IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy最新文献

{"title":"Data-Oriented Parallel-in-Time Electromagnetic Transient Simulation of AC–DC Grid","authors":"Yang Li;Tianshi Cheng;Ning Lin;Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3684873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3684873","url":null,"abstract":"An electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation framework is developed by integrating the Parallel-in-Time algorithm with a data-oriented Entity–Component–System (ECS) architecture. The proposed method aims to enhance computational efficiency for EMT problems by jointly exploiting temporal concurrency and memory locality on multi-core CPU platforms. The ECS paradigm reorganizes component data into cache-friendly, structure-of-arrays layouts, reducing memory access latency and enabling efficient multithreaded execution. On top of this, the Parareal algorithm introduces time-parallelism by decomposing the simulation horizon into macro segments for concurrent fine-grid integration and coarse–fine correction iterations. A delay-consistent segmentation strategy is introduced to accommodate traveling-wave transmission-line effects without sacrificing parallel scalability or numerical accuracy. The framework is implemented in Rust based on the Bevy engine and evaluated using a modified IEEE 118-bus AC-DC network. Numerical validation confirms agreement with PSCAD/EMTDC^® reference waveforms under diverse scenarios, including synchronous generator ramp-up, three-phase fault switching, line energization, and MMC DC-link dynamics. Performance benchmarks reveal that optimal integration parameter tuning can yield significant speedups: a maximum runtime reduction of 44.1% is achieved at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${5}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${80}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, while a 38.5% gain is recorded at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${1}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula> <tex-math>${25}~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta {t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> denote the fine and coarse time-step in the parallel-in-time framework. These results highlight the practical advantages of combining time-parallel algorithms with data-oriented simulation structures for accelerating EMT simulations under realistic grid conditions.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11483120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaheuristic-Based Optimal Scheduling of the Appliances and EV Charging in Grid-Connected Commercial Building Integrated With HRES and BESS Considering the BESS Discharge","authors":"Terapong Boonraksa;Nopprut Saeli;Promphak Boonraksa;Boonruang Marungsri","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3676351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3676351","url":null,"abstract":"Building energy management has become increasingly important as energy demand continues to grow and the need to reduce operational costs and environmental impacts intensifies. The integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) in grid-connected commercial buildings offers significant potential for improving energy efficiency and cost savings. This paper proposes an optimal appliance and EV charging scheduling strategy based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms to enhance building energy management performance. Simulation results indicate that the Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (SBOA) outperforms the other considered techniques. In case study 3, where the BESS is scheduled to discharge during on-peak periods, the building energy cost is reduced to 524.22 USD per month, resulting in a net total cost of 1,124,542.47 USD. Moreover, the optimal scheduling of appliances and EV charging integrated with HRES and BESS achieves the highest energy cost savings, reducing the net total cost by 55.90%. The proposed system attains a payback period of 8.84 years and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.0989 USD/kWh, while reducing CO2 emissions by 79.84%. Overall, the proposed approach effectively minimizes energy costs, reduces grid dependency, and maximizes renewable energy utilization, demonstrating its economic and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"217-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11449222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tuning Framework for VSG-Based Controllers Considering Frequency Stability and Control in Microgrids","authors":"Erico Gurski;Roman Kuiava;Gilney Damm;Luís Felipe Normandia Lourenço","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3683698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3683698","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids have emerged as an effective solution for integrating distributed energy resources, providing operational flexibility by their ability to operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. However, the high penetration of inverter-based sources in these systems introduces significant stability challenges. Grid-forming converters, especially those based on the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) concept, offer a promising means of frequency control by emulating inertial and damping characteristics. Nevertheless, tuning the VSG’s parameters remains challenging, as these coefficients strongly influence multiple and often conflicting performance metrics. This work proposes a comprehensive framework for the optimal tuning and validation of VSG strategies, targeting both inertial and primary frequency control. The framework integrates small-signal stability analyses for both grid-connected and islanded operation modes and transient frequency response for unintentional islanding events. In addition, it applies to conventional and enhanced VSG structures with adaptive or supplementary loops. A detailed case study demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in improving frequency performance and maintaining stability across varying operating conditions. The proposed framework provides a systematic and adaptable tool for frequency control enhancement, for identifying the most suitable VSG strategy for a given system, and for defining protection thresholds through statistical assessment of dynamic responses.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"286-296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11481090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manifold-Based Analysis of P–Q Coupling in Grid-Forming Converters With Current and Voltage Constraints","authors":"Ziqian Zhang;ROBERT Schuerhuber;Lothar Fickert;Guochu Chen","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688151","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a visualization of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(theta, {E})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> manifold that governs <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coupling in grid-forming converters (GFM). A simplified large-signal model is derived, using the internal voltage magnitude <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and phase angle <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> as state variables. The model clarifies the coupling among <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and shows how the thresholds of current and voltage limiters determine both the existence and accessibility of stable equilibrium points. By tracing the operating point trajectories on the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> manifold, the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coupling surface reveals the mechanism that leads to transient loss of synchronization during abrupt phase jumps. The analysis further explains how limiters modify the dynamic critical phase angle that separates secure and insecure operating regions, and highlights the dual role of small-signal based <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> decoupling: it increases the admissible phase jump margin but can prolong post-disturbance recovery (the disturbance considered throughout is a permanent grid voltage phase jump) when limiters are active.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"345-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11495162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of AC Voltage Control and Reactive Power Control on Transient Stability of Grid-Forming Converters With Current Saturation Under Phase to Ground Faults and Phase Jumps","authors":"Yinru Chen;Xiao-Ping Zhang;Shuhao Yan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3685192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3685192","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-forming (GFM) converters are increasingly deployed to support power system stability in low-inertia grids. However, the impact of voltage magnitude control strategies on transient stability under fault conditions remains insufficiently understood. We investigate the transient stability of a droop-controlled GFM converter with a circular current limiter, taking into account the choice of voltage magnitude control strategy. Mathematical models are derived for both normal operation and, more importantly, current saturation, and numerical examples are provided to illustrate the implications of the proposed models. In fault scenarios, voltage sag and phase jumps are analyzed separately. These theoretical results are further validated through simulations in Simulink. Our results necessitate the individual analysis of phase jumps and reveal that different voltage magnitude control strategies result in substantially different transient behaviors. In particular, reactive power control enables the converter to exit current saturation, whereas AC voltage control may prevent recovery. These findings provide insights for converter control design and enhance the robustness of GFM converters under grid disturbances. Furthermore, the analysis of phase jumps shows that, under AC voltage control, a larger phase jump angle does not necessarily lead to more adverse transient behaviors, and this reveals that the current Grid Code testing requirements for transient stability of GFM converters with respect to phase jumps, which rely on a maximum phase jump angle, are inadequate and should be revised.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"309-320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11483189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy-Adaptive Rotating Sliding Surface for Super-Twisting Control of Stand-Alone Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverters","authors":"Erfan Rezapanah;Mohammad Pichan;Hossein Hafezi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3688376","url":null,"abstract":"Three-phase four-leg inverters are widely used in stand-alone power applications to supply unbalanced/nonlinear loads providing a neutral connection. Ensuring stable and high-quality voltage regulation under such conditions requires advanced control strategies. In this paper, a robust control method based on second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) and the super-twisting algorithm is proposed to regulate inverter output voltage in the stationary Clarke reference frame (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha beta gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>). In addition, to overcome conventional drawbacks such as chattering, poor dynamic response, and undesirable THD<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {V}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%, a fuzzy logic-based adaptive sliding surface is employed. This prominent mechanism dynamically adjusts the surface slope based on voltage error variations, significantly improving transient response, especially under sharp 100% load steps. Furthermore, this moving surface characteristic is performed in real-time with very low computational burden as the most distinguishing feature. Moreover, unlike conventional nonlinear controllers, the proposed approach maintains a fixed switching frequency, enabling seamless PWM integration, low output distortion, and efficient real-time implementation. The controller’s robustness and performance are validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental verifications on a 3kW inverter prototype. Results demonstrate precise voltage tracking, closed to zero steady-state error, and THD<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {V}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% about 0.4% well below IEC 62040-3 limits.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"333-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11498353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection Method for Continuous Operation of Wind Power Plants in a Mechanical Circuit Breaker-Based Multi-Terminal HVDC System","authors":"Mitsuyoshi Enomoto;Keima Wakatsuki;Kenichiro Sano","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3649154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3649154","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-terminal high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission system is a promising approach to connect offshore wind power plants (WPPs) to onshore ac grids. However, there is no standardized protection method against DC faults. As one of its protection methods, mechanical dc circuit breakers (DCCBs) have the potential to improve supply reliability against dc faults while avoiding a cost increase. Nevertheless, due to their relatively slower operation, the blocking of half-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (HBMMC) is often required. In offshore ac collecting system, where the HBMMC maintains the grid voltage, such converter blocking can destabilize the grid voltage and lead to shutdowns of offshore WPPs. Large scale shutdowns of offshore WPPs may have a negative impact on onshore ac grids. Therefore, this article proposes a protection method that enables the continuous operation of offshore WPPs while using mechanical DCCBs. The proposed method focuses on the backbone HVDC configuration connecting multiple onshore and offshore terminals, and applies different fault clearing methods across the terminals. At onshore terminals which form a loop configuration, mechanical DCCBs selectively isolate the faulted section. At offshore terminals which form a radial configuration, reconfiguration is employed to reroute power transmission from the faulted line to the healthy line. These operations are coordinated based on the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of offshore WPPs and realizes their continuous operation. The proposed method is verified by an experiment using the scaled-down three-terminal HVDC system.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11316639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing Grid Support of Electric Vehicles by Coordinating Residential Charging: Insights From an Arizona Feeder Case Study","authors":"Mohammad GOLGOL;Anamitra Pal;Vijay Vittal;Christine Kessinger;Ernest Palomino;Kyle Girardi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645250","url":null,"abstract":"The installation of high-capacity fast electric vehicle (EV) chargers at the residential level is posing a significant risk to the distribution grid. This is because the increased demand from such forms of charging could exceed the ratings of the distribution assets, particularly, transformers. Addressing this issue is critical, given that current infrastructure upgrades to enhance EV hosting capacity are both costly and time-consuming. This study addresses this challenging problem by introducing a novel algorithm to maximize residential EV charging without overloading any transformer within the feeder. The proposed method is applied to a real-world utility feeder in Arizona, which includes 120 transformers of varying capacities. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively manages a substantial number of EVs without overloading the transformers. It also identifies locations that must be prioritized for future upgrades. The proposed framework can serve as a valuable reference tool for utilities when conducting distribution system planning for supporting the growing EV penetration.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing FACTS Setpoints With Limited Set of Measurements","authors":"Magnus Tarle;Mats Larsson;Gunnar Ingeström;Mårten Björkman","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645591","url":null,"abstract":"Coordinated control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) setpoints can significantly enhance power flow and voltage control. However, optimizing the setpoints of multiple FACTS devices in real-world systems remains uncommon, partly due to challenges in model-based control. Data-driven approaches, such as reinforcement learning (RL), offer a promising alternative for coordinated control. In this work, we address a setting where a useful real-time network model is unavailable. Recognizing the increasing deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for advanced monitoring and control, we consider having access to a few but reliable measurements and a constraint violation signal. Under these assumptions, we demonstrate on several scenarios on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems that an RL-based optimization of FACTS setpoints can substantially reduce voltage deviations compared to a fixed-setpoint baseline. To improve robustness and prevent unobserved constraint violations, we show that a complete, albeit simple, constraint violation signal is necessary. As an alternative to relying on such a signal, Dynamic Mode Decomposition is proposed to determine new PMU placements, thereby reducing the risk of unobserved constraint violations. Finally, to assess the gap to an optimal policy, we benchmark the RL-based agent against a model-based optimal controller with perfect information.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluate Frequency Control Strength of Power Systems","authors":"Taulant Kërçi;Federico Milano","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3643748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3643748","url":null,"abstract":"This industry-oriented paper introduces the concept of ‘frequency control strength’ as a novel approach to understand how different real-world power systems compare to each other in terms of effectiveness and performance of system-wide frequency control. It presents a comprehensive comparison, based on measurement data, of the frequency control strength of four real-world, renewable-based, synchronous island power systems, namely Great Britain (GB), the All-Island power system (AIPS) of Ireland, and Australia (AUS) mainland and Tasmania (TAS). The strength is evaluated by means of different frequency quality metrics. The common understanding is that the bigger the capacity of a power system, the bigger its robustness with respect to events and contingencies. Here we show that this is not always the case in the context of frequency control. In fact, our study shows that mainland AUS shows the highest frequency control strength during normal operating conditions, whereas the AIPS shows the highest relative frequency control strength for abnormal system conditions. The strength is, in particular, greatly influenced by different regulatory requirements and different system/ancillary services arrangements in each jurisdiction. The paper also provides possible mitigations to improve frequency control strength through grid codes and market rules.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11299077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}