IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy最新文献_第3页

A Two Stage Optimal Power Flow Coordination for PVs, Batteries, and EVs in Unbalanced Low Voltage Distribution Networks 不平衡低压配电网中pv、蓄电池和电动汽车两阶段最优潮流协调

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3721623

Asaad Makhalfih;Ibrahim Anwar Ibrahim

{"title":"A Two Stage Optimal Power Flow Coordination for PVs, Batteries, and EVs in Unbalanced Low Voltage Distribution Networks","authors":"Asaad Makhalfih;Ibrahim Anwar Ibrahim","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3721623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3721623","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of photovoltaic systems, battery storage and electric vehicles in low-voltage distribution networks poses significant operational challenges, including voltage regulation, thermal overload, and energy curtailment. This paper proposes an uncertainty-aware two-stage coordination framework. The first stage employs a <monospace>LinDist3Flow</monospace>-based optimisation with Monte Carlo scenario generation to determine day-ahead charging and discharging schedules for batteries and electric vehicles while accounting for uncertainties in load demand, solar irradiance, temperature, and electric vehicle availability. The second stage uses an exact nonlinear alternating current optimal power flow formulation to optimise inverters’ active and reactive power set-points in near real-time operation. The framework is evaluated on a modified IEEE European low-voltage test feeder comprising 165 loads with 100% single-phase photovoltaic penetration. Four operational approaches are compared: local Volt-Watt/Volt-Var control, direct application of scheduled set-points without real-time correction, real-time optimal power flow with fixed time-of-use schedules, and the proposed two-stage framework. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves the lowest total curtailment while maintaining voltage and thermal compliance, reducing the total curtailed energy by approximately 5% compared to the optimal power flow in real-time with fixed schedules. These findings highlight the importance of integrating uncertainty-aware scheduling with real-time coordination in future low-voltage networks with a high penetration of consumer energy resources.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"641-650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11644584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148747582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concurrency for Cyber-Resilient Intelligent Electronic Devices by Smart Cyber Switching 基于智能网络交换的网络弹性智能电子设备的并发性

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-16 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3704302

Akila Herath;Chen-Ching Liu;Junho Hong;Kuchan Park

{"title":"Concurrency for Cyber-Resilient Intelligent Electronic Devices by Smart Cyber Switching","authors":"Akila Herath;Chen-Ching Liu;Junho Hong;Kuchan Park","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3704302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3704302","url":null,"abstract":"Automation in digital substations using the IEC 61850 standard marks a significant advancement in modern power grid management. However, the reliance on cyber components such as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) increases susceptibility to cyber intrusions, demanding enhanced substation cyber resilience. Existing research has yet to produce an integrated framework that addresses key aspects of cyber resilience, particularly with the capability of cyber recovery. This paper proposes the Smart Cyber Switching (SCS) controller to enable a novel concurrency feature that enhances cyber recovery for IEDs following a cyber intrusion. By integrating an intrusion detection system with an IEC 62351-compliant message authentication scheme, the SCS controller provides robust defense against both cryptographically authentic and unauthentic malicious GOOSE injections. The IED concurrency is implemented through concurrent IEDs (CIEDs) within the SCS architecture. Upon detecting an attack, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) capabilities of the SCS controller isolate compromised IED traffic and restore system operation via CIEDs. Additionally, a concurrency-aware Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to optimally allocate IED functions to CIEDs under resource constraints. The proposed IED concurrency methodology is validated through a cyber-physical substation automation testbed. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, particularly under high-frequency malicious GOOSE injection scenarios. The results also demonstrate compliance with the strict timing constraints of IEC 61850 and validate the MILP formulation through a practical case study.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"507-518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11568516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design Optimization of a Harmonic-Excited Synchronous Machine Using the Nelder–Mead Algorithm With an Internal Optimization Procedure 基于Nelder-Mead算法的谐波励磁同步电机内部优化设计

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-02 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3699041

Vladimir Prakht;Vladimir Dmitrievskii;Vadim Kazakbaev;Victor Goman;Xiaodong Sun

引用次数: 0

Protecting Local Wireless Charging Stations Against Cyber-Physical Attacks by Weaponized EVs 保护本地无线充电站免受武器化电动汽车的网络物理攻击

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-10 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701304

Samaneh Yazdanipour;Mohammadreza Fakhari Moghaddam Arani;Amir Abiri Jahromi;V. S. R. Varaprasad Oruganti;Sheldon S. Williamson

{"title":"Protecting Local Wireless Charging Stations Against Cyber-Physical Attacks by Weaponized EVs","authors":"Samaneh Yazdanipour;Mohammadreza Fakhari Moghaddam Arani;Amir Abiri Jahromi;V. S. R. Varaprasad Oruganti;Sheldon S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3701304","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless charging stations are gaining attention due to their ability to reduce the weight and size of the battery in the electric vehicles and increase the battery life time. Wireless charging stations are also an attractive technology for autonomous vehicle charging as they do not need human intervention. Although the design of wireless charging stations has been investigated thoroughly, the cyber-physical security posture of wireless charging stations has remained underexplored. In this paper, we examine the vulnerability of wireless charging stations to cyber-physical attacks by weaponized electric vehicles. In this paper, a weaponized EV is defined as a vehicle intentionally modified with a rogue device connected to its internal communication network capable of injecting falsified information into the electric vehicle communication controller, point-to-point communication channels, and the battery management system. Small-signal modelling is used to study the dynamics of cyber-physical systems in wireless charging, while phasor circuit analysis is used to evaluate the impact of cyber-physical attacks on wireless charging stations. A mitigation strategy is further proposed to improve the resilience of the wireless charging stations to cyber-physical attacks. Time domain simulations are employed to test and verify the analyses and the proposed mitigation strategy.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"470-483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11557497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Matlab-Based Toolbox for Automatic EMT Modeling and Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems 基于matlab的交直流混合电力系统EMT自动建模与小信号稳定性分析工具箱

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-24 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3726306

Josep Arévalo-Soler;Dionysios Moutevelis;Elia Mateu-Barriendos;Onur Alican;Carlos Collados-Rodríguez;Marc Cheah-Mañe;Eduardo Prieto-Araujo;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

{"title":"A Matlab-Based Toolbox for Automatic EMT Modeling and Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems","authors":"Josep Arévalo-Soler;Dionysios Moutevelis;Elia Mateu-Barriendos;Onur Alican;Carlos Collados-Rodríguez;Marc Cheah-Mañe;Eduardo Prieto-Araujo;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3726306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3726306","url":null,"abstract":"The intensive integration of power converters is changing the way that power systems operate, leading to the emergence of new types of dynamic phenomena and instabilities. At the same time, converters act as an interface between traditional AC grids and their more recent DC counterparts, giving rise to hybrid AC/DC networks. These conditions increase the necessity for stability analysis tools that can simultaneously account for the newly-introduced dynamic phenomena and can also be applied for the stability study of hybrid networks. This paper presents a Matlab-based toolbox for small-signal analysis of hybrid AC/DC power systems considering electromagnetic-transient (EMT) models. The toolbox allows the automatized modeling of the system from the input data and offers options for modal, impedance and passivity analyses. In the paper, the structure and internal processes of the toolbox are duly discussed, together with all its features, both main and complementary. Its capabilities for stability analysis are demonstrated via comprehensive case studies of converter-based system of various size and topology.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"762-775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11664136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GridPACK: A Unified Open-Source High-Performance Computing Platform for Scalable Power System Simulation GridPACK：用于可扩展电力系统仿真的统一开源高性能计算平台

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-31 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3728767

Yousu Chen;Bruce Palmer;William Perkins;Shuangshuang Jin;Shrirang Abhyankar;Yuan Liu

{"title":"GridPACK: A Unified Open-Source High-Performance Computing Platform for Scalable Power System Simulation","authors":"Yousu Chen;Bruce Palmer;William Perkins;Shuangshuang Jin;Shrirang Abhyankar;Yuan Liu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3728767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3728767","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents GridPACK, a unified open-source high-performance computing (HPC) platform for power grid simulation. Built on MPI and PETSc, GridPACK provides reusable parallel infrastructure, distributed networks, automated matrix assembly, and scalable solvers, upon which multiple power system applications can be developed without parallel programming expertise. Six application modules share the same network representation and solver infrastructure, enabling seamless inter-module workflows: power flow solutions directly initialize dynamic simulations, contingency analysis reuses the full power flow solver, and dynamic security assessment chains all three within a single parallel execution. The modules include power flow with voltage and reactive power controls, contingency analysis, transient stability with over 40 validated component models, electromagnetic transient simulation, state estimation, and an HPC simulation environment for reinforcement learning. The framework’s extensibility has further enabled large-scale T&D co-simulation and parallel execution of external tools on HPC clusters. This combination of HPC scalability, multi-domain coverage, and validated accuracy makes GridPACK well-suited to the emerging demands of inverter-rich grids and large-scale AI-driven power system studies.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"851-862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11672779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149131039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Two-Stage Recognition Model of Distributed PV and Electric Vehicles Considering Weather Types and Electricity Consumption Behavior 考虑天气类型和用电行为的分布式光伏和电动汽车两阶段识别模型

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3708687

Zhao Zhen;Qinggui Chen;Jiaxin Lu;Yuqing Wang;Fei Wang;Shumin Sun;Yan Cheng

{"title":"A Two-Stage Recognition Model of Distributed PV and Electric Vehicles Considering Weather Types and Electricity Consumption Behavior","authors":"Zhao Zhen;Qinggui Chen;Jiaxin Lu;Yuqing Wang;Fei Wang;Shumin Sun;Yan Cheng","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3708687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3708687","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the rapid integration of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs) into distribution networks has posed significant challenges to grid security and stability due to their inherent output uncertainty and volatility. Grid operators can only access net load data from households by smart meters without direct recognition of installed distributed energy resources (DERs). Therefore, accurate recognition of user-side DERs is crucial for applications such as net load disaggregation, load forecasting, and demand response. However, existing recognition methods typically rely on extensive data for model training, exhibiting insufficient accuracy and robustness in few-shot scenarios. Furthermore, these methods often overlook the coupling effects between DPV and EV, which limits the recognition performance. To address these limitations, a two-stage recognition model of DPV and EV considering weather types and electricity consumption behavior is proposed. Firstly, weather-driven features are proposed for DPV recognition, and household travel pattern-based features are introduced for EV recognition. Secondly, an unsupervised DPV output power estimation algorithm is introduced to mitigate misidentification caused by the coupling of DPV and EV during EV recognition. Finally, a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) algorithm improved by multi-scale data reconstruction and consensus-weighted ensemble strategies is proposed to enhance model robustness and generalization capability under few-shot scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a recognition accuracy of 96% for both DPV and EV. This methodology provides an effective solution for the accurate recognition of DERs under conditions of resource coupling and limited data.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"530-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11589333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Dynamic Phasor-Based Mathematical Framework for Hybrid AC/DC Power System Simulation 一种新的基于动态相量的交直流混合电力系统仿真数学框架

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-05 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3720546

Saif Alsarayreh;Robert Dimitrovski;Aleksandra Lekić

{"title":"A Novel Dynamic Phasor-Based Mathematical Framework for Hybrid AC/DC Power System Simulation","authors":"Saif Alsarayreh;Robert Dimitrovski;Aleksandra Lekić","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3720546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3720546","url":null,"abstract":"Modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit fast dynamics and complex harmonic interactions that challenge conventional modelling tools. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations provide high fidelity but are computationally demanding for large-scale studies due to small time-step requirements, whereas conventional phasor-domain models neglect harmonic and higher-frequency effects to allow for larger time-steps. This paper proposes a unified dynamic-phasor-based framework (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$DQsym$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), implemented as a MATLAB/Simulink library, that combines dynamic phasors with multiple rotating reference frames and defines explicit algebraic rules for harmonic-domain operations compatible with state-space formulations, enabling systematic assembly of interconnected system-level models beyond isolated component representations. The formulation supports modelling across multiple harmonic orders and is expressed in state space, providing a natural pathway for future integration with small-signal analysis and control design tools, although such extensions are outside the scope of this paper. The approach is validated through: 1) benchmark case demonstrating higher-order harmonic modelling capability and 2) simulations of an IEEE 9-bus system expanded with point-to-point HVDC transmission based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC), where the framework reproduces fundamental and second-harmonic dynamics indicating that <inline-formula> <tex-math>$DQsym$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reproduces the overall harmonic pattern and closely matches the fundamental component compared with EMT results. The proposed framework provides a structured and accurate harmonic-domain modelling tool for the analysis of IBR-rich power systems.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"651-663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11643357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148747618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Coordinated Operation Strategy for Multi-Virtual Power Plants and Load Aggregation Under Electricity Market Gaming 电力市场博弈下多虚拟电厂协同运行策略及负荷聚集

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-22 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3705936

Chan Peng;Shiyao Hu;Zeya Zhang;Ning Pang;Yan Zhang;Yunjia Wang;Chao Xue;Biqing Wang

{"title":"A Coordinated Operation Strategy for Multi-Virtual Power Plants and Load Aggregation Under Electricity Market Gaming","authors":"Chan Peng;Shiyao Hu;Zeya Zhang;Ning Pang;Yan Zhang;Yunjia Wang;Chao Xue;Biqing Wang","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3705936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3705936","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources introduces significant uncertainty into power system operation, challenging the market participation and coordination of virtual power plants. This paper proposes a risk-aware dynamic pricing framework based on a cooperative Stackelberg game to optimize the interaction between a load aggregator and multiple virtual power plants. The upper-level load aggregator employs Conditional Value-at-Risk to quantify trading risks and determines differentiated pricing signals to incentivize virtual power plants participation in energy and reserve markets. The lower-level structure separates physical operation from cooperative settlement: VPPs first solve a convex operational scheduling problem involving peer-to-peer energy trading, demand response, and continuous battery dispatch under scenario uncertainty, and the cooperative surplus is then allocated through a weighted bargaining rule. This layered structure preserves the leader–follower pricing logic while providing a mathematically consistent basis for the KKT-based reformulation of the physical dispatch subproblem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves balanced pricing, fair profit distribution, and effective risk mitigation under high wind power uncertainty, providing a scalable decision-making tool for coordinating renewable-dominated electricity markets.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"519-529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11574505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sizing and Placement of Grid Strengthening Devices Using Extra Element Theorem 利用额外单元定理确定网格强化装置的尺寸和位置

IF 2.8

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3732363

Pranav Sharma;Shahil Shah

{"title":"Sizing and Placement of Grid Strengthening Devices Using Extra Element Theorem","authors":"Pranav Sharma;Shahil Shah","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3732363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3732363","url":null,"abstract":"Stability is a major concern in maintaining the reliability of power systems with high shares of inverter-based resources (IBRs). Many of the stability problems in IBR-dominated power systems are a consequence of low levels of grid strength, which is a measure of voltage stiffness at various nodes in the system. Grid strengthening devices (GSDs) – such as synchronous condensers, pumped hydro storage, and energy storage systems with GFM control – can provide the much-needed grid strength to ensure system stability. However, system planners lack tools to optimally size and place GSDs. This paper presents a new grid-strength assessment method for large power systems using the Extra Element Theorem. This method provides an intuitive expression for the grid-strength improvement achieved at a node in the grid from a GSD of any size and at any point in the grid. These gains can be used to achieve specific objectives on grid-strength improvement using the minimum aggregate capacity of GSDs. The method provides a framework for optimizing the size and location of GSDs for improving system strength and stability using the sensitivity indices introduced in this paper. The proposed method is demonstrated on an IEEE 9-bus system and an actual utility grid.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"776-787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11686047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0