Journal of Polymers and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Anomalous Mechanical Response of Stretched Film of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)","authors":"Yuta Fukuda, Khunanya Janchai, Takenobu Sunagawa, Masayuki Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03370-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03370-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mechanical responses during loading, unloading, and reloading cyclic tensile tests of a tubular blown film of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) are studied. Although the stress–strain curve recorded during the initial stretching process is typical for a crystalline polymer, the stretched film behaves like a rubber during the reloading process; that is, low modulus with a small residual strain after unloading. Furthermore, the stress–strain curves during the reloading process are an inverted “S” shape. During the first stretching process of the polymer film, small crystals are destroyed without reorganization into a crystalline structure, leading to the observed decrease of crystallinity. In contrast, well-developed crystals that orient to the machine direction of the film do not disappear during the first stretching and act as crosslink points during reloading. As a result, a rubber-like response is detected. This mechanical response during reloading is considerably different from those of conventional crystalline plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141934270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Acting Sustained-Release Hydrogel for Soil-Borne Pathogen Control in Chinese Herbal Medicine","authors":"Xiaoyan Wang, Shunyu Xiang, Jing Wang, Xingyi Luo, Changxue Du, Xianchao Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03275-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03275-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Chinese herbal medicine industry plays a crucial role globally, providing traditional remedies and significantly contributing to healthcare. Disease prevention and control in Chinese herbal medicine face unique challenges distinct from conventional plant protection methods. The distinctive requirements for disease control add complexity to disease management, necessitating specialized approaches. In this study, we developed a bio-based hydrogel (CSA-gel) using a straightforward procedure designed for the sustained release of azoxystrobin for soil disinfection with the aim of preventing fungal diseases in Chinese herbal medicine. The synthesized hydrogel was characterized using FTIR, zeta potential measurement, cryo-TEM, SEM, and elemental analysis. CSA-gel demonstrated a release duration of azoxystrobin for over 14 days, maintaining high antifungal activity throughout the entire release period. Additionally, CSA-gel exhibited the ability to release a significant quantity of calcium ions during pesticide release, fostering plant growth and enhancing plant disease resistance. The use of CSA-gel is anticipated to decrease both how often and how much pesticide is needed, highlighting the significance of our research in improving sustainable disease control in traditional Chinese herbal medicine farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141934268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Processing Conditions for Rice Bran-based Bioplastics Through Extrusion and Injection Molding","authors":"María Alonso-González, Manuel Felix, Alberto Romero, Claudia Sergi, Irene Bavasso, Fabrizio Sarasini","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03377-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03377-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional plastics pose environmental threats due to their non-biodegradable nature and their reliability on fossil resources, leading to the exploration of sustainable alternatives. In this sense, biodegradable bioplastics derived from renewable resources offer a promising solution to mitigate ecological impacts. This study focuses on the combination of extrusion and injection molding for the development of rice bran-based bioplastics. Being a by-product from the rice industry rich in starches and proteins, rice bran is an abundant and non-expensive resource that contributes to an enhanced waste management and represents a step forward in integrating the principles of a circular economy. This study delves into the optimization of processing conditions through a Design of Experiment approach. For this purpose, the number of extrusion steps, cylinder and mold temperatures, and injection pressure were investigated. The results showed that two extrusion steps led to a significant increase of approximately 22.8% in Young’s modulus and 37.5% in tensile strength compared to a single extrusion cycle. This enhancement was attributed to the facilitation of starch gelatinization and biopolymer-plasticizer interactions (achieving thermoplastic starch and protein plasticization). Similarly, manipulation of injection temperatures and pressure had notable effects on tensile properties, highlighting the complex interplay between processing parameters. In particular, when using cylinder and mold temperatures of 110 °C and 180 °C, respectively, along with 800 bar, it was possible to achieve a further enhancement in tensile properties, with an increase of 97.1% in Young’s modulus and over 100% in tensile strength. Overall, this research underscores the importance of understanding the relationship between processing conditions and biopolymer interactions for bioplastic production.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitin and Chitosan Production from Shrimp Wastes by a Two-Step Process Consisting of Molasses-Based Lactic Fermentation and Chemical Deacetylation: Insights into the Antimicrobial, Microsphere and Film-Forming Properties of Chitosan","authors":"I. C. Tanganini, E. A. Covre, L. D. Shirahigue, K. R. Francisco, A. F. Faria, L. N. Cruz, S. R. Ceccato-Antonini","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03365-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03365-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological process to extract chitin from crustacean wastes may be an interesting and safe alternative than chemical process. The inoculation of lactic acid bacteria is an environmentally-friendly strategy to extract chitin especially if low-cost raw materials are utilized as fermentation substrates. The deacetylation of chitin by chemical or biological processes results in an important and multifaceted biopolymer, the chitosan, with a range of applications in diverse areas. A two-step process consisting of lactic fermentation (by <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i>) of shrimp wastes and chemical deacetylation of chitin to obtain chitosan was here proposed focusing on the replacement of the semi-synthetic medium MRS (de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe) by sugarcane molasses, on the variation in the concentration and drying of shrimp wastes in the fermentation step, and increased deacetylation times of chitin. Chitosan was characterized and assayed for antimicrobial activity, microsphere and film-forming properties. Diluted molasses containing 150 g/L of total reducing sugars and supplemented with 12 g/L yeast extract is a viable and cost-effective alternative to MRS to recover chitin from oven-dried shrimp wastes at a concentration of 5% w/v. A low molecular weight chitosan (95.3 kDa) was obtained after a 2-h chemical deacetylation (79.6% deacetylation degree). <i>Molasses</i> chitosan exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities. Chitosan rough microspheres capable of loading antibiotic (monensin), and transparent and homogenous films were also obtained. The complete flow of operations until obtaining chitosan with considerable yields is here presented, also demonstrating the intrinsic properties of this polymer. The <i>molasses</i> chitosan, utilized without purification, has potential application in industry and agriculture as a biomaterial.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Computational Study of Modified Biopolymer Xanthan Gum with Synthetic Vinyl Monomers for Enhanced Oil Recovery","authors":"Samah A. M. Abou-alfitooh, F. I. El-Hosiny, A. N. El-hoshoudy","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03346-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03346-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Utilizing xanthan gum, a biodegradable polymer, in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is imperative wherever there is a need for innovation in oil production that is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Xanthan, chosen for its natural sourcing, availability, controllability, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability, proves resilient against harsh reservoir conditions owing to its rigid structure and elongated polysaccharide chains. This study investigates two modified xanthan gum composites, achieved by grafting with synthetic vinyl monomers through emulsified polymerization. Spectroscopic characterization using FTIR and ¹H-NMR, along with surface morphology analysis via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal behavior screening through TGA analysis, elucidates the properties of these modified composites. Rheological behavior under reservoir conditions, including stress scanning and viscosity/shear rate dependency, was evaluated. Material modeling with the Materials Studio program simulated the equilibrium adsorption of xanthan and modified biopolymer chains on SiO₂-quartz crystal to assess wettability alteration. Simulation results indicate that XG-g-AM, MMA&amp;TEVS exhibit greater stability and surface coverage with more negative electrostatic energies compared to XG and XG-g-AM&amp;MMA. The laboratory runs on a sandstone-packed model to identify the disclosed XG-g-AM&amp;MMA and XG-g-AM, MMA&amp;TEVS biopolymers as promising EOR candidates and wettability modifiers in challenging sandstone reservoirs, as per experimental outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature’s Solution to Degrade Long-Chain Hydrocarbons: A Life Cycle Study of Beeswax and Plastic-Eating Insect Larvae","authors":"Harsha Kundungal, Radhakrishnan Amal, Suja Purushothaman Devipriya","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03366-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03366-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent studies have reported the biodegradation of polyethylene waste in the gut of beeswax-eating insect larvae of <i>Galleria mellonella</i> and <i>Achroia grisella.</i> In this study we examined the life cycle stages and duration of each stage of three common beeswax eating honeybee pests (<i>G. mellonella</i>,<i> A. grisella</i>, and <i>Uloma</i> sp.) from <i>Apis cerana indica</i> colonies under laboratory conditions. The insect larvae of the three species were provided with beeswax, low density polyethylene (PE), or expanded polystyrene (PS) foam diet. The weight loss of beeswax, PE, and PS feed as a function of time caused by the consumption of the three insect larvae were measured. Additionally, the effects of beeswax, PE, and PS feed on the development and survival of the three insect larvae were studied. The beeswax-feeding insects <i>G. mellonella</i>,<i> A. grisella</i>, and <i>Uloma</i> sp. completed their life cycles with average durations of 62 ± 2.1 days, 49 ± 3.6 days, 202 ± 3.2 days, respectively. The <i>G. mellonella</i>, <i>A. grisella</i>, and <i>Uloma</i> sp. larvae ate and digested beeswax, PE, and PS. The insect larvae were found to survive on plastic diets (PE and PS) but a decreased body mass was observed compared to that of beeswax-eating conspecifics. The insect larvae that eat and digest beeswax and plastics could help to eliminate global pollution from recalcitrant plastic wastes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of TiO2 and TiO2-Ag Nanoparticles in Recycled High-Density Polyethylene: Effect of the Type of Photocatalyst and Incorporation Method on Photocatalytic Activity for the Decomposition of NO","authors":"Dayana Gavilanes, Francisco A. Cataño, Luis Quiles-Carrillo, Rafael Balart, Marcela Saavedra, Alexandre Carbonnel, Herman A. Murillo, Carlos Loyo, Paula A. Zapata","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03363-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03363-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work reported two types of photocatalysts in polymeric sheets derived from recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPEr): anatase TiO₂ and Ag-decorated anatase TiO₂ (TiO₂-Ag). The Ag nanoparticles were deposited on the TiO₂ nanoparticles via chemical reduction using formaldehyde as the reducing agent, although XPS analysis indicated that anatase was also reduced during Ag deposition. The sheets were prepared using two methods: extrusion and a plasma immersion process. In the first one, nanoparticles were introduced during extrusion, resulting in photocatalyst/HDPEr composites. On the other hand, the plasma method involved depositing photocatalyst nanoparticles into the polymer sheet surface through a two-step process of air plasma treatment followed by immersion in an aqueous photocatalyst suspension. The composites obtained through extrusion exhibited a higher Young’s modulus compared to neat HDPEr, attributed to the reinforcing effect of the nanoparticles, which was more significant with the incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles. Photocatalytic activity assessment revealed that sheets obtained by extrusion showed poor performance, whereas photocatalyst deposition on sheets significantly enhanced NOx photodegradation. Notably, TiO₂-Ag nanoparticles exhibited superior photocatalytic activity, with the polymeric sheet containing TiO₂-Ag nanoparticles on the surface achieving the highest activity (~ 23.67% NOx photodegradation). The detailed methodology and robust experimental data provided offer valuable insights into optimizing nanoparticle incorporation techniques to enhance the functional properties of recycled polymeric materials for environmental applications. Overall, although the plasma treatment did not affect the mechanical properties of the sheets significantly, it allows an outstanding advance in NO_X abatement. Especially for the TiO₂-Ag-modified sheets. Based on this background, this research addresses a double environmental approach by developing self-cleaning building panels from HDPEr.</p>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Biomedical Frontiers with Functionalized Soybean Oil: Insights into Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery","authors":"Vafa Fakhri,&nbsp;Atieh Janmaleki Dehchani,&nbsp;Seyed Aref Davoudi,&nbsp;Masoud Tavakoli Dare,&nbsp;Aliakbar Jafari,&nbsp;Saba Nemati Mahand,&nbsp;Elmuez A. Dawi,&nbsp;Hossein Ali Khonakdar","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03357-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-024-03357-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soybean oil is one of the most widely produced and consumed vegetable oils globally. Known for its rich fatty acid composition, including linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids, soybean oil offers substantial nutritional and health benefits. It is not only a dietary staple but also a versatile component in industrial and biomedical applications. This review paper offers a comprehensive discussion on the emerging role of functionalized soybean oil (SO) in the development of sustainable polymers for tissue engineering (TE) and drug delivery systems (DDS). Plant oils, particularly soybean oil, offer significant environmental benefits, making them an excellent substitute for petroleum-based polymers and biomedical applications due to their biodegradability and low ecological footprint. Despite the burgeoning potential of soybean oil-derived polymers in revolutionizing natural-based biomaterials, there is a critical need for an in-depth review to thoroughly comprehend their capabilities and steer forthcoming innovations.This review aims to address the scientific gap by offering a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the biomedical application of soybean oil derivatives. The impact of this paper lies in its systematic collation of research on the design, fabrication, and utility of soybean oil-derived biomaterials, highlighting their significance in various medical applications, including therapeutic patches, wound care, and scaffolding in regenerative medicine. The review suggests future research directions and sets the stage for future innovations in soybean oil-based biomaterials, positioning these materials as crucial components in the pursuit of sustainable and effective biomedical solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of locust bean gum/titanium dioxide hydrogel nanocomposites for efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution","authors":"Boitumelo Rejoice Motshabi,&nbsp;Edwin Makhado,&nbsp;Nompumelelo Malatji,&nbsp;Kwena Desmond Modibane,&nbsp;Mpitloane Joseph Hato,&nbsp;Orebotse Joseph Botlhoko,&nbsp;Mahmoud H. Abu Elella","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03237-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-024-03237-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we are interested in preparing novel hydrogel and hydrogel nanocomposite-based adsorbents for removing methylene blue (MB) dye based on grafted locust bean gum (LBG). LBG hydrogel and hydrogel nanocomposite were synthesized using a radical polymerization technique in the absence and presence of TiO₂ with LBG-cl-(acrylic acid (AA)-co-acrylamide (AAm)). Various analytical instruments Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to elucidate the chemical structure and surface morphology of the prepared samples. Using a batch adsorption experiment, the Langmuir isotherm model showed that LBG-cl-p(AA-co-AAm) hydrogel had a maximum adsorption capacity of 1540.9 mg/g and LBG-cl-(AA-co-AAm)/TiO₂ hydrogel nanocomposites had a maximum adsorption capacity of 1273.4 mg/g at neutral pH. The thermodynamic data demonstrated that MB dye was removed via spontaneous adsorption. Furthermore, the regeneration study showed good recyclability for the obtained hydrogel nanocomposites through six consecutive reusable cycles. Therefore, the hydrogel nanocomposites are an effective adsorbent for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-024-03237-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste-to-Value-Added Customized Cationic Banana Starch for Potential Flocculant Application","authors":"Abhijeet Puri,&nbsp;Dwi Marlina Syukri,&nbsp;Eka Silvia,&nbsp;Festy Ladyani,&nbsp;Popat Mohite,&nbsp;Nitin Ade,&nbsp;Shubham Munde,&nbsp;Vijay R Chidrawar,&nbsp;Sudarshan Singh,&nbsp;Sheeba Shafi","doi":"10.1007/s10924-024-03349-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-024-03349-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although adding flocculants is an essential step in wastewater treatment and maintaining the stability of the solid-state in solution to produce a loose cell-like structure, in some instances, polymeric material fails to support this due to specific surface charges. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a cationic form (CBS) obtained from unripe waste bananas as native starch and characterize it as a flocculating agent. The starch from unripe waste banana fruit peel was extracted and synthesized to CBS using an etherification reaction via grafting a cationic moiety such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). In addition, the synthesis process was optimized using quality by design (QBD). The utilization of QBD led to the attainment of the maximum degree of substitution (DS) value of 0.623 under optimal circumstances, which involved reacting moieties such as CHPTAC (0.007 moL) and NaOH (30% w/v) with a reaction duration of 18 h at a temperature of 50 °C. Moreover, elemental, structural, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and surface morphology indicated that a significant cationic fraction was integrated within the BS. In addition, the biocompatibility study showed that both native BS and CBS were &gt; 95% biocompatible against CaCO-2 and HeK-293 cells. Furthermore, the flocculation performance of CBS showed that the transmittance of the supernatant fluid augmented in direct correlation to the sedimentation and flocculation time for CBS. Thus, the modified CBS can be utilized as an economical, safe, and potential substitute against available flocculating agents.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}