Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)最新文献

{"title":"Rational Design Principles for Cell Membrane Coating of Nanoparticles","authors":"Moataz B. Zewail,&nbsp;Yun Liu,&nbsp;Yilong Fan,&nbsp;Yue Hui,&nbsp;Zichao Guo,&nbsp;Da Zou,&nbsp;Yun Huang,&nbsp;Chun-Xia Zhao,&nbsp;Guangze Yang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70457","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell membrane coating offers a biomimetic strategy for drug delivery by combining the biological functions of natural membranes with the tunable properties of synthetic nanoparticles (NPs). The coating process influences membrane coverage and the biological performance of the resulting particles, making the selection of an appropriate coating method important. Although extrusion and sonication are widely used, how nanoparticle properties determine their relative performance remains insufficiently understood, and method selection is largely empirical. Here, we examine the interplay of drug loading, effective stiffness, and surface hydrophobicity in lipid NPs (LNPs), polymeric NPs (PNPs), and silica nanocapsules (SNCs). Hard SNCs favored sonication and soft SNCs favored extrusion in cellular uptake and full-coating measurements. At comparable measured apparent Young's moduli, more hydrophobic PLGA NPs favored extrusion in cellular uptake, whereas more hydrophilic PLGA–PEG NPs favored sonication. Increasing bortezomib loading shifted the organic formulations toward extrusion despite the increased effective stiffness observed in the PNP loading series. At high loading, extrusion improved the LNP full-coating ratio and reduced PNP macrophage uptake, while the PNP full-coating ratios were comparable between methods. These complementary comparisons support our interpretation that surface hydrophobicity can override the stiffness-associated method preference in the organic systems studied. Together, the findings provide a framework for selecting a coating method based on formulation composition, effective stiffness, and interfacial properties, with coating integrity and biological performance as complementary evaluation criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Long Fluorescence and Phosphorescence From Crosslinked Chitosan for Food Humidity Sensing and Desiccation","authors":"Wenqin Yang,&nbsp;Zexian Dai,&nbsp;Xueru Dong,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Di Tian,&nbsp;Zece Zhu","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70458","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural polysaccharides have recently attracted extensive attention due to their intrinsic clusteroluminescence afterglow properties. However, their intrinsic afterglow is phosphorescence-dominated, owing to the large singlet–triplet energy gap inherent to these non-conjugated systems. Herein, we report thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from a polysaccharide network that contains no aromatic rings or extended π-conjugation, achieved by crosslinking chitosan with citric acid. The covalent amide networks narrow the singlet–triplet energy gap to promote reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), while the rigidified framework effectively suppresses non‑radiative relaxations. As a result, the material exhibits a prolonged afterglow of approximately 4 s with a luminescence lifetime of 0.9 s at room temperature. Unlike conventional TADF based on π‑conjugated systems, the heterogeneous crosslinked chitosan shows excitation‑dependent TADF. Moreover, its porous and hydrophilic nature endows the material with humidity‑sensitive afterglow and a moisture uptake capacity of up to 53 wt%, seamlessly integrating optical sensing and physical desiccation. Derived from safe, renewable resources via an environmentally benign synthetic route, this work establishes a new design strategy for green, non‑conjugated afterglow materials with promising applications in food packaging and environmental monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Polymer Bottlebrushes for Nanomedicine: Structure-Guided Design, Biological Transport, and Biomedical Applications","authors":"Changfeng Yin,&nbsp;Xuran Wang,&nbsp;Huan Chen,&nbsp;Ling'e Zhang,&nbsp;Hongwei Hou,&nbsp;Xiqun Jiang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70449","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Molecular polymer bottlebrushes (MPBs) are structurally programmable macromolecules whose densely grafted side chains generate stable unimolecular architectures with tunable structural features. Despite growing interest in MPBs for nanomedicine, the relationships between their architectural parameters and biological performance have not yet been systematically integrated. This review, therefore, aims to establish a structure-centered framework that links MPB architecture to biological behavior and design requirements in nanomedicine. We first summarize the principal structural parameters and major synthetic strategies of MPBs, and then discuss how size and aspect ratio, stiffness, grafting density, topology, and surface chemistry influence their biological behavior. Representative applications in small-molecule drug and nucleic-acid delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics illustrate how the structure–behavior relationships translate into functional outcomes. The available evidence is further integrated into an outcome-oriented design framework that considers stage-specific requirements across systemic circulation, tissue access, cellular interaction, intracellular release, and clearance. In addition, selected bottlebrush-derived nanostructures are considered separately from unimolecular MPBs. Current challenges in scalable and reproducible synthesis, degradability, long-term safety and clearance, and computationally assisted design are also discussed. Overall, this review offers a structure-centered perspective for understanding and designing MPB-based nanomedicine platforms tailored to complex biological environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Tunable Circularly Polarized Room-Temperature Phosphorescence through Chiral Photonic Structure Design","authors":"Jinyue Fan,&nbsp;Shaoyi Cao,&nbsp;Bang An,&nbsp;Mingcong Xu,&nbsp;Wenye Sun,&nbsp;Chunhui Ma,&nbsp;Sha Luo,&nbsp;Bing Tian,&nbsp;Jian Li,&nbsp;Zhijun Chen,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Shouxin Liu","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70447","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Circularly polarized room-temperature phosphorescence (CPRTP) materials are attractive for various applications. However, in situ color regulation of CPRTP remains challenging; meanwhile, the direct measurement of long-lived CPRTP is difficult using conventional circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectrometers. Here, multicolor and in situ tunable CPRTP with switchable handedness are realized through a bilayer photonic structure strategy, and the long-lived CPRTP emission is detected by a time-gated CPL setup. The bilayer CPRTP system consists of an RTP polymer layer and a chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) layer. Arylboronic acids with different degrees of conjugation are covalently linked to the polyvinyl alcohol matrix, leading to tunable multicolor CPRTP with long lifetimes (up to 2 s). CNC films with tunable photonic bandgaps (PBGs) are employed to selectively reflect or transmit CPRTP with opposite chirality and high dissymmetry factors (<i>g</i>_lum) up to 0.5. Significantly, by the broadband design of phosphorescence chromophores and PBGs, in situ tunable CPRTP with a wide color range and white afterglow emission is achieved under different excitation wavelengths. Furthermore, these bilayer films exhibit humidity-responsive CPRTP due to the humidity-sensitive PBGs of CNC films. Based on the in situ tunability of CPRTP, multilevel information encoding and CPRTP-LED devices are successfully built.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urea-Directed Precursor Architectures and Their Inheritance in Spinel NiCo2O4 on Stainless-Steel Mesh","authors":"Noor Alam,&nbsp;Kosei Fukuda,&nbsp;Osamu Oki,&nbsp;Hideto Yoshida,&nbsp;Eiji Nishibori,&nbsp;Takahiro Kondo","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70453","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although the morphology of spinel oxides is commonly controlled through precursor formation followed by thermal conversion, the roles of these two stages in defining the final architecture remain insufficiently distinguished. To bridge this gap, the present study systematically investigates the influence of urea concentration on the morphology of spinel NiCo₂O₄ grown on stainless-steel mesh (SSM) through hydrothermal synthesis (precursor formation) followed by calcination (thermal conversion) at 350°C. Diverse microscale precursor architectures are obtained over a urea concentration range of 0 (no urea)–0.7 M, evolving from limited surface nucleation to hierarchical sea-urchin-like structures composed of radially oriented nanospikes and, at higher concentrations, nanoball-like aggregates comprising interconnected nanowires and nanosheets. This concentration-dependent morphological evolution is attributed to urea hydrolysis and the associated changes in solution alkalinity and carbonate-containing species, which influence the formation, nucleation, growth, and assembly of Ni–Co precursor phases. Structural, spectroscopic, and thermal analyses indicate the involvement of carbonate- and hydroxide-containing precursor species during hydrothermal growth. Upon calcination, these species undergo chemical and crystallographic transformations accompanied by the evolution of CO₂ and H₂O to form crystalline spinel NiCo₂O₄ with largely preserved microscale architectures. These results indicate that urea concentration predominantly defines the precursor architecture, which is subsequently inherited by the crystalline spinel oxide, whereas calcination drives precursor-to-NiCo₂O₄ conversion while largely retaining the pre-established microscale morphology. This distinction between morphology-defining hydrothermal growth and phase-forming thermal conversion provides insights into the rational synthesis of architecturally controlled spinel oxide materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Dots With Concurrently Tunable Photoluminescence and Nanozyme Activity for Agricultural Stress Resistance: A Carbonization Degree-Mediated Strategy","authors":"Yunge Tang,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Peng,&nbsp;Xinyuan Wang,&nbsp;Pengpeng Wang,&nbsp;Kang Sun,&nbsp;Lei Han,&nbsp;Siyu Lu,&nbsp;Xiaokai Xu","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging in agricultural nanotechnology owing to their tunable photoluminescence, biocompatibility, and nanozyme activity. Herein, we used an acid-regulated strategy to synthesize CDs with gradient carbonization degrees, systematically elucidating their structure–performance relationships. At the nanoscale, the progressive carbonization not only induced an emission mode transition from dual to single emission (fluorescence shifting from red molecular to blue carbonized domains with a continuous spectral blue shift), but also concurrently enhanced the material's superoxide dismutase-like activity. Structural characterization and theoretical calculations revealed that progressive carbonization generates sp²-conjugated domains, where edge-site carbonyl (C═O) groups serve as catalytic sites for SOD-like activity. At the organismal level, simulated salt-stress experiments showed that highly carbonized CDs most effectively alleviated oxidative damage and promoted the growth of maize, rice, and soybean seedlings. At the field level, field trials coupled with high-throughput phenotyping confirmed that CDs significantly enhanced crop stress resistance under saline-alkali conditions, increasing maize yield by 144% (<i>n = </i>30, 3 biological replicates). This work establishes a structure-activity framework wherein the carbonization degree synergistically modulates optical and enzymatic functionalities, using a representative precursor system (Pyronin B) as a proof-of-concept. While the general applicability of this strategy to other CDs-based systems warrants further investigation, the present study provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of carbon-based nanozymes and offers practical strategies for crop yield enhancement in saline-alkali agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable Synthesis of Organic Micro/Nanocrystals via Confined Self-Assembly in Spinning Fibers","authors":"Hai-Tao Jiang,&nbsp;Yang-Biao Xue,&nbsp;Bin Wu,&nbsp;Lin-Feng Gu,&nbsp;Peng Luo,&nbsp;Min Zheng,&nbsp;Zuo-Shan Wang,&nbsp;Liang-Sheng Liao,&nbsp;Ming-Peng Zhuo","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic low-dimensional micro/nanocrystals (OLCs) with controllable morphologies, unique packing modes, and tunable physicochemical properties are attractive for chemical materials. Owing to their rapid crystallization and high environmental sensitivity induced by the weak noncovalent interactions in the self-assembly, their large-scale fabrication remains a huge challenge for practical applications. Herein, we propose a cost-effective spinning chemistry strategy for continuously fabricating OLCs via their confined self-assembly in the spinning fiber at a speed of 500 m h⁻¹. By precisely controlling supersaturation, solution viscosity, and double-diffusion rate, the nucleation rate could be finely regulated, thereby tailoring the density and size of these packaged OLCs. Impressively, these prepared functional fibers rationally integrate the optoelectronic properties of OLCs and the spinning fibe r mechanical structure. Typically, the obtained luminescent fibers demonstrate multicolor emission from blue to green and red with a breaking strength of 13.4 MPa under 478% tensile strain, which holds great promise for wearable applications, such as colorful textile displays. This strategy can be generalized to other OLCs, presenting a significant breakthrough in the scalable fabrication of OLCs for commercialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal–Organic Frameworks for CO2 Conversion: From Simple Capture Materials to Multiple Function Platforms","authors":"Yingjia Li,&nbsp;Zhaoyuan Feng,&nbsp;Meiyu Zhang,&nbsp;Manman Shi,&nbsp;Lixue Zhao,&nbsp;Yuxiao Feng,&nbsp;Xing Zhang,&nbsp;Jiandong Cui","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70446","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their remarkably elevated specific surface area, copious unsaturated coordination sites, and modifiable pore microenvironments, present a promising material platform for the conversion of CO₂. The number of studies regarding CO₂ conversion using MOFs per year has increased rapidly, and various novel approaches have been developed. However, there have been few systematic reviews specifically on MOFs material platform for the conversion of CO₂. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CO₂ capture and conversion using MOFs. The focused content in this review includes: (1) We discuss the underlying mechanisms by which MOFs efficiently capture carbon dioxide. (2) How MOFs, as immobilization carriers, significantly enhance the stability and catalytic efficiency of carbon sequestration enzymes as well as multi-enzyme systems. (3) We highlight the advantages of MOF materials as enzyme mimetics for CO₂ capture and conversion, and provide a perspective on potential solutions to current challenges in CO₂ conversion. (4) Ultimately, cutting-edge enzyme-MOF photo/electrocatalytic coupling technology for CO₂ conversion was also evaluated. We believe this review will be helpful for readers to understand the fundamental research and applications of MOFs for the conversion of CO_2.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Machine-Driven Fluorogenic Probes for Motion–Signal Conversion and Hydrophilicity Retention in Live-Cell Nanoscopy","authors":"Yuan Luo,&nbsp;Lili Du,&nbsp;Xing Yang,&nbsp;Ke Liu,&nbsp;Chunbai Xiang,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Wang,&nbsp;Daoyong Jiang,&nbsp;Zihan Wu,&nbsp;Xiang-Yang Lou,&nbsp;Xiaokang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiajie Diao,&nbsp;Xiaoshuai Huang,&nbsp;Ping Gong,&nbsp;Ben Zhong Tang,&nbsp;Lintao Cai,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional fluorogenic and cell-permeable molecular probes for live-cell nanoscopy mainly rely on structural or hydrophilicity changes to generate intracellular fluorescence signals. Here, we introduce molecular machines into fluorogenic probe design. As a proof of concept, malachite green (MG) was coupled to spirocyclization-free rhodamine to construct the water-soluble fluorogenic probe MG-Rho. We define “motion–signal conversion” as the transduction of intramolecular motion of a molecular rotor into corresponding changes in fluorescence signal output. Mechanistic studies support an electron-transfer-mediated quenching model in which photoexcitation of the rhodamine signal module is followed by rapid electron transfer to the MG switch module. Free motion of the MG rotor favors this electron-transfer-coupled non-radiative deactivation and maintains a weakly emissive state, whereas restriction of MG motion suppresses the quenching pathway and restores rhodamine fluorescence. MG-Rho exhibits excellent water solubility and photostability and enables mitochondrial cristae staining and long-term imaging of mitochondrial dynamics in living cells. This work establishes a modular strategy that couples molecular motion to electron-transfer-regulated fluorescence output while retaining probe hydrophilicity for dynamic imaging in aqueous biological environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phototherapy Strategies for Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms and Emerging Nanomaterials","authors":"Fan Liu,&nbsp;Jun Huang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.70408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phototherapy has become a significant research direction in tumor therapy owing to its high spatial selectivity, low systemic toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. In recent years, diverse strategies including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photoimmunotherapy (PIT), and photogas therapy (PGT) have been extensively developed, accompanied by remarkable advances in the structural design and energy conversion mechanisms of photosensitive materials. However, current phototherapy research still lacks a material-design-guided photoresponsive conversion framework and development trends across different therapeutic modalities remain insufficiently understood, which limits the rational design and multimechanism collaborative optimization of photosensitizers. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the latest research progress and material evolution trends in phototherapy. The discussion focuses on structural principles governing light-to-heat conversion in PTT, reactive oxygen species generation in PDT, immune activation in PIT, and light-triggered gas release in PGT. Current limitations such as insufficient light penetration, potential toxicity, poor clearance and translational challenges are further discussed. This review aims to provide design guidance for developing efficient, controllable, and clinically translatable photoresponsive materials for cancer phototherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}