Adipocyte最新文献

{"title":"The role and mechanism of UPRmt in adipocytes.","authors":"Hao Liu, Jie Chen, Dan-Qi Qiu, Miao-Wei Jiang, Hao-Qi Chen, Li Li, Shu-Qin Chen","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2026.2651605","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2026.2651605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is one of the most significant health challenges today, with its prevalence increasing rapidly worldwide. The associated inflammatory state is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep apnoea, putting immense pressure on global healthcare systems. Abnormal accumulation or dysfunction of adipose tissue can lead to obesity, which is a major risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) serves as a critical adaptive mechanism that safeguards cellular homoeostasis during mitochondrial proteostatic stress by orchestrating the expression of chaperones, proteases, and metabolic regulators to restore protein folding capacity and mitigate organelle dysfunction. This review discusses the role of UPRmt in adipocytes, a key player in maintaining metabolic homoeostasis and thermogenesis. Understanding UPRmt's mechanisms could offer novel therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and its complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"15 1","pages":"2651605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13078241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of receptor for advanced glycation end products attenuates obesity-induced adipose tissue senescence in mice.","authors":"Zuoqin Du, Jiaqi Wu, Tao Zhang, Xiaoyu Ma, Ziyu Li, Jin Xu, Jingcan You, Ni Chen, Jianbo Wu","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2611481","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2611481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands are critical drivers of adipose tissue inflammation. While RAGE expression increases in ageing cells and pathological conditions, its specific role in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipose tissue senescence remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the function of RAGE in the development of adipose tissue senescence associated with obesity. We observed that HFD-fed RAGE-deficient (RAGE^-/-) mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to wild-type (WT) controls. At the molecular level, RAGE^-/- mice displayed lower mRNA expression of cell cycle regulators and markers of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. This anti-senescent phenotype was accompanied by decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elevated expression of anti-oxidant genes. Mechanistically, the lack of RAGE resulted in the upregulation of silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1) in adipose tissues. Notably, the inhibition of SIRT1 reversed these anti-senescent effects and attenuated anti-oxidant gene expression in RAGE-deficient mice. Furthermore, while antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced p53 in WT mice, it failed to fully suppress p16 and p21, whereas NAC treatment in RAGE^-/- mice significantly downregulated all senescence markers, suggesting a synergistic protective effect. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that RAGE deficiency improved anti-oxidant properties and prevents adipocyte senescence via the SIRT1 signalling pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for obesity-associated tissue dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"15 1","pages":"2611481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12795267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145931835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-6402 targets <i>Bmpr2</i> and negatively regulates mouse adipogenesis.","authors":"Malaz Elsheikh, Tomomi Sano, Akiko Mizokami, Yusuke Nakatsu, Tomoichiro Asano, Takashi Kanematsu","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2474114","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2474114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is characterized by macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. White adipose tissue remodelling under inflammatory conditions involves both hypertrophy and adipogenesis and is regulated by transcription factors, which are influenced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are involved in obesity-related processes such as adipogenesis. Therefore, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of mice fed a normal diet (ND) and those fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The expression of miR-6402 was significantly suppressed in the inflamed eWAT of HFD-fed mice than in ND-fed mice. Furthermore, <i>Bmpr2</i>, the receptor for BMP4, was identified as a target gene of miR-6402. Consistently, miR-6402 was downregulated in the inflamed eWAT of HFD-fed mice and in 3T3-L1 cells (preadipocytes) and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (mature adipocytes) , and BMPR2 expression in these cells was upregulated. Adipogenesis was induced in WAT by BMP4 injection (<i>in vivo</i>) and in 3T3-L1 cells by BMP4 stimulation (<i>in vitro</i>), both of which were inhibited by miR-6402 transfection. Inflamed eWAT showed higher expression of BMPR2 and the adipogenesis markers C/EBPβ and PPARγ, which was suppressed by miR-6402 transfection. Our findings suggest that miR-6402 is a novel anti-adipogenic miRNA that combats obesity by inhibiting the BMP4/BMPR2 signalling pathway and subsequently reducing adipose tissue expansion.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2474114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adipose tissue explant culture using PDMS flow chambers: an alternative to static explant culture.","authors":"M Cohen, P Bandaru, K Szylo, N Nguyen, B Nadeak, R Paszkiewicz, J W Ashby, J J Mack, L Tanaka, J Tan, A Khademhosseini, S D Mittelman","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2578286","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2578286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As obesity rates continue to rise, it is important that we can effectively study adipose tissue to understand its physiological contribution in individuals with obesity. Unfortunately, due to the fragility and buoyancy of adipose tissue, culture remains challenging. <i>Ex vivo</i> culture of tissue explants is possible, however after 48 hours explants often display declining viability, increased inflammation, and de-differentiation. Other common approaches include differentiation of preadipocytes and adipocyte isolation by enzymatic dissociation, however these methods are time-consuming and fail to recapitulate the structure and cellular network within adipose tissue. Given these shortcomings, we developed a novel explant culture method using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flow chambers attached to a micro peristaltic pump. This approach reduces air interface while enabling media perfusion, time-resolved measurements of secreted factors, and easy incorporation of treatments. Using our chambers, we assessed viability with resazurin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, physiology by measuring glycerol release, architecture by confocal imaging, and retention of adipose gene expression by qPCR. Explants remained viable for over 72 hours. Resazurin reduction was at 84 ± 9% of baseline, and LDH release remained low. Isoproterenol treatment resulted in 2.7 ± 0.5-fold increased glycerol release, while insulin returned release to baseline. Confocal imaging showed preserved architecture, while qPCR of human tissue with insulin and dexamethasone supplementation showed maintained expression of <i>PPARG</i> and <i>FABP4</i> over 72 hours. Overall, our results suggest PDMS flow chambers are a suitable method for adipose explant culture that requires minimal processing, making this system a viable option for translational research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2578286"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12562731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145353515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatics analysis identifies key secretory protein-encoding differentially expressed genes in adipose tissue of metabolic syndrome.","authors":"Jiandong Zhou, Yunshan Guo, Xuan Liu, Weijie Yuan","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2024.2446243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2024.2446243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to identify key secretory protein-encoding differentially expressed genes (SP-DEGs) in adipose tissue in female metabolic syndrome, thus detecting potential targets in treatment. We examined gene expression profiles in 8 women with metabolic syndrome and 7 healthy, normal body weight women. A total of 143 SP-DEGs were screened, including 83 upregulated genes and 60 downregulated genes. GO analyses of these SP-DEGs included proteolysis, angiogenesis, positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation, immune response, protein processing, positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation, cell adhesion and ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. KEGG pathway analysis of the SP-DEGs were involved in the TGF-beta signalling pathway, cytokine‒cytokine receptor interactions, the hippo signalling pathway, Malaria. Two modules were identified from the PPI network, namely, Module 1 (DNMT1, KDM1A, NCoR1, and E2F1) and Module 2 (IL-7 R, IL-12A, and CSF3). The gene DNMT1 was shared between the network modules and the WGCNA brown module. According to the single-gene GSEA results, DNMT1 was significantly positively correlated with histidine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism. This study identified 7 key SP-DEGs in adipose tissue. DNMT1 was selected as the central gene in the development of metabolic syndrome and might be a potential therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2446243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput measurement of adipocyte size with open-source software using whole-slide adipose tissue images.","authors":"Alan Ramalho, Marie-Frédérique Gauthier, Ina Maltais-Payette, Giada Ostinelli, Frédéric Hould, Laurent Biertho, André Tchernof","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2528437","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2528437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to create and validate a high-throughput method based on open-source software for the measurement of adipocyte diameters in white adipose tissue histological sections. Human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples collected during bariatric surgery were used to prepare haematoxylin and eosin-stained histological slides. Adipocyte diameters were measured both manually and with an automated procedure created using ImageJ. Comparative analysis of our automated method with the manual measurement and associations of the mean adipocyte diameters with cardiometabolic markers were used to validate our method. A total of 377 adipose samples (190 participants) were included in the analysis. Pearson correlation of mean adipocyte diameters showed a strong linear relationship between methods (<i>r</i> = 0.87, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Omental adipocyte diameters of both methods were significantly associated with the same markers of cardiometabolic risk (fasting concentrations of TG, HDL-Chol, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and visceral adiposity index values) with no significant differences between methods. There were also no significant differences between the manual and automated method regarding the correlations between mean subcutaneous adipocyte diameters and anthropometric or metabolic markers. In conclusion, we have created and validated a rapid automated method to measure adipocyte diameters from whole-slide adipose tissue images.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2528437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the contribution of circulating inflammatory cytokines on the link between obesity and COVID-19.","authors":"Zahra J Khamis, Emmanouil Karteris, Amani Alhajeri, Steven G Smith, Alexandra Blakemore, Fotios Drenos","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2596403","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2596403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is more severe in obesity. A cytokine storm was observed in critically ill patients. Since adipose tissue secretes cytokines, we investigated whether cytokines mediate the effect of obesity on COVID-19 severity. Using replicated two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses, we assessed the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on COVID-19 severity. We evaluated the BMI effect on 41 inflammatory cytokines, JAK-2, lymphocyte percentage and leptin. We tested the relationship between these immunological factors and COVID-19 severity and conducted mediation analysis.Higher BMI increased the risk of COVID-19 severity. BMI was causally associated with five inflammatory cytokines - HGF, TRAIL, IL-13, IL-6, and IL-7 - with replication confirming these associations. TNF-α and IL-8 were identified as associated with COVID-19 severity, but with no replication support. Leptin-related genetic variation was associated with COVID-19 severity and supported by replication, but JAK-2 and lymphocyte percentage provided no evidence of association. None of the immunological factors tested showed consistent statistical evidence of mediation between BMI and COVID-19 severity. Our findings support the reported causal association between BMI and COVID-19 severity. Although several cytokines elevated due to higher BMI, we observed inconsistent evidence for baseline cytokines levels increasing COVID-19 severity. Baseline levels of circulating cytokines, JAK-2, lymphocyte percentage, and leptin showed no evidence of mediating the BMI and severe COVID-19 link. Limited participants in cytokine GWASs reduce statistical power, and missing population data on cytokine responses to infection are major limitations requiring resolution to explain cytokines' mediating role between BMI and severe COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2596403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12688227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145706948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of propolis in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and white adipose tissue Browning: a systematic review of preclinical studies.","authors":"Imam Megantara, Putri Karisa, Wahana Inova Pakpahan, Nova Sylviana, Hanna Goenawan","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2576894","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2576894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White adipose tissue (WAT) browning has gained increasing attention as potential strategy for obesity management. The conversion of WAT into brown adipose tissue (BAT) enhances energy expenditure and improves metabolic health. Propolis, natural resinous substance produced by honeybees, contains bioactive compounds such as caffeic acid phenethylester, chrysin and quercetin, which are thought to regulate adipogenesis and promote WAT browning. This systematic review aimed to synthesize preclinical evidence on the molecular mechanisms by which propolis and its bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and the browning of white adipose tissue. We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, without time restrictions, using relevant keywords related to propolis and obesity. A total of 7 preclinical studies (animal and in vitro) met the inclusion criteria. These studies indicate that propolis and its bioactive compounds, modulate adipogenic transcription factors, reduce lipid accumulation and increase expression of browning markers in cellular and animal models. Studies in vivo demonstrate reductions in body weight, fat accumulation and adipocyte differentiation, accompanied by increased thermogenesis. Preclinical evidence suggests that propolis modulates adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and WAT browning; however, clinical trials assessing mechanistic endpoints are lacking and necessary before translational recommendations can be made.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2576894"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12536616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145312256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo evidence supports the effectiveness of the longevity-associated protein LAV-BPIFB4 in reducing adipose tissue-derived mediators of systemic inflammation to prevent vascular insult and atheromatous change.","authors":"Elena Ciaglia, Valentina Lopardo, Francesco Montella, Roberta Maria Esposito, Antonio Damato, Angela Carmelita Abate, Anna Maciag, Carmine Vecchione, Albino Carrizzo, Annibale Alessandro Puca","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2580152","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21623945.2025.2580152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity triggers chronic low-grade inflammation contributing to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Over-release of adipokines and pro-inflammatory mediators by white adipose tissue (WAT) enhances inflammation through a feedforward loop involving endothelial and immune cells, promoting atherosclerosis. Our previous studies showed that in vivo gene transfer of the longevity-associated variant (LAV) of BPIFB4 restores endothelial and cardiac function and reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models. Here we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of orally administered recombinant rhLAV-BPIFB4 in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet to elucidate its role in modulating endothelial dysfunction primed by adipose tissue inflammation. We studied <i>n</i> = 5 ApoE-/- mice on standard diet (SD), <i>n</i> = 5 (VEH-HFD) and <i>n</i> = 6 (LAV-HFD) ApoE-/- mice fed high-fat diet without or with rhLAV-BPIFB4 protein. Primary pre-adipocyte cultures were established from epididymal WAT to evaluate CD45+CD38+ leukocyte infiltration, inflammatory profile of pre-adipocytes, and ex vivo effects of conditioned media on vessels. Oral administration of rhLAV-BPIFB4 in ApoE-/- mice fed high-fat diet dampens atherosclerosis by preserving endothelial integrity and reducing ICAM+ and CD68+ cell infiltration. Despite unchanged adiposity, systemically rhLAV-BPIFB4 reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α/β, TNF-α, IL-6) while mildly increasing IL-10 levels. Supernatants from pre-adipocytes treated with rhLAV-BPIFB4 demonstrate similar anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles. Conditioned media from rhLAV-treated eWAT ex vivo restores endothelial function in dysfunctional arteries (VEH-HFD vs LAV-HFD, ***<i>p</i> < 0.001). Collectively our data show that targeting adipocyte-associated inflammation, LAV-BPIFB4 emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract endothelial dysfunction in obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2580152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12584601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145370087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation analysis of key genes and immune infiltration in visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes in women.","authors":"Qian Shi, Yongxin Li, Chunyan Liu, Mengjie Liang, Hefei Zha, Xin Zhang, Fuchun Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21623945.2024.2442419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2024.2442419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) is a key factor in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, research on the impact of fat distribution on immune cells and immune responses in women is still lacking. This study used enrichment, protein-protein interaction network, immune cell infiltration, and correlation analysis to compare the similarities and differences between the transcriptome data of visceral AT (VAT) and subcutprotein-proteinaneous AT (SAT) obtained from the omprehensive database of gene expression in women with non-T2DM and T2DM. DEGs with the same biological function in two types of ATs often exhibited different expression trends. SharedVAT-specific and SAT-specific hub genes were mainly associated with transcription factors, monocyte-macrophage markers, and chemokines, respectively. Immune cells affected by both AT types included monocytes, granulocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and NK cells. VAT affected more immune cells, mainly myeloid cells. Shared hub genes in VAT correlated positively with M1 macrophages, suggesting pro-inflammatory effects, while those in SAT correlated negatively with M1 macrophages and lymphocytes, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the correlation between AT and T2DM in women.</p>","PeriodicalId":7226,"journal":{"name":"Adipocyte","volume":"14 1","pages":"2442419"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}