Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)最新文献

{"title":"Achieving 20.1% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells Through Interconnected Fibrillar Networks via Local Molecular Stacking","authors":"Junying Wu,&nbsp;Wanqing You,&nbsp;Xuanang Luo,&nbsp;Xiaojing Wang,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Yang,&nbsp;Junhao Zeng,&nbsp;Jingchuan Chen,&nbsp;Cheng Wang,&nbsp;Lei Ying,&nbsp;Wenkai Zhong,&nbsp;Zhicai He,&nbsp;Yong Cao","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70305","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70305","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) is governed by how molecular packing evolves into interconnected networks that facilitate exciton dissociation and charge transport. Using an all-small-molecule blend DR3TSBDT:Y6 as a model system, we study how local molecular stacking evolves into performance-relevant morphology during solvent vapor annealing (SVA) and subsequent thermal annealing (TA). SVA promotes end-to-end stacking of amorphous acceptors to form interconnected fibrils, while TA compacts inter-fibril spacing without disrupting favorable local order. Such molecular-to-morphological refinements broaden light absorption, enhance charge transport, and markedly improve device efficiency. Extending this approach to additional blend systems (D18:Y6, D18:L8-BO, and DR3TSBDT:L8-BO) yields similar structural evolution and performance gains, with the D18:L8-BO system achieving up to 20.10% PCE. Our study establishes control over local stacking in amorphous acceptors into fibrillar networks as a general and effective route to realize high-performance OSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmon-Doped Organic Heterojunction Optoelectronic Synapses for Near-Infrared Visual Memory and Neuromorphic Computing","authors":"Jiangcheng Cao,&nbsp;Hong Lian,&nbsp;Xianglin Wang,&nbsp;Qishuai Huang,&nbsp;Jiahui Ding,&nbsp;Jiangnan Xia,&nbsp;Shuanglong Wang,&nbsp;Weijin Hu,&nbsp;Tom Wu,&nbsp;Qingchen Dong","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70319","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The explosive growth of artificial intelligence has intensified demands for new computing paradigms beyond conventional von Neumann architectures. In response, brain-inspired computing-in-memory technologies are emerging as a promising path forward. Here, we designed a two-terminal optical synaptic device utilizing organic heterojunctions doped with gold nanorods (AuNRs), leveraging the electric field enhancement innate to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The device doped with 1 wt% AuNRs demonstrates a markedly enhanced light absorption capacity in the near-infrared (NIR) region of 808 nm. The generation rate of photogenerated excitons increases by 16.8%, while the probability of exciton dissociation rises by 8.4%. The paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) index reaches 114.6% (Δ<i>t</i> = 1 s), indicating heightened sensitivity to optical pulse parameters. Additionally, Hall effect measurements were performed to characterize the electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS:AuNRs films. The carrier mobility of the doped films increased 20-fold compared to pristine PEDOT:PSS due to electron injection from AuNRs. This enhanced mobility contributes to faster synaptic response and higher conductance tunability in the synapse device, further supporting its performance in neuromorphic computing tasks. Furthermore, we successfully simulated the dynamic “learning–forgetting–relearning” processes associated with human visual memory. By exploiting the tunable conductance of the optimized synaptic device, we implemented both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and convolutional spiking neural networks (CSNNs) for weight updates. After 100 and 150 training epochs, the system achieved recognition accuracies up to 98.57% for handwritten digits and 92.01% for dynamic gestures. This work presents an effective plasmon-doping approach to enhancing the performance of organic memristors and can be extended to other material systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Universal AIE-Luminogen to Probe Polymer Mobility","authors":"Emma Contini,&nbsp;Valentina Antonia Dini,&nbsp;Francesco Briatico Vangosa,&nbsp;Cosimo Micheletti,&nbsp;Alice Fusari,&nbsp;Matteo Cingolani,&nbsp;Nelsi Zaccheroni,&nbsp;Marco Carlotti,&nbsp;Maria Letizia Focarete,&nbsp;Andrea Pucci,&nbsp;Chiara Gualandi,&nbsp;Damiano Genovese","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70314","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polymer-based materials, from composites to hybrid ones, are part of our daily life, contribute to fundamental societal advancements, and showcase increasingly complex design, so that seizing their microscale properties poses new and unmet challenges. Monitoring polymer chain mobility is a fundamental task to understand materials properties, but despite promises, luminescence methods are currently applicable only within narrow experimental conditions. We describe an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based fluorescent rotor showing unique temperature-independent photophysics that stands out as universal probe for polymer relaxation time and viscosity, correlated to macromolecular chain mobility: Its fluorescence lifetime is independent on the polymer chemical nature and on temperature, while being highly sensitive to the low mobility regime typical of cooperative segmental motions of rubbery polymers, close to the glass transition. The calibration curve obtained with five different polymers allows even nonexperts to assess local mobility in polymers with a single measurement. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) yields quantitative mobility maps of complex and dynamic materials with sub-micrometric resolution. This robust and versatile tool allows access to polymer dynamics even in complex and responsive materials, in a broad temperature range, in real space and time.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerogel Scaffolds: Breathing Life Into Tissue Repair and Companion Diagnostics","authors":"Hanlin Zhang,&nbsp;Ruixuan Zheng,&nbsp;Jing Lin,&nbsp;Jiawu Weng,&nbsp;Lexiang Zhang,&nbsp;Fangfu Ye","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70320","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Engineering biomaterials that actively interface with and instruct their biological milieu have given rise to a new generation of platforms for tissue repair and companion diagnostics. Among them, aerogel scaffolds, with their ultra-porous architecture, ultralow density, tunable mechanics, and versatile chemistries, have emerged as transformative candidates capable of emulating and interpreting extracellular environments. This review highlights up-to-date advances shaping the landscape of aerogel-based scaffolds in tissue repair and diagnostic applications. We first summarize emerging fabrication and assembly strategies, including sol–gel processing, freeze-drying, electrospinning, and 3D printing, which unlock hierarchical morphologies and bioinspired features. The recent implementations of intelligent aerogels for tissue repair and neuroregeneration are then highlighted, together with related applications in bioactive functionalization, immune modulation, wound healing, sustained drug delivery, and moist repair dressings. Meanwhile, we outline aerogel-based disease diagnosis regarding genotypic physiological cues, focusing on faithfully detecting nucleic acids, tumor biopsy, virus antigen testing of infectious disease, and state-of-the-art demos with innovative signal transduction mechanisms. Data-driven strategies powered by machine learning are also reviewed, alongside integration into smart wearables for self-adapting, responsive platforms. Finally, persisting challenges and present perspective of aerogel scaffolds in medicine research and practice are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Cadherin-Guided MSC Aggregates to Empower Synergistic Neurovascular Repair After Stroke","authors":"Guoqiang Chen,&nbsp;Lin Wang,&nbsp;Yameng Chen,&nbsp;Jiaxu Cao,&nbsp;Xiuyan Jiang,&nbsp;Zheng Qin,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Yan,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70306","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70306","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ischemic stroke inflicts severe neurological damage by disrupting the neurovascular unit. While promising, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are hampered by poor posttransplantation survival and nonspecific secretomes. Here, we introduce a bioengineering strategy that employs cadherin-functionalized interfaces to generate cohesive multicellular MSC aggregates (Cad-MAs). Priming MSCs with recombinant N-cadherin and VE-cadherin stimulated endogenous cadherin expression and facilitated the self-assembly of stable spheroids with reinforced intercellular adherens junctions. Cad-MAs exhibited increased resistance to inflammatory stress and anoikis, and secreted a reparative profile enriched in neurotrophic and angiogenic factors, as well as exosomes carrying therapeutic miRNAs such as <i>miR-21-5p</i> and <i>miR-126-3p</i>. The in vitro analyses indicate that cadherin‑empowered assembly yields MSC aggregates in which structural stability is coupled with a pro‑survival, pro‑regenerative phenotype. Furthermore, in a mouse stroke model, systemically delivered Cad‑MAs significantly outperformed conventional dissociated MSCs, promoting functional recovery, reducing infarct volume, and improving cerebral perfusion alongside evidence of enhanced angiogenesis and preservation of blood–brain barrier integrity markers. This approach, termed functional aggregation‑induced emergence (F‑AIE), provides a versatile framework for engineering integrated cellular therapeutics with tailored functional outputs for regenerative applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo-Catalyzed Labeling of Amyloid Deposits in Human Tissue to Proteotype Amyloidosis Diseases","authors":"Huan Feng,&nbsp;Fangliang Guo,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Meng You,&nbsp;Qiuxuan Xia,&nbsp;Wang Wan,&nbsp;Di Shen,&nbsp;Kaini Shen,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Yu Liu","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70316","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over 40 amyloidogenic proteins have been identified to cause amyloidosis diseases in clinics. Tissue deposition of amyloid proteins entangled with interacting partners is a characteristic pathological hallmark of amyloidosis diseases. However, the proteomic complexity of co-aggregated amyloid deposits poses a clinical challenge to diagnose the exact disease-causing pathogenic proteins in patients’ biopsied tissue. Herein, we present a photocatalytic proteomic method, named Amyloid-ID, as a promising approach to identify the composition of amyloid deposits for clinical proteotyping of amyloidosis diseases. Amyloid-ID is enabled by a photosensitized probe analogous to a pan-amyloid sensor, Thioflavin T. We show this probe photocatalyzes protein labeling via reactive oxygen species and demonstrate its applicability in both AD mouse models and human laryngeal samples. Next, we exemplify its utility by proteotyping the pathogenic protein underlying the rare laryngeal amyloidosis (LA). Using patients’ biopsied tissue sections, we label, enrich, and profile the amyloid deposits. Proteomics analysis top-ranks fibrinogen as a potential pathogenic protein. Biochemical and biophysical characterizations confirm that fibrinogen can aggregate into amyloid fibrils. Intriguingly, we observe that fibrinogen's fibrillation is sensitive to mechanical forces, particularly impacted by sonication. Such observation coincides with its primary larynx deposition, where frequent vocal cord friction occurs. Overall, given the photocatalytic properties, our Amyloid-ID serves as a promising clinical proteotyping method for amyloidosis diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AIE-Active Cationic Tripyrrole Targeting Mitochondrial SDHAF1 for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy","authors":"Wangxing Lin,&nbsp;Jun Cheng,&nbsp;Jingqin Chen,&nbsp;Weimin Xiao,&nbsp;Jiarui Li,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Wang,&nbsp;Meng Gao","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70310","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70310","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Therapy-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) depends on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to meet its energy demands, and succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 1 (SDHAF1) is essential for the proper assembly of Complex II in OXPHOS. Targeted inhibition of SDHAF1, therefore, holds great potential for AML therapy, but potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of SDHAF1 remain to be developed. Herein, we develop cationic tripyrrole oligomers that selectively accumulate in mitochondria, specifically bind to SDHAF1, and suppress Complex II activity, thereby eradicating AML cells and reducing leukemic burden without discernible systemic toxicity, concomitant with the normalization of white blood cells and restoration of neutrophil, erythrocyte, and platelet levels. Meanwhile, the twisted molecular geometry of tripyrrole oligomers endows them with aggregation-induced emission properties, enabling real-time visualization of the therapeutic process. Therefore, these tripyrrole oligomers provide a mitochondria-targeted SDHAF1-directed theranostic platform for eradicating OXPHOS-dependent cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial-Chiral Vertex Integration Strategy for the Construction of a High-Affinity, Homochiral Pd4L2 Cage","authors":"Haiting Di,&nbsp;Yi Zhou,&nbsp;Han Han,&nbsp;Rong Fu,&nbsp;Zi-Hang Song,&nbsp;Si-Dan Guo,&nbsp;Qing-Yu Zhao,&nbsp;Tingting Zhang,&nbsp;Fang-Yuan Chen,&nbsp;Heng Wang,&nbsp;Dong-Sheng Guo,&nbsp;Kang Cai","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70312","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70312","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metal–organic cages (MOCs) are versatile supramolecular platforms, but their modest binding affinities in aqueous solution limit practical utility. Chiral MOCs with enhanced binding capabilities are highly desirable for diverse applications, yet their synthesis remains challenging. Here, we report an “Axial-Chiral Vertex Integration” (ACVI) strategy, which enables the construction of an enantiopure chiral cage (<b>MOC-2</b>) from a non-chiral Pd₆L₄ MOC (<b>MOC-1</b>) by substituting two axial Pd vertices with axially chiral BINOL units. This design strengthened the hydrophobic effect of the confined cavity, delivering ultrahigh aqueous binding affinity (up to 10⁹ M⁻¹) for MOCs. At the same time, the integration of a well-defined chiral microenvironment endows <b>MOC-2</b> with notable enantioselectivity (up to 9.2) and the ability to transfer chirality to achiral guests, producing significant circularly polarized luminescence (|<i>g</i>_lum| up to 10⁻³). This strategy provides a powerful blueprint for designing high-affinity chiral MOCs, unlocking opportunities in molecular recognition and advanced chiral functional materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Mediated Aggregate Electrochemiluminescence of Rubrene","authors":"Li Dai,&nbsp;Tong Jiang,&nbsp;Baotao Kang,&nbsp;Yu Du,&nbsp;Zhongfeng Gao,&nbsp;Xiang Ren,&nbsp;Dan Wu,&nbsp;Hongmin Ma,&nbsp;Qin Wei,&nbsp;Huangxian Ju","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70315","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) populates the luminescent excited states through electrochemical reactions. It is challenging to mediate the ECL behaviors of molecular nanoaggregates because both the photophysical and electrochemical properties usually deteriorate in aggregate states. In this work, we demonstrate an unprecedented supramolecular strategy that simultaneously modulates both the photophysical and electrochemical factors governing ECL. The ECL performance of rubrene (RUB) nanoaggregates can be significantly enhanced through the incorporation of hole-transporting molecules as both redox and photophysical mediators. A balanced state, inhibiting the singlet fission (SF) and retaining the triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA), was achieved for RUB, which not only reduced the quenching of luminescent singlet state excitons but also well utilized the electrochemically generated triplet state excitons. The redox-mediating properties of hole-transporting molecules toward co-reactant not only promote the formation of excitons but also reduce the luminescent potential. The RUB nanoaggregates showed significantly enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiency (2.3-fold) and ECL intensity (50-fold) in aqueous conditions and were demonstrated as promising ECL imaging probes. This work opens up a new avenue for the preparation of ECL nano-emitters with high-brightness in aqueous conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmed Activatable Photosensitizer for Acidity/Glutathione Dual-Locked Photodynamic Theranostics of Tumors","authors":"Chao Zhao,&nbsp;Xinlan Lai,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Shan Lei,&nbsp;Yurong Liu,&nbsp;Peng Huang,&nbsp;Jing Lin","doi":"10.1002/agt2.70300","DOIUrl":"10.1002/agt2.70300","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The single-locked photosensitizers (PSs) still suffer from off-target activation and skin phototoxicity in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, the efficacy of PDT is significantly limited by the antioxidant defense system of tumor cells, particularly reduced glutathione (GSH). To address these limitations, we have developed a programmed activatable PS, designated as LET-19, specifically designed for acidity/GSH dual-locked PDT of tumors. LET-19 is constructed upon an iodinated cyanine structure, incorporating an oxazinane moiety and a 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol group. One lock is the oxazinane moiety that is capable of responding to acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), another lock is the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol group that reacts to GSH. Notably, the fluorescence (FL), photoacoustic (PA), and photodynamic properties of LET-19 are initially suppressed. The programmed activation of acidity/GSH dual-locked PS is achieved by following steps: i) Once LET-19 enters tumor tissues, it is activated by the acidic TME; ii) Subsequently, LET-19 is taken up by tumor cells and further activated by GSH. Only in the occurrence of H⁺ and GSH, whether in vitro or in vivo, both of the responsive units were sequentially recognized, thereby restoring FL/PA signals and the photodynamic capability of LET-19. This mechanism allows LET-19 to perform precise tumor identification by FL/PA dual-modality imaging, as well as improve the efficacy and safety of PDT. Meanwhile, in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that LET-19 depletes GSH to inhibit the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4, disrupting redox homeostasis and thus amplifying the efficacy of PDT. This study provides a strategy to construct programmed activatable PSs for precision photodynamic theranostics of tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72127,"journal":{"name":"Aggregate (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agt2.70300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}