Acta biochimica Polonica最新文献

{"title":"Resistance of HEK-293 and COS-7 cell lines to oxidative stress as a model of metabolic response.","authors":"Monika Sapeta-Nowińska, Katarzyna Sołtys, Katarzyna Gębczak, Ewa Barg, Piotr Młynarz","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14164","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress (OS), arising from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, plays a pivotal role in cellular dysfunction and the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. This study evaluates the impact of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide on the metabolomic profiles of the human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and African green monkey kidney (COS-7) cell lines. Viability (MTT) and free radical accumulation (DCF-DA) assays confirmed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide, with COS-7 cells exhibiting greater resistance and producing lower levels of intracellular ROS compared to HEK-293. Metabolomic profiling was conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) to identify and quantify metabolic changes. Exposure to a free radical inducer significantly altered both intracellular and extracellular metabolites compared to control H₂O₂-free samples. The analysis revealed common changes in intracellular metabolites between the two lines, including glutamate, NAD⁺, glutathione, ATP/ADP, AMP, and pyruvate - key molecule for mitochondrial function, as well as extracellular metabolites such as glutamate, glutamine, acetate, lactate, and pyruvate. Metabolomic differences observed in COS-7 cells suggest a potentially greater capacity for metabolic adaptation to oxidative stress. These included elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), supporting energy production, and increased formate production, which may aid purine synthesis and cellular resilience. These findings highlight the distinct metabolic adaptations of COS-7 cells to oxidative stress in comparison to the HEK-293 cell line. They also provide insights into the direct cellular responses to altered redox potential, offering possible therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting metabolic pathways to mitigate oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of postpartum hormonal changes on the immune system and their role in recovery.","authors":"Xueqin Wu, Rong Jin","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14241","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The postpartum period involves complex physiological changes, notably in hormone levels, that significantly influence immune system function. Hormonal regulation during pregnancy prevents maternal immune rejection of the fetus, but following childbirth, these hormone levels drop rapidly, leading to immune reconstitution.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This review investigates the impact of hormonal changes on immune system dynamics during the postpartum period and highlights their implications for maternal recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study analyzed current literature, focusing on hormonal influences, particularly cortisol, prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone, on immune reconstitution with associated inflammatory responses in the postpartum period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Postpartum immune reactivation, triggered by hormonal shifts, can lead to a resurgence of inflammatory reactions. This process, characterized by increased cortisol and prolactin levels and a rapid decline in estrogen and progesterone, could exacerbate dormant autoimmune conditions or trigger latent infections, making this period especially vulnerable to immune-related complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hormonal and immune responses are closely interdependent in the postpartum period, leading to heightened susceptibility to infections, autoimmune flare-ups, and other immune-related disorders. For improved postpartum care and enhanced maternal health outcomes, more research is necessary to clarify the mechanism of immune reconstitution, find possible hormonal indicators, and create focused therapeutic approaches. This review further highlights the critical role of hormonal-immune crosstalk in postpartum mood disorders (PPD, postpartum anxiety [PPA], and postpartum psychosis [PP]), proposing integrated biomarkers for early intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and optimization of POCT devices in a multi-specialty hospital in Poland: usage trends, quality assurance, and clinical impact (2017-2024).","authors":"Agnieszka Woźniak-Kosek, Lucyna Drążek","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14299","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid access to blood laboratory test results is crucial for diagnosing and treating patients in life-threatening conditions. Oxygenation status and acid-base balance are determined on arterial blood gasometry and are vital components of modern treatment algorithms for critically ill patients, similar to capillary blood glucose level measurement. The aim of this study is to present a modern method of reporting the work of critical parameter analyzers and glucometers in a multi-speciality hospital. The material for the analysis consisted of data obtained during the supervision of POCT devices in the clinics/departments/institutes of MIM-NRI from 2017 to 2024. Analyzing the use of glucometers in MIM-NRI from 2017 to 2024, it was noted that their usage significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the previous period. Currently, 112 devices are continuously used in both locations. All of them are subject to international and national quality testing, as well as daily internal calibration checking at their workplaces. There are currently 13 analyzers of critical parameter in the clinics and departments of MIM-NRI. All operate within the AQURE system, which allows for monitoring the correct operation of these devices and helps in quickly identifying analytical problems and reporting in real-time about the device's operational status. In the first half of 2024, 40,082 blood sample tests were performed on patients. Analysis of correctly performed gasometric tests conducted in clinics and laboratories shows similar values, ranging from 84.17% to 86.38%. In addition to external control, critical parameter devices must necessarily undergo daily internal laboratory control and calibration. The highest number of correctly performed calibrations, 9,239, was recorded in the Cardiac Surgery Clinic's Intensive Therapy Unit, accounting for 29% of all correctly performed calibrations for these devices. In the analyzed period of 2024, the rate of correctly performed quality checking's was 82.26%. The highest number of correct analyses, 636, was conducted in the Intensive Therapy Unit of the hospital in Legionowo, accounting for 10.32% of all controls performed. The demand for POCT tests in Polish hospitals is steadily growing due to their enormous potential and the time savings associated with performing tests directly at the patient's bedside. The greatest advantage of POCT is that by providing quick access to test results, diagnosis can be accelerated, and treatment initiated more rapidly. Additionally, POCT tests conducted in emergency rooms or hospital emergency departments can help to reduce the number of unnecessary hospitalizations or costly imaging tests. Having an appropriate POCT data management system in a multi-specialty hospital and ensuring IT communication is currently indispensable for proper patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PKC in the perspective of dopamine receptor signaling.","authors":"Haixiang Ma","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14488","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein kinase C (PKC) is widely distributed in various tissues, organs, and cells. By catalyzing the phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues on various proteins, PKC regulates the metabolism, growth, proliferation, and differentiation of multiple cells and plays a crucial role in transmembrane signal transmission. In dopamine receptor signal transduction, PKC regulates numerous physiological functions, such as dopamine release, internalization of the dopamine transporter, downregulation of dopamine receptors, etc. In disease conditions, hyperactivation of PKC can lead to disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, while reduced PKC signaling may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. In the past few decades, researchers have paid increasing attention to the transduction role of PKC in dopamine receptor signaling, aiming to identify and discover potential targets for dopaminergic diseases. This review, from the perspective of signal transduction between dopamine receptors and PKC, reveals the pivotal hub position of PKC in the intracellular signal transduction network and its regulation of various physiological functions, providing ideas for future research on PKC and therapeutic interventions for dopaminergic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of epidemiological characteristics of microvascular complications and comorbidities among type 1 diabetes patients.","authors":"Małgorzata Lewicka, Irmina Korzeniowska-Dyl, Dariusz Moczulski, Agnieszka Woźniak-Kosek, Magdalena Zawadzka, Gabriela Henrykowska","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14569","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epidemiological analysis of medical data of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and disease complications treated in hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on records from 306 patients with type 1 diabetes (180 men and 126 women). The study analyzed demographic, clinical, and biological data, focusing on associations between Hashimoto's disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy using k-means clustering.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypertension was present in 28.8%, Hashimoto's disease in 17.6%, retinopathy in 17.6%, neuropathy in 8.2%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the chance of retinopathy more than doubles with the coexistence of hypertension (OR 2.096, 95% Cl: 1.035-4.248) and this chance increases by 4.5% with each year of age compared to the previous year (OR 1.045, 95% Cl: 1.011-1.080). The risk of neuropathy increases by 10.8% with each year since diabetes diagnosis compared to the previous year (OR = 1.108, 95% Cl: 1.062-1.156) and the chance of this disease rises by 17.6% with each year of diabetes duration compared to the previous year (OR 1.176, 95% Cl: 1.092-1.267). Clustering was strongest in patients without comorbidities (66.3%). Only 2.3% had Hashimoto's disease and retinopathy, 3.59% had retinopathy and neuropathy, and just 1.3% had all three conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patient age, duration of diabetes, and the presence of hypertension are key risk factors for diabetes-related complication.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14569"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic role of IL-34 in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury: preliminary results and future directions.","authors":"Run Cai, Jianke Ren, Chenwei Zhou, Yuxin Liu, Jianlei Tang, Weiyan Cui, Yongmin Yan, Sheliang Xue, Yanjuan Zhou","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.13958","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.13958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the potential of interleukin-34 (IL-34) as a novel biomarker for predicting mortality in sepsis patients, with a specific focus on those with sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study enrolled 115 sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were divided into survival and non-survival groups, as well as ALI and non-ALI subgroups. Serum levels of IL-34, in conjunction with other established biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate, were measured and analyzed. Statistical analyses, including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression models, were used to determine the prognostic significance of IL-34.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum IL-34 levels were significantly elevated in sepsis patients compared to healthy controls, and they were also higher in non-survival group compared to survival group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additionally, IL-34 levels exhibited a positive correlation with sepsis severity, as indicated by APACHE II and SOFA scores. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that IL-34 is an independent risk factor for death within 28 days of sepsis. The serum IL-34 level in the ALI group was significantly higher than that in the non-ALI group, particularly in severe cases (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, the prognostic value of IL-34 in sepsis-induced ALI requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IL-34 shows promise as an independent prognostic factor in sepsis patients and may enhance risk stratification, especially in those with sepsis-induced ALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"13958"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from patients treated at the Mazovian Specialized Hospital in Radom.","authors":"Zuzanna Trześniewska-Ofiara, Mariola Mendrycka, Agnieszka Woźniak-Kosek","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14082","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a significant problem among populations worldwide. It is mainly associated with the increasing incidence of recurrence, complications and the increasing drug resistance of uropathogens. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of resistance among pathogens causing urinary tract infections. The material for the study was data obtained from the Mazovian Specialized Hospital (M.S.H) in Radom over a period of 2 years. Urine was collected from hospitalized patients with UTI. Statistical calculations were performed using statistical software. During the study period, 3,917 patients underwent microbiological examination of urine, and almost 15% of them were found to be infected with UTI. Based on statistical analysis of drug susceptibility of the most common uropathogens, it was shown that urinary tract infections caused by <i>Escherichia coli</i> or <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, among others, often show high resistance to fluoroquinolones and β-lactam antibiotics. <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> strains have been shown to be more resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones than to beta-lactams. In the case of <i>Pseudomonas</i> aeruginisa, resistance to fluoroquinolones predominates. On the other hand, UTI caused by Acientobacter baumannii should be treated based on the results of drug susceptibility testing due to the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phages as potential life-saving therapeutic option in the treatment of multidrug-resistant urinary tract infections.","authors":"Beata Zalewska-Piątek, Michalina Nagórka","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.14264","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.14264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenges conventional antibiotic treatments. Phage therapy (PT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its specificity, safety and efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens causing infectious diseases. PT demonstrates significant potential in treating chronic and recurrent UTIs, also including catheter-associated infection by reducing bacterial biofilms, delaying catheter blockage, and enhancing antibiotic efficacy when used in combination. Clinical trials and case studies have reported high rates of bacterial eradication and symptom improvement with minimal side effects. Although endotoxin release and immune activation during treatment should continue to be investigated. The aim of this review is to present issues related to the use of phages in the treatment of UTIs of various etiological origins in selected patients, including those with comorbidities, taking into account the legal regulations, safety and effectiveness of this experimental therapy. The growing prevalence of MDR uropathogens highlights the urgent need for alternative therapies, such as those based on phages in order to treat antibiotic-resistant infections and improve patient outcomes. Despite the great potential of PT, its clinical implementation and use of phages as a routine treatment for bacterial infections requires rigorous trials, standardized production protocols and regulatory advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"14264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics: transforming biomedical research.","authors":"Getnet Molla Desta, Alemayehu Godana Birhanu","doi":"10.3389/abp.2025.13922","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2025.13922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, significant advancements in biochemistry, materials science, engineering, and computer-aided testing have driven the development of high-throughput tools for profiling genetic information. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have established themselves as key tools for dissecting genetic sequences at the level of single cells. These technologies reveal cellular diversity and allow for the exploration of cell states and transformations with exceptional resolution. Unlike bulk sequencing, which provides population-averaged data, scRNA-seq can detect cell subtypes or gene expression variations that would otherwise be overlooked. However, a key limitation of scRNA-seq is its inability to preserve spatial information about the RNA transcriptome, as the process requires tissue dissociation and cell isolation. Spatial transcriptomics is a pivotal advancement in medical biotechnology, facilitating the identification of molecules such as RNA in their original spatial context within tissue sections at the single-cell level. This capability offers a substantial advantage over traditional single-cell sequencing techniques. Spatial transcriptomics offers valuable insights into a wide range of biomedical fields, including neurology, embryology, cancer research, immunology, and histology. This review highlights single-cell sequencing approaches, recent technological developments, associated challenges, various techniques for expression data analysis, and their applications in disciplines such as cancer research, microbiology, neuroscience, reproductive biology, and immunology. It highlights the critical role of single-cell sequencing tools in characterizing the dynamic nature of individual cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"72 ","pages":"13922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomics of thermosynechococcaceae and thermostichaceae: insights into codon usage bias.","authors":"Qiao-Hui Mou, Zhe Hu, Jing Zhang, Maurycy Daroch, Jie Tang","doi":"10.3389/abp.2024.13825","DOIUrl":"10.3389/abp.2024.13825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Members of the families Thermosynechococcaceae and Thermostichaceae are well-known unicellular thermophilic cyanobacteria and a non-thermophilic genus <i>Pseudocalidococcus</i> was newly classified into the former. Analysis of the codon usage bias (CUB) of cyanobacterial species inhabiting different thermal and non-thermal niches will benefit the understanding of their genetic and evolutionary characteristics. Herein, the CUB and codon context patterns of protein-coding genes were systematically analyzed and compared between members of the two families. Overall, the nucleotide composition and CUB indices were found to differ between thermophiles and non-thermophiles. The thermophiles showed a higher G/C content in the codon base composition and tended to end with G/C compared to the non-thermophiles. Correlation analysis indicated significant associations between codon base composition and CUB indices. The results of the effective number of codons, parity-rule 2, neutral and correspondence analyses indicated that mutational pressure and natural selection primarily account for CUB in these cyanobacterial species, but the primary driving forces exhibit variation among genera. Moreover, the optimal codons identified based on relative synonymous codon usage values were found to differ among genera and even within genera. In addition, codon context pattern analysis revealed the specificity of the sequence context of start and stop codons among genera. Intriguingly, the clustering of codon context patterns appeared to be more related to thermotolerance than to phylogenomic relationships. In conclusion, this study facilitates the understanding of the characteristics and sources of variation of CUB and the evolution of the surveyed cyanobacterial clades with different thermotolerance and provides insights into their adaptation to different environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":6984,"journal":{"name":"Acta biochimica Polonica","volume":"71 ","pages":"13825"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}