Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"A bi-layered coating of nanofluorapatite/nanochitosan to improve antimicrobial and biological properties of zirconia-based dental implants.","authors":"Ahmed Al-Noaman, Simon Charles Fielding Rawlinson","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae96f0","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae96f0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yttria-stabilized zirconia has mechanical properties akin to titanium dental implants but lacks osseointegration properties. A bi-layered nano-fluorapatite/nano-chitosan (nFA/nCS) coating was synthesized to improve the osseointegration potential and antimicrobial properties of zirconia. Zirconia discs were coated with bi-layered nFA/nCS using the sol-gel route. The integrity of the coating was tested by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Adhesion of the coating to zirconia was evaluated by the adhesive tape test and ultrasonic vibration. By measuring the optical contact angle, differences in the wettability of the coated and non-coated samples were assessed. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and<i>Eschericiha coli</i>and cytotoxicity examined using osteoblast-like cells. The bi-layered nFA/nCS coating was 9.26 μm thick and exhibited acceptable adhesion strength (0.50 ± 1.1 N mm^-1) to zirconia and greater resistance to ultrasonic-induced delamination than a single layer of nFA coating; the water contact angle decreased to 5° and the surface roughness increased to 121.3 nm. The coating decreased the count of both bacterial strains and was not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. We conclude that the nFA/nCS coating exhibited acceptable adhesion and enhanced bioactivity and antimicrobial activity, rendering it a potential material for replacing titanium dental implants. Functionalizing zirconia with nFA/nCS is a cost-effective alternative to titanium implants. While still at an early stage of research, nFA/nCS-coated zirconia implants have the potential to widen public availability and increase access to implant treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dihydromyricetin enhances the anti-calcification performance of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked bovine pericardial valve materials by stabilizing elastin.","authors":"Zhenlin Jiang, Yan Hu, Junting Chen, Jianhua Yan","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae8945","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae8945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At present, most biological valves used for clinical application are created using glutaraldehyde (GLUT) cross-linked animal pericardia or aortic valve materials. Since GLUT cannot cross-link with elastin, which would be further degraded and absorbed by the body after being implanted into the body, structural damage and calcification of biological valves can occur. In this study, we proposed a new elastin cross-linking agent, dihydromyricetin (DMY). We evaluated the characteristics of DMY in different treatment groups and in rat animal models. Using circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy, we confirmed that DMY can cross-link with elastin and then enhances its anti-elastase hydrolysis ability with the bovine pericardium (BP) and internal mammary artery. The subcutaneous implantation of young rats confirmed that the addition of DMY on samples reduced the calcification degree of GLUT cross-linked BP by nearly 40%, and the implanted pericardial elastin component remained stable after 8 weeks. In summary, DMY can fix the components of BP elastin without affecting the mechanical strength of GLUT-cross-linked valve materials, proving that it is a safe and stable elastin cross-linking agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148426838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step calcium crosslinking of chitosan/alginate/pectin/bioactive glass scaffolds with synergistic osteogenic-angiogenic activity for bone regeneration.","authors":"Yilong Dong, Lue Liu, Min Liu, Yuenan Qian","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9e74","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9e74","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to simplify the fabrication process of bone tissue engineering scaffolds by developing a composite scaffold based on chitosan (CS), sodium alginate (SA), pectin (PEC), and 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) through an integrated one-step CaCl₂-mediated crosslinking method. Scaffolds were prepared with varying BG mass fractions (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%, named CSAP@BG10, CSAP@BG20, CSAP@BG30, and CSAP@BG40) by mixing CS, SA, and PEC solutions (dry ratio 50:40:10) with BG particles. The resulting mixture was then subjected to shaping, Ca²⁺-mediated crosslinking, freezing, and freeze-drying. Characterization included porosity assessment, infrared spectroscopy (IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and simulated body fluid (SBF) evaluation.<i>In vitro</i>studies were performed using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The CSAP@BG20 scaffold exhibited an interconnected porous structure, a favorable swelling ratio, and notable mass retention after degradation. IR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of the BG and the retention of its amorphous structural characteristics within the scaffold. A bone-like apatite layer formed on the scaffold after SBF immersion, indicating favorable<i>in vitro</i>bioactivity. In addition, immersion studies showed composition-dependent physicochemical behavior, including mild pH variation and sustained Ca²⁺release. BMSCs exhibited enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic gene expression in CSAP@BG20 compared with the BG-free control. It also upregulates angiogenic-related factors, demonstrating synergistic osteogenic and angiogenic effects. The integrated one-step CaCl₂-mediated fabrication strategy successfully created a scaffold with favorable structure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity. Among the tested formulations, CSAP@BG20 showed the most balanced physicochemical and biological performance. The CSAP@BG20 scaffold shows promise for bone defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory intestinal stents based on biomaterials composed of poly-L-lactic acid loaded with selenium-functionalized Prussian blue.","authors":"Cijun Shuai, Xinyu Gao, Xiong Shuai, Gao Pan, Shuping Peng, Tiantian He","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9d1f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9d1f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal inflammation caused by achalasia of the cardia is often accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides (LPO). ROS result from the excessive accumulation after the stimulation of inflammatory factors, and lipid peroxides are generated by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study developed a nanocomposite (PB@Se) by loading selenium (Se) onto Prussian blue (PB) through<i>in situ</i>growth, which was subsequently incorporated into poly-L-lactic acid to fabricate intestinal stents via selective laser sintering for sustained PB@Se release. Notably, PB mimicked multi-enzyme activity to eliminate inflammation-induced ROS. Meanwhile, Se upregulated key intracellular antioxidant enzyme, GPx4 which could decrease lipid peroxides through catalyzing the reduction of lipid hydroperoxide, the main active intermediate of LPO. Results demonstrated that PLLA/PB@Se stents exhibited the higher ROS and lipid peroxide scavenging efficiency. The scavenging efficiency of PLLA/PB@Se stents for superoxide anion radicals (O₂^-·) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) was approximately 50% and 58% respectively, while decomposition ability for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) increased to 1.9 times that of the initial state in 20 min. This work presents a feasible dual strategy to combat intestinal inflammation by simultaneously eliminating ROS and LPO.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148802287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in 3D-printed and biofabricated scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: materials, fabrication and biological integration.","authors":"Md Abu Shaid Sujon, Bin Wang, Hasibur R Hamim, Mohammad Nasim, Mohammad Ahsan Habib, Aminul Islam","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae99be","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae99be","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The worldwide incidence of bone disorders is increasing at an alarming rate, especially among the elderly and those with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Therefore, bone tissue engineering, the process of regenerating diseased or damaged bone, is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. One of the critical components for tissue engineering is the scaffold, an artificial extracellular matrix that promotes bone formation and regeneration activities. Due to the increasing demands for bone repair, bone tissue scaffolds have been extensively studied in state-of-the-art literature. Nevertheless, many areas related to scaffold manufacturing still offer huge scope for scientific research and development. One such area is the bioprinting of scaffolds, which combines the advantages of three-dimensional printing and biomaterials to create an ideal tissue growth support environment for bone tissue regeneration. This review highlights recent advances in the bioprinting of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Taking different biomaterial-based scaffolds as a starting point, the latest research progress and breakthrough points for enhancing the mechanical properties and bioactivities of scaffolds are summarized. Recent scientific breakthroughs related to the tailoring and creative design of scaffolds have been highlighted. New strategies and schemes for subsequent bone scaffold angiogenesis and osteogenesis promotion for new bone tissue regeneration are also discussed. This comprehensive review identifies the shift of research direction, where the biological requirements such as immune response and vascularization is prioritized over fabrication methods. Research gaps on vascularization bottlenecks, methodological and evaluation gaps, fabrication challenges and regulatory hurdles have been identified as well. Future direction of research includes AI assisted design, 4D printing, smart implants, organoid integration and benchmarking standardization of bone tissue implants.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering injectable alginate hydrogels for mesenchymal stem cell delivery: comparative evaluation of ionic crosslinking strategies and early<i>in vitro</i>outcomes.","authors":"Mahsa Haghbin, Mahboubeh Kazemi Noughabi, Zahra Esmaeili, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Nasser Sanjar Mousavi, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Alireza Sadeghi-Avalshahr","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9ae6","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9ae6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Injectable hydrogels are widely investigated as carriers for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); however, the influence of ionic crosslinking strategy on injectability-relevant properties and early<i>in vitro</i>cell responses remains insufficiently defined from a design perspective. In this study, alginate-based hydrogels were prepared using three ionic crosslinking approaches-internal (CaCO₃/ glucono-delta-lactone (GDL)), external (CaCl₂), and combined gelation-and comparatively evaluated as delivery matrices for human adipose-derived MSCs. The hydrogels were characterized in terms of microstructural features, weight variation behavior, viscoelastic properties, protein diffusion, and early biological performance. Rheological analysis revealed a broad range of mechanical responses, with storage moduli varying from approximately 10²-10³Pa depending on the crosslinking mechanism. Internally-gelled hydrogels exhibited a softer, more deformable network and a wider linear viscoelastic region, while externally and double-crosslinked hydrogels showed increased stiffness but more brittle behavior. Microstructural observations indicated larger and more interconnected pores in internally crosslinked systems compared to the denser networks formed via external gelation.<i>In vitro</i>biological assessments, including metabolic activity, DNA quantification, and post-injection viability, demonstrated that the crosslinking strategy significantly affected early cell fate. Notably, internally-crosslinked hydrogels supported higher cell viability and metabolic activity while maintaining superior post-injection cell survival (>95%), whereas double-crosslinked hydrogels showed lower viability following syringe delivery consistent with their higher stiffness and lower deformation tolerance. Overall, this comparative study highlights the trade-offs between mechanical integrity, handling during syringe delivery, and early biological performance in ionically-crosslinked alginate hydrogels. The findings provide practical design-oriented guidance for selecting alginate crosslinking strategies in injectable MSCs delivery systems where minimally invasive administration and early cell survival are critical considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148801802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advance in multifunctional hydrogels for skin wound care: from material classification and fabrication to therapeutic mechanisms.","authors":"Meijin Yan, Xinyu Li, Wenbo Wu, Wei Zhao, Xiujuan Liu, Tifeng Jiao","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae97ce","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae97ce","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The skin serves as the primary barrier against external physical damage and microbial invasion. When the skin is compromised, effective wound management becomes essential for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing complications. Although conventional wound dressings provide basic protection, they often fail to meet the complex and dynamic requirements of different stages of wound healing. Owing to their highly hydrated three-dimensional networks, tunable physicochemical properties, and excellent biocompatibility, hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for advanced wound care. Recent advances in material engineering have enabled hydrogels to integrate multiple therapeutic functions, including hemostasis, antibacterial activity, immunomodulation, antioxidant regulation, angiogenesis promotion, scar reduction, and controlled drug delivery, thereby facilitating coordinated tissue regeneration. This review summarizes recent advances in hydrogel-based wound dressings, including the biological process of skin wound healing, hydrogel material classification, fabrication and crosslinking strategies, and multifunctional hydrogel design. Particular attention is given to the relationship between hydrogel functions and different stages of wound healing, as well as the advantages and limitations of various hydrogel systems. Finally, current challenges related to mechanical properties, clinical translation, large-animal evaluation, and manufacturing standardization are discussed, together with emerging strategies such as stimulus-responsive hydrogels and programmable therapeutic systems for future wound management.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148708601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on the application of piezoelectric hydrogel materials in bone tissue engineering.","authors":"Shuang Deng, Liqing Di, Huanliang Meng, Jianbo Jia, Jiawen He, Dejian Li","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9b56","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9b56","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Piezoelectric hydrogels have emerged as a class of biomaterials that have garnered significant attention in bone tissue engineering in recent years. Their unique property lies in their ability to generate electrical charges under mechanical deformation. This piezoelectric effect is key to enhancing bone regeneration by mimicking the natural mechanical forces that stimulate osteogenesis<i>in vivo</i>. With their high water content, elasticity, biocompatibility, and capacity to modulate cellular responses through electrical stimulation (ES), they present an ideal choice for bone defect repair. Recent studies have demonstrated that ES can significantly promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, making piezoelectric hydrogels a critical factor in facilitating bone tissue regeneration. By integrating piezoelectric materials into hydrogels, they not only support cell growth but also actively promote bone healing through mechanoelectrical signaling. Specifically, this review (i) quantifies the range of piezoelectric coefficients and electrical outputs reported for hydrogels, (ii) critically compares fabrication methods with their scalability limitations, and (iii) outlines design guidelines for achieving stable, clinically translatable piezoelectric systems. By bridging materials science and bioelectric medicine, this review provides a roadmap for developing next-generation bone repair scaffolds. Unlike previous narrative reviews, our work provides a critical comparative assessment-quantitatively comparing piezoelectric coefficients, fabrication scalability, and translational bottlenecks.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148801999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication & characterization of neem oil-loaded hydrophobic PVA film for rapid hemostasis and minimizing blood loss in wound dressing.","authors":"Md Hasinur Rahman, H Jahan Kadri, Firoz Ahmed, Md Nuruzzaman, Md Ibrahim H Mondal","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9b57","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae9b57","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this investigation is to develop a dressing film with a blood-repellent surface to improve hemostatic performance while minimizing excessive blood loss from absorption and potentially reducing clot-dressing adhesion. As a result, a modified technique was utilized to fabricate a hydrophobic film made of PVA and neem seed oil (NSO). The developed film underwent multiple physicochemical studies to determine its structure and properties. The films exhibited increasing hydrophobicity with neem oil incorporation, as evidenced by water contact angle values rising from 47.8° (pure PVA) to 93.56° (PVA with 4% NSO), which suggests a potential reduction in adhesion risk. Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion assays demonstrated inhibition zones of up to 14 ± 0.1 mm against<i>P. aeruginosa</i>, indicating preliminary antibacterial activity. Hemostatic evaluation revealed enhanced red blood cell and platelet adhesion, with the optimized PVA/NSO (A4) film exhibiting a blood clotting index approximately 28% lower than that of the gauze control, indicating enhanced in vitro clotting efficiency compared with the gauze control. Qualitative assessment demonstrated that the films maintained good flexibility and structural integrity under bending, twisting, and stretching. Biodegradation studies showed weight loss of 25.7% for PVA/NSO films after 28 d, confirming environmental compatibility. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PVA/NSO composite films possess hydrophobicity, antibacterial activity, mechanical stability, and superior hemostatic performance, making them promising candidates for wound dressing and rapid hemostasis applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148801968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of natural marine polysaccharide scaffold materials in periodontal tissue regeneration.","authors":"Xinyu Li, Jian Li, Zhibin Xiao, Haichuan Ma, Chun Fan, Ye Liang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae98ce","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ae98ce","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scaffold-based periodontal tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for regenerating tissues destroyed by periodontitis, for which conventional treatments fall short. An ideal scaffold must not only possess good biocompatibility to establish a regenerative microenvironment but also address the complex pathological features of periodontitis, including persistent bacterial infection, hyperactive immune-inflammatory responses, and the demand for bone defect repair. Natural marine polysaccharides (such as alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, chitin and its derivatives, and hyaluronic acid) exhibt excellent biocompatibility and degradability, along with inherent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and osteogenic properties, making them highly suited to the pathological demands of periodontal regeneration. Although these five classes of materials differ in chemical composition, they all combine intrinsic bioactivity with abundant modifiable sites, making them an ideal platform for constructing multifunctional periodontal regeneration scaffolds. Based on this, this review focuses on the microstructural characteristics and structure-activity relationships of marine polysaccharide, systematically summarizing their applications and research progress in the design of periodontal tissue regeneration scaffolds.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}