{"title":"Functional probes for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases","authors":"Zhijin Fan, Yan Liu, Yuyun Ye, Yuhui Liao","doi":"10.1002/agt2.620","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.620","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Infectious diseases present significant challenges to global health, thereby extensively affecting both human society and the economy. In recent years, functional probes have demonstrated remarkable potential as crucial biomedical media for the research and treatment of infectious diseases. Their applications in the realm of infectious diseases include pathogen detection, exploration of biological mechanisms, and development of anti-infective drugs. This review provides a concise introduction to the severity, classification, and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Subsequently, we examined the distinctiveness and design strategies of functional probes for diagnosing and treating infectious diseases, shedding light on their design rationale using typical examples. We discuss the current status and challenges associated with the clinical implementation of functional probes. Furthermore, we explored the prospects of using these probes for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This review aims to offer novel insights into the design of diagnostic probes for infectious diseases and broaden their applications in disease treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao-Xiao Chen, Kun Peng, Xi Chen, Zheng-Yin Pan, Qing-Hua Shen, Yu-Yi Ling, Jian-Zhang Zhao, Cai-Ping Tan
{"title":"Microtubule polymerization induced by iridium-fullerene photosensitizers for cancer immunotherapy via dual-reactive oxygen species regulation strategy","authors":"Xiao-Xiao Chen, Kun Peng, Xi Chen, Zheng-Yin Pan, Qing-Hua Shen, Yu-Yi Ling, Jian-Zhang Zhao, Cai-Ping Tan","doi":"10.1002/agt2.623","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.623","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microtubules (MTs) are key players in cell division, migration, and signaling, and they are regarded as important targets for cancer treatment. In this work, two fullerene (C<sub>60</sub>)-functionalized Ir(III) complexes (<b>Ir-C<sub>60</sub>1</b> and <b>Ir-C<sub>60</sub>2</b>) are rationally designed as dual reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators and MT-targeted Type I/II photosensitizers. In the dark, <b>Ir-C</b><b><sub>60</sub></b><b>1</b> and <b>Ir</b><b>-C</b><b><sub>60</sub></b><b>2</b> serve as ROS scavengers to eliminate O<sub>2</sub>•<sup>−</sup> and •OH, consequently reducing the dark cytotoxicity and reversing dysfunctional T cells. Due to the efficiently populated C<sub>60</sub>-localized intraligand triplet state, <b>Ir-C<sub>60</sub>1</b> and <b>I</b><b>r</b><b>-C</b><b><sub>60</sub></b><b>2</b> can be excited by green light (525 nm) to produce O<sub>2</sub>•<sup>−</sup> and •OONO<sup>−</sup> (Type I) and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> (Type II) to overcome tumor hypoxia. Moreover, <b>Ir-C<sub>60</sub></b><b>1</b> is also able to photooxidize tubulin, consequently interfering with the cellular cytoskeleton structures, inducing immunogenic cell death and inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. Finally, <b>Ir-C</b><b><sub>60</sub></b><b>1</b> exhibits promising photo-immunotherapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo. In all, we report here the first MT stabilizing photosensitizer performing through Type I/II photodynamic therapy pathways, which provides insights into the rational design of new photo-immunotherapeutic agents targeting specific biomolecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible healable electromagnetic-interference-shielding bioelastic hydrogel nanocomposite for machine learning-assisted highly sensitive sensing bioelectrode","authors":"Yunfei Zhang, Zehui Li, Zhishan Xu, Mingyue Xiao, Yue Yuan, Xiaolong Jia, Rui Shi, Liqun Zhang, Pengbo Wan","doi":"10.1002/agt2.566","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.566","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The prosperous evolution of conductive hydrogel-based skin sensors is attracting tremendous attention nowadays. Nevertheless, it remains a great challenge to simultaneously integrate excellent mechanical strength, desirable electrical conductivity, admirable sensing performance, and brilliant healability in hydrogel-based skin sensors for high-performance diagnostic healthcare sensing and wearable human-machine interface, as well as robust photothermal performance for promptly intelligent photothermal therapy followed by the medical diagnosis and superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance for personal protection. Herein, a flexible healable MXene hydrogel-based skin sensor is prepared through a delicate combination of MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>) nanosheets network with the polymeric network. The as-prepared skin sensor is featured with significantly enhanced mechanical, conducting, and sensing performances, along with robust self-healability, good biocompatibility, and reliable injectability, enabling ultrasensitive human motion monitoring and teeny electrophysiological signals sensing. As a frontier technology in artificial intelligence, machine learning can facilitate to efficiently and precisely identify the electromyography signals produced by various human motions (such as variable finger gestures) with up to 99.5% accuracy, affirming the reliability of the machine learning-assisted gesture identification with great potential in smart personalized healthcare and human-machine interaction. Moreover, the MXene hydrogel-based skin sensor displays prominent EMI shielding performance, demonstrating the great promise of effective personal protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhixue Liu, Haiqi Chen, Mengdi Tian, Xinyao Sun, Yong-Xue Li, Jie Wu, Ruotong Wang, Bin Li, Chunju Li, Yu Liu
{"title":"Sulfato-β-cyclodextrin induced multivalent supramolecular directional aggregation of cyanovinylene derivatives for achieving reversible near-infrared fluorescence","authors":"Zhixue Liu, Haiqi Chen, Mengdi Tian, Xinyao Sun, Yong-Xue Li, Jie Wu, Ruotong Wang, Bin Li, Chunju Li, Yu Liu","doi":"10.1002/agt2.627","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.627","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Molecular aggregation or supramolecular aggregation-induced emission is one of the research hotspots in chemistry, biology, and materials. Herein, we report negatively charged sulfato-β-cyclodextrin (SCD) induced cyanovinylene derivatives (DPy-6C) directional aggregation to form regular nanorods (DPy-6C@SCD) through supramolecular multivalent interactions, not only achieves ultraviolet-visible absorption redshifted from 453 to 521 nm but also displays near-infrared (NIR) aggregation-induced emission with a large spectral redshift of 135 nm. The DPy-6C monomer presents random nanosheets with weak fluorescence but obtains regular aggregates after assembly with SCD through electrostatic interactions. In the presence of H<sup>+</sup>, the DPy-6C@SCD can further aggregate into elliptical nanosheets without fluorescence changes due to the protonation of secondary amines. In contrast, the morphology of DPy-6C@SCD becomes flexible and sticks together upon the addition of OH<sup>−</sup> with an emission blue shift of 72 nm and a 90-fold intensity increase because of disrupting the stacking mode of aggregates, thereby achieving acid-base regulated reversible fluorescence behaviors that cannot be realized by DPy-6C monomer. The DPy-6C@SCD can efficiently select the detection of volatile organic amines both in liquid and gas phases within 5 s at the nanomolar level. Taking advantage of RGB analysis and calculation formula application, the DPy-6C@SCD has been successfully used to monitor various organic amines on a smartphone, accompanied by naked-eye visible photoluminescence. Therefore, the present research provides an efficient directional aggregation method through supramolecular multivalent interactions, which not only realizes topological morphology transformation but also achieves reversible NIR luminescent molecular switch and high sensitivity organic amines fluorescent sensing devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scaffold-free three-dimensional cartilage regeneration based on cartilaginous organoids bioassembly technology","authors":"Yingying Huo, Zheng Ci, Shiqi Wu, Shaoqing Feng, Yuyan Sun, Genke Li, Yu Liu, Yujie Hua, Yixin Zhang, Guangdong Zhou","doi":"10.1002/agt2.619","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.619","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising strategy to repair damaged tissue and reconstruct organ function, but the scaffold-free cartilage regeneration technology is currently limited in its ability to construct three-dimensional (3D) shapes, maintain the chondrogenic phenotype, and express cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Recently, cartilaginous organoids (COs), multicellular aggregates with spheroid architecture, have shown great potential in miniaturized cartilage developmental models in vitro. However, high-efficiency and transferable in vivo organoid-based 3D cartilage regeneration technology for preclinical research needs further exploration. In this study, we develop novel cartilaginous organoids bioassembly (COBA) strategy to achieve scaffold-free 3D cartilage regeneration, which displays batch-to-batch efficiency, structural integration, and functional reconstruction. For underlying molecule mechanism, cellular adhesion proteins significantly regulate cell aggregation and cytoskeleton reorganization to form cartilaginous spheroids, and the hypoxic microenvironment created by high-density cell aggregates synergistically activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-mediated glycolytic metabolism reprogramming to maintain the chondrogenic phenotype and promote cartilage-specific ECM deposition. Furthermore, separated COs can integrate into a complete and continuous cartilage tissue through the COBA approach, and thus facilitate raising the nasal dorsa in goats after minimally invasive injection. This study thus demonstrates the promise of COBA technology to achieve scaffold-free 3D cartilage regeneration for organoid-based translational applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuan-Yuan Zhao, Xiaojun Zhang, Zixuan Chen, Yihui Xu, Heejeong Kim, Hyunsun Jeong, You Rim Lee, Jiah Lee, Xingshu Li, Juyoung Yoon
{"title":"Inside Front Cover: Supramolecular phthalocyanine assemblies-enhanced synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy guided by photoacoustic imaging","authors":"Yuan-Yuan Zhao, Xiaojun Zhang, Zixuan Chen, Yihui Xu, Heejeong Kim, Hyunsun Jeong, You Rim Lee, Jiah Lee, Xingshu Li, Juyoung Yoon","doi":"10.1002/agt2.616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, Yoon and co-workers developed a nanostructured supramolecular phototherapeutic agent based on Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism. Such nanostructured phototherapeutic agent can enable the visualization of a tumor with a photoacoustic signal-to-liver ratio as high as 11.9, and ultimately achieving a notable therapeutic effect in a preclinical model at a low dose through the photodynamic and photothermal synergistic therapy (e514).\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yujun Cai, Gengjia Chen, Minzhao Lin, Bo Li, Huihai Zhong, Tan Li, Zecong Xiao, Yong Wang, Xintao Shuai
{"title":"Inside Back Cover: Twins-like nanodrugs synchronously transport in blood and coalesce inside tumors for sensitive ultrasound imaging and triggerable penetrative drug delivery","authors":"Yujun Cai, Gengjia Chen, Minzhao Lin, Bo Li, Huihai Zhong, Tan Li, Zecong Xiao, Yong Wang, Xintao Shuai","doi":"10.1002/agt2.617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel strategy for nanoparticle size enlargement is developed by constructing a pair of similar nanodrugs, referred to as “twins-like nanodrugs (TLNs)”. The TLNs synchronously transport in blood, coalesce inside tumor and achieve particle aggregation for ultrasound-triggerable penetrative drug delivery (e476).\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qian He, Meiyiming Wang, Li Zhao, Bin Xu, Wenjing Tian, Liyun Zhang
{"title":"Front Cover: Near-infrared aggregation-induced emission materials: Bibliometric analysis and their application in biomedical field","authors":"Qian He, Meiyiming Wang, Li Zhao, Bin Xu, Wenjing Tian, Liyun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.615","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials emitting near-infrared (NIR) light offer advantages like deep tissue penetration, minimal background interference, and negligible tissue damage. Consequently, NIR-AIE holds great promise in biomedical applications, including cell and living imaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, making it a prominent research focus (e505).\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminescent materials boosting optical storage into the new era of petabit-level capacity","authors":"Siwei Zhang, Pengfei Zhang, Ben Zhong Tang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agt2.605","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recording of information stands as the most significant milestone in human civilization. Historically, the recording and storage of information have undergone a technological evolution from paintings to carvings, scribing, and digitization. The invention of optical compact discs (CDs) was one of the major landmarks in digital information technology. Over the past half-century, scientists have endeavored to enhance optical storage capacity by improving both optical systems and optical storage materials, as shown in Scheme 1. In terms of commercial products, the storage capacity has increased from 700 MB (CDs) to 27 GB (Blu-ray discs) by optimizing the optical system based on the same optical storage medium (polycarbonate). To surpass the conventional optical diffraction limit, the optical systems have evolved from traditional lasers to nonlinear two-photon absorption (TPA) and stimulated emission depletion (STED), which has minified the laser spot size from microns to approximately tens of nanometers, marking a remarkable achievement. However, luminescent materials are essential to enable TPA and STED technology to be applied in optical storage.</p><p>The traditional photopolymers or photoresists usually possess weak emission, and doped with rare earth phosphors, up-conversion nanoparticles, carbon dots, nanoclusters, and metal nanorods that can lead to enhanced fluorescence intensity, but the inorganic nanoparticles in photopolymers may induce light scattering. Traditional conjugated organic chromophores produce quenching upon solid-state aggregation. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) doped in photoresist achieved a reversibly switchable record and detected sub-diffraction site spacing of approximately 200 nm,<sup>[</sup><span><sup>1</sup></span><sup>]</sup> but the stability of GFP is far from meeting the requirements of optical storage. The above methods only enhance the fluorescence intensity of photopolymer film but cannot improve the fluorescence contrast of recorded and unrecorded areas. Therefore, the fluorescence signal radiated by the super-resolution point is easily submerged in the background noise, and the information cannot be read correctly.</p><p>Writing in Nature, Zhao et al.<sup>[</sup><span><sup>2</sup></span><sup>]</sup> reported that a photoresist film doped with aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) enables a volumetric nanoscale optical storage system, achieving an impressive 1.6 petabit super disk.</p><p>The concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was proposed in the year of 2001.<sup>[</sup><span><sup>3</sup></span><sup>]</sup> AIEgens usually have rotors or isomerizable double bonds, resulting in weak or no emission in single molecular states (dilute solution) and enhanced emission in the aggregate form due to the restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM). After more than two decades of development, thousands of AIEgens have been designed and synthesized, and their emissions cover from ultravio","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}