Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"Tumor-responsive nanomedicines for cancer therapy: design principles and therapeutic advances.","authors":"Yan Liu, Yinan Wang, Ahequeli Gemingnuer, Hailing Wang, Xin Meng","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adf387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanomedicines have emerged as a promising precision therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. By incorporating stimuli-responsive properties, these nanomedicines can achieve targeted delivery and controlled release at tumor sites, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in TME-responsive nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy, covering various stimulus-responsive mechanisms (such as pH, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, enzymes, and ATP) and their applications in improving immune efficacy and reducing immune-related adverse effects. In addition to discusses the key challenges associated with the clinical translation of these nanomedicines and proposes future research directions. This work aims to offer a theoretical foundation and design reference for the further development and application of tumor-responsive nanomedicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief overview of hyaluronic acid research and its applications in cell culture.","authors":"Huanyu Zhu, Na Zhao, Xueping Guo","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adecd1","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adecd1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a large molecular acidic glycosaminoglycan that is widely present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cells. Aside from being an important component of the ECM, HA is an excellent biomaterial that is known for its good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This study aimed to investigate the employment and effectiveness of HA in cell culture. We performed a review on the physicochemical properties of HA and its application in cell culture. HA is widely used in a number of<i>in vitro</i>cell cultures, especially in stem cell cultivation and differentiation and in tissue-engineering applications, which has greatly expanded the scope and field of its applications. This article provides a brief overview of the applications of HA in various cell culture fields, thereby providing a reference for related research on HA.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhance osteogenesis of BCP bioceramics by autocrine induced membrane to bone regeneration.","authors":"Xiaohua Wang, Yuehao Wu, Aiai Li, Zhao Xie, Wei Zhi, Wei Lin, Guanglin Wang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf022","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adf022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates a novel strategy combining biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics with autocrine induced membranes (IMs) to enhance osteogenesis and vascularization for bone regeneration. Highly bioactive, porous BCP scaffolds (porosity: 68.1 ± 1.7%; pore size: 526-1000 µm) were combined with autocrine membranes in a rat femoral defect model. The optimal membrane formation time was determined by ELISA analysis of osteogenic and angiogenic factors (BMP-2, VEGF, ANG-II, PEG-2, FGF-2). Material characterization included SEM, XRD, and mercury intrusion porosimetry.<i>In vivo</i>bone regeneration was evaluated via micro-CT, histological analysis, and osteogenic marker expression (Alp, Bmp2, Col-1, Ocn, Opn, Runx2). The 4-week autocrine membrane exhibited superior osteogenic and angiogenic activity. Combined with BCP scaffolds, it accelerated bone regeneration, with micro-CT and histology showing significant new bone formation by 3 weeks and near-complete defect repair by 6 weeks. Osteogenic gene/protein expression (Alp, Bmp2, Col-1, Ocn, Opn, Runx2) was consistently higher in the BCP + IM group (BCP bioceramics with autocrine IMs) when compared to that of the BCP group and the control group, corroborating histological outcomes. Autocrine IMs significantly enhance the osteogenic efficacy of BCP bioceramics, demonstrating promise for weight-bearing bone defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144644233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly (ortho esters) (POEs) as cutting-edge biodegradable polymers for targeted cancer treatment and overcoming multidrug resistance.","authors":"Devansh Shah, Sankha Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adefa7","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adefa7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly (ortho esters) (POEs), biodegradable polymers featuring acid-labile ortho ester bonds formed through diol-diketene acetal reactions, are transforming cancer treatment with pH-sensitive surface erosion. This analysis explores the development of POE I, II, III, and IV (POE I-IV), suggesting that their adjustable degradation and controlled drug release may address multidrug resistance (MDR) and transform targeted cancer treatment. We seek to highlight the structural adaptability of POEs, their therapeutic functions, and their potential as advanced drug delivery systems. POE I, developed in the 1970s, faced challenges with autocatalytic degradation. POE II brought in neutral byproducts for enhanced stability, POE III facilitated injectable semi-solid formulations, and POE IV, the ultimate advancement, incorporates latent acid segments for self-catalysed hydrolysis in acidic tumour micro environments (pH 6.5-6.8), removing the need for external excipients. POE nanoparticles (50-300 nm) flexibly modify their size to improve tumour infiltration through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Surface alterations, such as PEGylation or ligand attachment (e.g. folic acid), enable accurate targeting while minimising systemic toxicity. POEs are proficient in jointly delivering chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators, addressing MDR by inducing apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis, enhancing anti-tumour immunity. The degradation products that are biocompatible, such as acids and alcohols, promote immune interaction within the tumour microenvironment (TME). The review examines the synthesis, characterisation, and applications of POEs in post-surgical chemotherapy, ocular oncology, and protein delivery, as well as their interactions with cancer cell membranes and modulation of the TME. Issues such as scalability in manufacturing, enduring biocompatibility, and regulatory challenges are tackled, along with POEs' promise in immunotherapy and gene editing for tailored medicine. Through the integration of these insights, we emphasise POEs as a symbol of optimism for targeted, less harmful cancer therapies, leading to groundbreaking oncology advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering polystyrene microtube-embedded composite hydrogels for tunable vascular morphogenesis.","authors":"Xianyang Li, Sadia Khan, Liyuan Wang, Yan Chen, Xiang Fang, Yingge Zhou, Ying Wang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd0","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Establishing functional vascular systems within three-dimensional tissue constructs is crucial for their successful use in disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine. Current methods face challenges in creating small- to medium-sized microvessels and precisely controlling key vascular features, such as vascular density, vessel diameter, and network connectivity, to generate hierarchical, multiscale vascular systems that mimic natural functionality. In this study, we developed a composite hydrogel incorporating polystyrene microtubes (PS-MTs) to improve control over microvessel morphogenesis and functionality. PS-MTs were fabricated via core-sheath electrospinning, fragmented by ultrasonication, and incorporated into fibrin gels. Scanning electron microscopy revealed both micro- and nano-topographic features of the embedded PS-MT fragments. Endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts were cocultured in this composite hydrogel under interstitial flow conditions for 7 d. The PS-MTs exhibited excellent biocompatibility, and the composite hydrogel showed no adverse effects on the cell viability of EC-fibroblast cocultures on chip. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy revealed a 40% increase in vascular area fraction and more than a twofold increase in average vessel diameter in the high PS-MT density group (>4%) compared to controls. Perfusion assays using a fluorescent microbead suspension demonstrated a 71% increase in the field-average speed of microbead flow, indicating enhanced perfusability, consistent with the observed morphological changes. Additionally, permeability assays showed a 66% decrease in dextran permeability, suggesting improved vascular barrier integrity. In conclusion, incorporating PS-MTs into fibrin hydrogels effectively modulated the structural organization and functional maturation of microvascular networks in a dose-dependent manner. This strategy holds promises for advancing the biofabrication of functional, multiscale vascular networks for engineered tissues. By tuning PS-MT density within the composite hydrogel, this approach enables local modulation of vessel morphogenesis, offering a flexible strategy for engineering application-specific vascular architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived protein encapsulated iron oxide/black phosphorus nanosheets for targeted photothermal-chemotherapy.","authors":"Danhong Yan, Chaiqiong Guo, Yang Wang, Yan Wei","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd1","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cancer treatment, single modalities such as chemotherapy or photothermal therapy (PTT) often face significant limitations, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. In recent years, the combination of chemotherapy and PTT has garnered significant attention as a promising approach for enhancing cancer treatment efficacy. In this study, we designed a nanodrug delivery system based on black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) and Fe₃O₄composites, incorporating molecular and magnetic targeting strategies. The system loaded the small-molecule anticancer drug RSL3 and was encapsulated with hepatocellular carcinoma cell membrane proteins to form the Pro@Fe₃O₄/BPNS-RSL3 composite nanosystem. The goal was to enhance targeted chemo-photothermal combination therapy. The physical and chemical properties, photothermal performance and stability, drug release kinetics,<i>in vitro</i>cellular uptake, cell compatibility, and synergistic therapeutic effects were all evaluated. The results demonstrated that the composite nanosystem exhibited excellent photothermal performance and stability. After 72 h at pH 5.5, the cumulative release of RSL3 reached 69.93%, indicating a faster and higher drug release profile under acidic conditions.<i>In vitro</i>cell uptake experiments showed significantly higher uptake by liver cancer cells (Huh7) compared to normal cells (LO2), suggesting that the system effectively targets liver cancer cells. Additionally,<i>in vitro</i>synergistic therapeutic results revealed that the composite nanosystem reduced the survival rate of liver cancer cells to less than 15%. Western blot analysis further confirmed that the system downregulated the expression of FACL4, Ferritin, and GPX4, thereby promoting the ferroptosis of cancer cells. Overall, the findings highlight that this nanosystem exhibits remarkable cancer cell-killing effects and offers a promising novel strategy for tumor therapy. Its potential for application in cancer treatment is significant, providing a new avenue for more effective and targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decellularized lucky bamboo scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.","authors":"Melis Toker-Bayraktar, Bora Garipcan, Stephen D Waldman","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd2","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adebd2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cartilage is a load-bearing connective tissue with limited self-healing capacity and tissue engineering approaches aim to develop functional scaffolds for the repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage. Scaffold porosity and mechanical characteristics play important roles to support cell growth and provide tissue function. In most cases, however, they are inversely correlated. Therefore, manufacturing highly porous scaffolds with suitable mechanical properties is one of the major challenges in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, lucky bamboo (<i>Dracaena sanderiana</i>) was chosen as a cartilage tissue engineering scaffold since it can provide high porosity (86 ± 10%), appropriate pore size (26 ± 8 µm) and desirable elastic modulus (0.9 ± 0.4 MPa) comparable with native articular cartilage (∼1 MPa). Chemical decellularization was accomplished using sodium dodecyl sulfate to remove the cellular content (-77%) without causing any significant damage to the cellulose structure of the lucky bamboo scaffolds. Decellularized scaffolds were seeded with primary bovine chondrocytes and cultured for up to 8 weeks. Effect on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation were analyzed using biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical methods. A homogenous cell distribution throughout the decellularized scaffolds was observed and the presence of type Ⅱ collagen and aggrecan indicated that the seeded cells retained their chondrogenic phenotype during the culture period. In addition, cellularity and ECM accumulation within the scaffolds significantly increased with time in culture. Overall, these findings were very promising and support decellularized lucky bamboo as a potential scaffold material in cartilage tissue engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and<i>in vivo</i>characterization of FRESH-based 3D printed chitosan construct for small intestine regeneration.","authors":"Parul Chaurasia, Richa Singh, Rishabh Rai Kaushik, Narayan Yadav, Sanjeev Kumar Mahto","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade5e1","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade5e1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study demonstrates the implantation of a 3D printed small intestine (SI) construct using alkali-dissolved chitosan ink and freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels bioprinting technology. The research addresses the significant clinical challenges posed by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and short bowel syndrome (SBS), which often require surgical interventions leading to substantial loss of SI surface area. High costs, side effects, and donor shortages limit traditional treatments such as total parenteral nutrition and small bowel transplantation. Therefore, developing an engineered artificial intestine represents a critical need. The 3D printed constructs were evaluated through mechanical characterization, blood biocompatibility tests, antibacterial assays, and SI regenerative capacity. The mechanical properties indicated the constructs' ability to withstand significant deformation, while the blood compatibility tests showed minimal hemolysis and blood coagulation, supporting the material's suitability for implantation. Antibacterial tests revealed that the constructs could inhibit bacterial growth, reducing the risk of implant-associated infections. Following the implantation of the prepared constructs in rats, the post-implantation analysis indicated successful integration and biocompatibility with no significant adverse reactions. The biochemical parameters, like inflammatory markers, were slightly higher than the normal range. All other parameters, like bilirubin and albumins, etc, were in the normal range. This study highlights the potential of 3D printed chitosan-based constructs in organ regeneration and presents a promising solution for treating SBS and IBD. The findings support further exploration of the fabricated 3D printed biocompatible materials for medical applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-tuning equilibrium water content and mechanical properties of acrylic-based copolymers for intraocular lens applications.","authors":"Deniz Aki, Monireh Esmaeili Rad, Esat Can Şenel, Mesut Celil Onceyiz, Melih Can Gokmenoglu, Liviu Duta, Oguzhan Gunduz","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade8c7","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade8c7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report on the development of copolymers of 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate (HEA) with 2-(2-ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl acrylate (EEEA) grafted with ethylene glycol di-methacrylate, designed for use as an intraocular lens (IOL) material. Various HEA/EEEA monomer ratios were synthesized via thermal copolymerization, with the HEA concentration progressively increasing from 3.5% to 28%, while the EEEA concentration decreased proportionately. The physical-chemical, optical, and mechanical properties of the newly developed materials, fabricated as discs (∼3.2 mm thick, 11 mm in diameter) and strips (∼3.2 mm thick, 80 × 15 mm²), were comprehensively analyzed. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the successful copolymerization, as characteristic peaks corresponding to the monomers were observed. Since the development of IOL materials hinges on understanding their physical-chemical, optical, and mechanical characteristics-particularly the equilibrium water content (EWC)-our initial focus was on identifying EWC as a key factor in the development of IOLs. The results showed that the EWC value increased with higher HEA concentrations. Contact angle measurements indicated that the polymers exhibited hydrophilic behavior, with values ranging from 68 to 76°. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the HEA concentration influenced the crystalline structure, which, in turn, affected the mechanical properties. The results indicated that higher HEA concentrations, corresponding to increased EWC values (i.e. ∼8%), led to enhanced flexibility, as evidenced by a decrease in tensile strength from 1.71 to 1.13 MPa, and reduced hardness, which declined from 57.5 to 47.5 Shore A. Additionally, refractive index analyses revealed a gradual decrease with increasing HEA concentrations, ranging from 1.565 to 1.543 when measured at 480 nm and from 1.547 to 1.528 when measured at 660 nm. The evaluation of the coefficient of variation and Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrated strong material consistency and clear trends across formulations, reinforcing the reliability of the observed properties. These findings emphasize the significance of EWC and the ratio of hydrophilic monomers in acrylic-based copolymers, suggesting that future research could benefit from designing copolymers with tailored physical-chemical, optical, and mechanical properties for IOL applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound as a strategy to boost exosome secretion by adipose-derived stem cells and uptake for myocardial infarction therapy.","authors":"Riyue Jiang, Hao Wang, Fanglu Zhong, Yugang Hu, Junbi Liu, Yueying Chen, Wendi Su, Sheng Cao, Qing Deng, Qing Zhou","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade925","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ade925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major global health issue, with limited therapeutic strategies to repair damaged myocardial tissue and improve long-term cardiac function. Exosome-based therapies, particularly those derived from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), have shown significant promise in promoting cardiac repair. However, the low yield of exosomes from ADSCs has limited their clinical application. In this study, we investigate the potential of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to enhance exosome release from ADSCs and promote myocardial recovery. Our results demonstrate that LIPUS at 0.8 W cm^-2for 10 min effectively increases ADSC-derived exosome production by approximately 50% through inhibiting autophagy. Additionally, LIPUS treatment promotes the uptake of exosomes by hypoxic myocardial cells, further enhancing the therapeutic potential of ADSC-exosomes in MI.<i>In vivo</i>, the combination of LIPUS and exosomes significantly improved cardiac function, reduced inflammation, and attenuated myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in a rat model of MI. These findings suggest that LIPUS can serve as a non-invasive strategy to boost exosome secretion and uptake, offering a promising approach for MI therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}