginate-gelatin bioinks to achieve high-resolution 3D printing. A key achievement was the developed print quality index (PQI) method, which correlates nozzle temperature with bioink flow behavior, streamlining optimization of slicer settings. Guided by PQI, we reproducibly bioprinted complex alginate-gelatin structures with high quality and dimensional/geometric accuracy. A case study using recombinant HuH7^EGFPcell-laden hydrogels demonstrated long-term cell proliferation, confirming high viability. Given its efficiency, the PQI method has the potential to become the missing printing benchmark for slicer optimization in bioprinting. The presented approach significantly advances the accessibility of sophisticated bioprinting technology to interested research groups worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuneable dissolution profile of tinidazole through thermoplastic polymer composites in low temperature 3D printing settings for pharmaceutical additive manufacturing applications.","authors":"Abhishek Pawar, Tukaram Karanwad, Subham Banerjee","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adcd36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adcd36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermoplastic polymeric materials are crucial for powder bed fusion (PBF) based three-dimensional (3D) printing in pharmaceuticals. However, due to limited availability and printability nature of the used feedstocks (either as powder bed materials or composites), underscoring a pressing demand for alternative solutions in pharmaceutical additive manufacturing applications. In this study, the first-time introduction of Kollidon® 25 (K25) thermoplastic polymer, which was not previously explored in PBF-based 3D printing technology, along with the simultaneous usage of Kollidon® SR (KSR) to form a thermoplastic polymer composite for the development of a tunable solid oral dosage form. In addition to this, a novel laser-absorbing dye, i.e. Pigment Green 7, was also introduced to facilitate the laser sintering process of the used thermoplastic polymer composites. Sintered tablets obtained from the used thermoplastic polymer bed composites were systematically characterized using various analytical tools and<i>in vitro</i>examinations as well. The physicochemical characterization of all sintered tablet batches (B1-B7) was within the acceptable limit. Thermal and chemical analyses revealed no detrimental physical or chemical interactions between the components and sintered tablet batches after exposure to laser and temperature. Powder x-ray diffraction diffractograms suggested a change in the native state of tinidazole (TNZ, used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient) to amorphous due to the exposure to sintering parameters. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of all batches showed intense fusion of the particles in the polymer composite. The sintered tablet batches B1 to B7 exhibited a drug content ranging from 90.36 ± 4.32% to 99.36 ± 1.24%. TNZ released in an acidic medium for up to 2.0 h from different sintered tablets were around 100% to 12% from B1 to B7 batches, respectively following alkaline medium for up to 12.0 h. TNZ release pattern was fine-tuned in accordance with the changes in the composition ratio of K25 and KSR polymers in order to get immediate release to sustained release. This prepared unique thermoplastic pharmaceutical grade polymer composite might broaden the range of materials accessible for PBF-mediated 3D printing in pharmaceutical industrial applications in near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast shaping, biodegradation and microenvironment modulation in bioceramic calcium phosphate cement enhances osteointegration and bone regeneration.","authors":"Yukai Yin, Xiao Lu, Yumeng Xie, Shiyong Lin, Jin He, Yuanming Ouyang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adcd1c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adcd1c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critical bone defects require repair materials for optimal treatment. The current range of available materials has limitations, including donor availability, rejection, disease transmission, and inadequate filling. Calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) is a bone repair material, but most CPCs on the market have two drawbacks: difficulty degrading and prolonged solidification time. The purpose of this study was to develop a CPC that is rapidly moldable and biodegradable, improves the acid‒base microenvironment, and is more suitable for clinical use. This CPC was prepared from<i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics (TCP) and calcium phosphate monohydrate and is designated a bioceramic CPC (BCPC). TCP was used as a control to determine the biocompatibility of BCPC and its impact on osteogenesis-related protein activity. The BCPC and TCP implants were placed in the femurs of rabbits, and x-ray/micro-CT images were obtained at weeks 4, 8, and 12 postoperatively. Additionally, samples from the three time points were stained and analyzed for their osteogenic and degradation properties. BCPC submerged in phosphate buffer reached a neutral pH of 6.98 ± 0.02 on Day 3.<i>In vitro</i>tests revealed that BCPC increased alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin activities in MC3T3-E1 cells. The x-ray and micro-CT results revealed that BCPC degraded while the TCP volume remained stable. Micro-CT revealed that BCPC degraded by 26.93% and formed 12.89% new bone by week 12. The histological results showed that BCPC had good biocompatibility and osteointegration ability. BCPC is characterized by rapid solidification and molding and good biocompatibility, and its degradation rate matches the rate of bone regeneration. BCPC could rapidly improve the surrounding pH, providing the foundation for its clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of bifunctional conductive and magnetic scaffold based on polyvinyl alcohol/polypyrrole/magnetite composite for neural tissue engineering.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Golbabaei, Fatemehsadat Pishbin, S A Seyyed Ebrahimi, Nooshin Haghighipour","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add06d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add06d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incorporation of electroconductive and magnetic materials into scaffolds for tissue engineering has emerged as an innovative approach to enhance nerve tissue regeneration. In this study, the freeze-drying technique was used to fabricate a bifunctional 3D neural scaffold based on biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), incorporating magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) and the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). Microstructural and chemical analyses using field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectrophotometer, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed scaffolds with a homogeneous structure, interconnected pores averaging 100 µm, and over 80% porosity, with magnetite evenly distributed in the PVA matrix. The incorporation of Fe₃O₄nanoparticles significantly enhanced the scaffold's compressive strength and elastic modulus, while PPy increased conductivity to levels comparable to those of native neural tissue. The scaffold also exhibited superparamagnetic properties due to Fe₃O₄NPs, as confirmed by vibrating-sample magnetometry analysis. PBS submersion demonstrated water absorption and a 30% weight loss over 24 d.<i>In vitro</i>cytotoxicity tests on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells cultured on composite scaffolds confirmed cell viability, both with and without pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. Overall, these results suggest that this scaffold is a promising candidate for neural tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of<i>Garcinia kola</i>and curcumin on diabetic transected sciatic nerve.","authors":"Hala Mahgoub Hamour, Abdullah Hilmi Marangoz, Gamze Altun, Süleyman Kaplan","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adcfe3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adcfe3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing interest in peripheral nerve regeneration and developing post-traumatic repair methods under diabetes was the impetus for this study, which aims to investigate the effect of curcumin and<i>Garcinia kola</i>(GK) on the transected and diabetic sciatic nerves. Thirty-five male Wistar albino rats were used. The animals were divided into five groups; each consisted of seven rats. The sciatic nerve was transected in all groups of rats except the control (Cont) group, which underwent no treatment. In the transected animals, a 10 mm nerve stump was removed from the 2 cm distal to the sciatic notch. The external jugular vein was used as a conduit to repair the gap between the two ends of the sciatic nerve. Diabetes was induced in the transected + diabetes mellitus (T + DM), the transected + diabetes mellitus + GK (T + DM + GK), and the transected + diabetes mellitus + Curcumin (T + DM + Cur) groups except for the sham group. A dose of 300 mg kg^-1d^-1of curcumin dissolved in olive oil was administered to the T + DM + Cur group (via oral gavage every day for 28 d) and 200 mg kg^-1d^-1of GK to the T + DM + GK group (via oral gavage every day for 7 d). All animals were sacrificed after three months. Stereological analysis and functional and microscopic evaluations were done to evaluate the sciatic nerve regeneration and function. In the T + DM + GK and the sham groups, the number of axons increased. A slight improvement in the axonal area in the T + DM + Cur and the sham groups was also observed, and an increase in the myelin sheath thickness was found in the T + DM + GK and the sham group. When the SFI test results were evaluated, it was seen that GK had a stronger effect than curcumin in terms of functional regeneration. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between T + DM and Cont groups when the electrophysiological results were examined. The study showed GK's efficiency in treating diabetic peripheral nerve regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of size scales and orientations of polymeric scaffold architectural cues on human macrophage polarisation.","authors":"Akhil T Thilakan, Niji Nandakumar, Revathy S Menon, Shantikumar V Nair, Veena Shenoy, Binulal Nelson Sathy","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/add06e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/add06e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophage polarisation is crucial for initiating inflammation in response to biomaterial scaffolds, significantly influencing tissue integration and regeneration<i>in vivo</i>. Modulating macrophage polarisation towards a tissue-regeneration-favouring phenotype through the physical properties of scaffolds offers a promising strategy to enhance tissue regeneration while minimising unfavourable immune responses. However, the critical impact of scaffold physical properties, such as size-scale dimensions, orientation of architectural cues, and local-stiffness of these cues on macrophage polarisation, remains largely unexplored and inadequately understood. This study investigates the combinatorial effects of the physical properties of 3D scaffolds made from poly (<i>ϵ</i>-caprolactone) on human macrophage polarisation. Our findings indicate that the size-scale dimensions and orientation of the architectural cues of the scaffold play crucial roles in determining cell shape, attachment, and the modulation of key gene expression (iNOS, IL-1<i>β</i>, MRC1, ARG), as well as cytokines (TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-10) release associated with the polarisation of human macrophages. Specifically, in scaffolds with architectural cues at larger scales (⩾300 µm diameter), macrophage polarisation is primarily determined by the size-scale of the architectural cues and scaffold stiffness, rather than orientation. Conversely, at smaller scales (⩽15 µm), the orientation of the scaffold's architectural cues plays a more critical role. These insights underscore the pivotal role of scaffold design in modulating immune responses for enhanced tissue regeneration, offering valuable guidance for the rational development of biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}