{"title":"Molecular imprinting sensor based on zeolitic imidazolate framework derived Co, N-doped carbon loaded on reduced graphene oxide toward the determination of dopamine","authors":"Shufang Ren, Xiaohang Liu, Yahui Liu, Junpeng Zhao, Yuan Zhang, Zhixiang Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06759-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06759-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel voltammetric sensor designed for dopamine (DA) detection is presented utilizing a combination of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) derived cobalt and nitrogen-doped carbon on reduced graphene oxide (Co–N-C/rGO). ZIF-67 cubic crystals were synthesized in situ and deposited onto the graphene oxide (GO) surface through room-temperature reactions. High-temperature calcination resulted in partially collapsed cubic and spherical carbon, while simultaneously reducing GO to rGO. A molecular imprinting resorcinol polymer (MIP) membrane was also in situ applied to the Co–N-C/rGO/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via electropolymerization. Analyses using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance, and pulse voltammetry reveal that the modified MIP/Co–N-C/rGO/GCE electrodes show improved electroconductivity and notable electrochemical reactivity towards dopamine. After optimizing detection parameters, the sensor demonstrates a wide linear detection range of 0.01—0.5 and 0.5—100 μmol/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.33 nmol/L (S/N = 3). Additionally, the sensor displays strong robustness, including excellent selectivity, significant resistance to interference, and long-term stability. It also shows satisfactory recovery in detecting spiked real samples.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06750-1
Zhihua Zhao, Zijie Su, Zhenli Lv, Pu Shi, Guixin Jin, Lan Wu
{"title":"Room temperature gas sensors for NH3 detection based on the heterojunction of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes and Bi2S3","authors":"Zhihua Zhao, Zijie Su, Zhenli Lv, Pu Shi, Guixin Jin, Lan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06750-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06750-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> nanomaterials were successfully prepared through a simple hydrothermal method. Various methods were used for their characterization, including XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, and BET, along with testing their gas-sensing properties. The results showed that the response value to 100 ppm ammonia at room temperature reached 107%, which was 14.1 times higher than that of pure few-layer MXene. After undergoing anti-humidity interference testing, we observed that Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> exhibited a higher response value in real-time monitoring of ammonia as humidity increased. Specifically, under 90% humidity conditions, its response value reached 1.32 times that of normal humidity conditions. This exceptional moisture resistance ensures that the sensor can maintain stability, and even exhibit superior performance, in harsh environments. Therefore, it possesses excellent selectivity, high-moisture-resistance, and long-term stability, making it significant in the field of medical and health monitoring.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06769-4
Xuyan Liu, Lei He, Zhenxing Fan, Baolin Li, Yunwang Zhao
{"title":"Screening and application of aptamers as fluorescent biosensors for selective and sensitive detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and in vivo targeted delivery studies","authors":"Xuyan Liu, Lei He, Zhenxing Fan, Baolin Li, Yunwang Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06769-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06769-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has recently ranked fifth in the world, and the incidence rate is increasing year by year worldwide. Therefore, early diagnosis is the highest priority in the treatment of HCC. In this paper, four anti-HCC aptamers were obtained using magnetic bead SELEX technology. Among them, Apt-1 had the smallest <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value(5.9 nM) and the highest affinity. Flow cytometry results showed that the FITC-aptamers only specifically recognized HCC serum. Circular dichronism (CD) spectral characterization showed a positive peak near 275 nm and a negative peak near 250 nm for all aptamers, elucidating that the secondary structure formed by the candidate aptamers was a stem-loop B-DNA structure. In addition, molecular docking simulations showed that the binding of the HCC target to the candidate aptamer sequences was mainly dominated by hydrogen bonding. The results of the aptamer sensing performance analysis showed that under the optimized assay conditions, a linear relationship (ranging from 1 nM to 1 µM) was achieved, with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.75 nM and a LOQ of 2.32 nM. This was further validated in clinical samples, with a positive detection rate of more than 90%. Furthermore, aptamer-mediated in vivo delivery of luciferase mRNA showed that Apt-1-luciferase mRNA could be targeted to the liver and hepatic luciferase expression was significantly increased. These results demonstrate that the aptamer paves the way for clinical application, evidencing significant potential to offer reference information for early diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06762-x
Sonam Kumari, Monika Nehra, Shikha Jain, Aman Kumar, Neeraj Dilbaghi, Giovanna Marrazza, Ganga Ram Chaudhary, Sandeep Kumar
{"title":"Carbon dots for pathogen detection and imaging: recent breakthroughs and future trends","authors":"Sonam Kumari, Monika Nehra, Shikha Jain, Aman Kumar, Neeraj Dilbaghi, Giovanna Marrazza, Ganga Ram Chaudhary, Sandeep Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06762-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06762-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a class of carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have gained a lot of interest for a variety of applications. They offer distinctive optical, chemical, and structural characteristics along with favourable attributes such as low cost, availability of abundant functional groups, remarkable chemical inertness, high stability, exceptional biocompatibility, and ecofriendliness. This review discusses synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and surface modifications of CDs, specific for pathogen detection. Furthermore, it delves into the mechanisms that govern the interaction between pathogens and CDs. In addition, the study explores the use of CDs in a number of detection modalities, such as optical, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescence, emphasising real-time pathogen monitoring. Moreover, both the challenges and opportunities related to the application of CDs-based detection and imaging methods are highlighted in field and clinical contexts.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06745-y
Dayana Soto, Verónica Serafín, María Pedrero, José M. Pingarrón, Susana Campuzano, Jahir Orozco
{"title":"Hierarchical Au@Pt nanoparticle/amino benzoic acid polymer-based hybrid material for labeled and label-free detection of interleukin-6: a comparative assessment","authors":"Dayana Soto, Verónica Serafín, María Pedrero, José M. Pingarrón, Susana Campuzano, Jahir Orozco","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06745-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06745-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a cytokine mainly involved in inflammatory processes associated with various diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and pathogen-caused infections to cancer, where malignant cells exhibit high proliferation and overexpression of cytokines, including IL6. Furthermore, IL6 plays a fundamental role in detecting and differentiating tumor cells, including colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Therefore, given its range of biological activities and pathological role, IL6 determination has been claimed for the diagnosis/prognosis of immune-mediated diseases. Herein, a comparative study is presented of labeled and label-free electrochemical immunosensors involving a hierarchical Au@Pt nanoparticle/polymer hybrid material for detecting IL6. The electrochemical immunosensors were independently coupled to the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) previously modified with polymeric layers. While in the label-free immunosensor, an anti-IL6 antibody (IL6-Ab) was covalently bound to the modified SPCE surface, in the sandwich-like amperometric immunosensor, an anti-biotinylated-IL6 antibody (B-IL6-Ab) was attached to the electrode through biotin-avidin affinity interactions. The label-free format employed a straightforward detection of IL6 by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The resulting electrochemical immunosensors exhibited a linear dynamic range from 50 to 750 pg/mL IL6, with detection limits (LOD) of 14.4 and 6.0 pg/mL for label-free and sandwich-like immunosensors, respectively. This outstanding performance makes them versatile platforms for clinical analysis of a panel of biomarkers for early diagnosis/prognosis of inflammatory processes associated with oncological diseases, among other pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00604-024-06745-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06700-x
Lu Liu, Guang Liu, Yi Lv, Xiaomei Mu, Shulin Zhao, Jianniao Tian
{"title":"A colorimetric platform using highly active Prussian blue composite nanocubes for the rapid determination of ascorbic acid and acid phosphatase","authors":"Lu Liu, Guang Liu, Yi Lv, Xiaomei Mu, Shulin Zhao, Jianniao Tian","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06700-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06700-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> Cobalt-doped Prussian blue composite nanocubes (Co-PB NCs) were synthesized, which can quickly convert O<sub>2</sub> to O<sub>2</sub><sup>•<b>−</b></sup> and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>. Due to the presence of cobalt and iron transition metal redox electron pairs, Co-PB NCs with high oxidase mimetic activity can rapidly oxidize the substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce blue products (ox-TMB) without the assistance of unstable H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Using ascorbic acid-2-phosphate trisodium salt (AAP) as a substrate, it can be converted to reduced ascorbic acid (AA) under acid phosphatase (ACP) hydrolysis, resulting in suppression of TMB oxidation. Therefore, an enzyme cascade signal amplification strategy for rapid colorimetric detection of AA/ACP was developed based on the high-efficiency oxidase-like activity of Co-PB NCs combined with the hydrolysis effect of ACP. The color changes at low concentrations of AA and ACP could be observed by the naked eye, and the detection limits of AA and ACP were 1.67 μM and 0.0266 U/L, respectively. The developed colorimetric method was applied to the determination of AA in beverages and ACP in human serum, and the RSDs were less than 3%, showing good reproducibility. This work provides a promising strategy for the use of metal-doped Prussian blue composite material for the construction of rapid colorimetric sensing platforms that avoid the use of unstable hydrogen peroxide.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06715-4
Hanyu Yang, Kaijing Yang, Rong Tang, Hui Chen, Wei Liu, Xiupei Yang
{"title":"Self-assembly of S,N-codoped Ce/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles for fluorescence and visual detection of hexavalent chromium","authors":"Hanyu Yang, Kaijing Yang, Rong Tang, Hui Chen, Wei Liu, Xiupei Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06715-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06715-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ce<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> was doped into 4,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine (DAMP)-encapsulated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) via a facile, rapid, low-temperature, and green self-assembly synthesis method to obtain fluorescent S,N-codoped Cu/Ce-DAMP nanoparticles (S,N-codoped Cu/CeNPs) for the detection of Cr(VI). The prepared Cu/CeNPs exhibit double emission peaks at 470 nm and 610 nm. The fluorescence emission at 610 nm is significantly enhanced due to the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect, and the quantum yield is as high as 20.19%. The fluorescence emission at 610 nm can be selectively quenched by Cr(VI) due to the internal filter effect (IFE) and dynamic quenching, whereas the weak fluorescence at 470 nm remains almost stable. On this basis, a fluorescence assay method for Cr(VI) was established, with good linearity in the concentration range 0.5–120 µM and a detection limit (LOD) of 134 nM. Using a smartphone to take photos of the fluorescence signals changes caused by Cr(VI) rapid visual detection is achieved with a linear range of 10–130 μM and a LOD of 2.35 μM. The proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of Cr(VI) in actual water samples.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alcohol ink-modified microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for enhanced white detection in simultaneous determination of multiple water quality indicators","authors":"Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak, Patcharaporn Hatsakhun, Nichanun Sirasunthorn","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06772-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06772-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>White detection remains a critical limitation in using colorimetry to determine substances with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs). Here, we introduced a simple, safe alcohol ink-modified µPAD for the straightforward and facile detection of white color in precipitation reactions. Although absolute alcohol ink was found to cause device leakage, dilution of the ink with water was the key to successfully precoat wax-created µPADs. Device utility was demonstrated through simultaneous detection of sulfate, phosphate, and water hardness via precipitation reactions. While phosphate interfered with sulfate detection by Ba<sup>2+</sup>, in situ distance-based quantification of phosphate was implemented. Aside from anions, the modified µPADs could be extended to detect cationic analytes such as total hardness. The limits of detection (LODs) for sulfate, phosphate, and hardness were 0.005 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, 0.005 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.5 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, with the linear ranges of 0.01–10.0 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, 0.005–1.0 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.001–0.5 mol L<sup>−1</sup>. The µPADs were applied to real water samples, demonstrating results that were consistent with standard methods at a 95% confidence level. By incorporating white detection, these alcohol ink-modified µPADs offer enhanced versatility for addressing a broader array of analytical challenges in real-world settings.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A sandwich-type electrochemical sensor based on RGO-CeO2-Au nanoparticles and double aptamers for ultrasensitive detection of glypican-3","authors":"Jintao Liang, Jianlu Liang, Xinkai Xiao, Fei Guo, Yulian Zhan, Xueqing Zhou, Zhide Zhou, Guiyin Li","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06704-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06704-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> A sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of glypican-3 (GPC3) was constructed using GPC3 aptamer (GPC3<sub>Apt</sub>) labelled reduced graphene oxide-cerium oxide-gold nanoparticles (RGO-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Au NPs) as the signal probe and the same GPC3<sub>Apt</sub> as the capture probe. The electrochemical redox properties of CeO<sub>2</sub> (Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup>) in the RGO-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Au NPs indicate the electrochemical signals. When the target GPC3 was present, an “aptamer-protein-aptamer” sandwich structure was formed on the sensing interface due to the specific binding between the protein and aptamers, resulting in an increased electrochemical redox signal detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Under optimal conditions, the established aptasensor exhibited a logarithmic linear relationship between the current response and GPC3 concentration in the range 0.001–100.0 ng/mL, with a minimum detection limit of 0.74 pg/mL. Using the spike-recovery tests for measurement of the human serum samples, the recovery was from 99.26 to 114.01%, and the RSD range was 3.04 to 5.34%. Furthermore, the sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor exhibited excellent performance characteristics such as good stability, high specificity, and high sensitivity, demonstrating effective detection of GPC3 in human serum samples and can be used as a clinical detection tool for GPC3.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchimica ActaPub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06734-1
Yang Wan, Zhixin Xie, Ming Cao, Chi Zhang, Zhibiao Feng, Bo Tian, Zhenmin Liu
{"title":"Detection of urea in milk by urease-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers combined with portable colorimetric microliter tube","authors":"Yang Wan, Zhixin Xie, Ming Cao, Chi Zhang, Zhibiao Feng, Bo Tian, Zhenmin Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00604-024-06734-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-024-06734-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple one-pot green synthesis method was used to prepare urease-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (UE-HNFs), which had a high surface-to-volume ratio to improve enzyme catalytic efficiency and make urease reusable. A portable colorimetric microliter tube based on urease-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (UE-HNFs-PCMT), as an urea colorimetric biosensor, was developed for determining urea concentration in milk. The combination of urea colorimetric biosensor and a smartphone is used for capturing the colour change of milk after reaction. There was a good linear relationship between colour intensity of the image (Δ intensity) and urea concentration (43–600 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), with a detection limit of 12.81 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. UE-HNFs-PCMT has the advantages of no need for complex equipment, easy operation, reusability, low detection cost, good portability, and environmental friendliness and can achieve urea detection in milk.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"191 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}