IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy最新文献_第2页

2025 Index IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Vol. 12 电力与能源学报，第12卷

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656044

引用次数: 0

Large Language Models for Detecting Cyberattacks on Smart Grid Protective Relays 智能电网保护继电器网络攻击检测的大型语言模型

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761

Ahmad Mohammad Saber;Saeed Jafari;Zhengmao Ouyang;Paul Budnarain;Amr Youssef;Deepa Kundur

{"title":"Large Language Models for Detecting Cyberattacks on Smart Grid Protective Relays","authors":"Ahmad Mohammad Saber;Saeed Jafari;Zhengmao Ouyang;Paul Budnarain;Amr Youssef;Deepa Kundur","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a large language model (LLM)–based framework that adapts and fine-tunes compact LLMs for detecting cyberattacks on transformer current differential relays (TCDRs), which can otherwise cause false tripping of critical power transformers. The core idea is to textualize multivariate time-series current measurements from TCDRs, across phases and input/output sides, into structured natural-language prompts that are then processed by compact, locally deployable LLMs. Using this representation, we fine-tune DistilBERT, GPT-2, and DistilBERT+LoRA to distinguish cyberattacks from genuine fault-induced disturbances while preserving relay dependability. The proposed framework is evaluated against a broad set of state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning baselines under nominal conditions, complex cyberattack scenarios, and measurement noise. Our results show that LLM-based detectors achieve competitive or superior cyberattack detection performance, with DistilBERT detecting up to 97.62% of attacks while maintaining perfect fault detection accuracy. Additional evaluations demonstrate robustness to prompt formulation variations, resilience under combined time-synchronization and false-data injection attacks, and stable performance under realistic measurement noise levels. The attention mechanisms of LLMs further enable intrinsic interpretability by highlighting the most influential time–phase regions of relay measurements. These results demonstrate that compact LLMs provide a practical, interpretable, and robust solution for enhancing cyberattack detection in modern digital substations. We provide the full dataset used in this study for reproducibility.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11359713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Qualification and Disqualification of Aggregator’s Energy and Ancillary Service Awards in Wholesale Markets 批发市场集成商能源及辅助服务奖的资格及取消资格

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590

Hari Krishna Achuthan Parthasarathy;Mohammad Ghaljehei;Zahra Soltani;Mojdeh Khorsand

{"title":"Qualification and Disqualification of Aggregator’s Energy and Ancillary Service Awards in Wholesale Markets","authors":"Hari Krishna Achuthan Parthasarathy;Mohammad Ghaljehei;Zahra Soltani;Mojdeh Khorsand","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) can pose challenges to the secure operation of transmission and Distribution Systems (DSs). In this paper, using statistical information obtained from different DS conditions and data-mining algorithms, an Independent System Operator-DS Operator-DER Aggregator (ISO-DSO-DERA) coordination framework is proposed, which allows DER aggregators to participate in the wholesale electric market considering DS limits. The performance of this framework is compared with the case where the ISO has no visibility over the DS limits while making decisions on the aggregator’s energy and ancillary service awards. A detailed unbalanced AC optimal power flow based on the current and voltage (IVACOPF) model is utilized for emulating DSO-DERAs coordinated operations to manage DS limits while considering DERAs promised services to ISO. The effect of VAr support capability of roof-top PV unit smart inverters (SIs) is evaluated in increasing the DS flexibility to improve the deployability of the aggregators promised awards. The VAr capability of PV SIs is based on the IEEE 1547-2018 standard, formulated by mixed-integer linear constraints. An IEEE 118-bus system and unbalanced 240-bus distribution test system are used to compare performance of the different ISO-DSO-DERA coordination architectures and, transmission and distribution management during uncertain events.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"88-101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11357971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

2025 Best Papers, Outstanding Associate Editors, and Outstanding Reviewers 2025年最佳论文、杰出副编辑、杰出审稿人

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651206

Fangxing Fran Li

引用次数: 0

A Generalized High-Order Nodal Formulation for Accelerated Electromagnetic Transient Simulation 加速电磁瞬变仿真的一种广义高阶节点公式

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652419

Kaiyang Huang;Min Xiong;Yang Liu;Kai Sun;Feng Qiu

引用次数: 0

A New Damped Double-Tuned Filter to Improve Power Quality and System Performance for Nonlinear Household Loads 一种新型阻尼双调谐滤波器用于改善非线性家庭负荷的电能质量和系统性能

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652375

Faisal Irsan Pasaribu;Ira Devi Sara;Tarmizi Tarmizi;Nasaruddin Nasaruddin

{"title":"A New Damped Double-Tuned Filter to Improve Power Quality and System Performance for Nonlinear Household Loads","authors":"Faisal Irsan Pasaribu;Ira Devi Sara;Tarmizi Tarmizi;Nasaruddin Nasaruddin","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652375","url":null,"abstract":"The growing use of nonlinear household appliances, such as LED lighting and inverter-based devices, has led to significant power quality problems. This is mainly due to harmonic currents altering the shape of voltage waveforms. Such distortions can lead to increased system losses, transformer overheating, and reduced equipment lifespan. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized model of a new damped double-tuned filter (DDTF) designed to accommodate dynamic variations in household loads. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to enhance the design by determining the optimal values for the filter’s constituent parts. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to validate and predict filter performance based on experimental data. The DDTF is specifically designed to mitigate dominant harmonics at the 3rd, 5th, and 7th orders. Both simulation and experimental validation were conducted using MATLAB Simulink under realistic household load scenarios. At peak load (2100 W), the unfiltered system exhibited a total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv) of 155.1%, a total harmonic distortion of current (THDi) of 204.41%, and a power factor of 0.55. After using the new six-stage DDTF at various load levels (from 350 W to 2100 W), the THDv dropped to 7.98%, the THDi fell to 3.57%, and the power factor increased to 0.8089. The ANN-based performance evaluation achieved 94% prediction accuracy, with an error margin of 2% to 6%. These results demonstrate that the designed DDTF is a viable, efficient, and cost-effective approach to mitigating harmonics and enhancing power quality in residential electrical systems.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"76-87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11343798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing Bipolar Current Transformer Arrays for Sustainable Energy Harvesting in Smart Grids 优化双极电流互感器阵列在智能电网中的可持续能量收集

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408

Shiyezi Xiang;Lin Du;Huizong Yu;Xing Huang;Jianhong Xiao;Weigen Chen;Fu Wan

{"title":"Optimizing Bipolar Current Transformer Arrays for Sustainable Energy Harvesting in Smart Grids","authors":"Shiyezi Xiang;Lin Du;Huizong Yu;Xing Huang;Jianhong Xiao;Weigen Chen;Fu Wan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental energy harvesting from magnetic fields offers a sustainable power solution for smart grid sensors. This study optimizes bipolar current transformer arrays for enhanced energy harvesting from microcurrents to meet load requirements. Based on the current transformer array model, a mathematical model that captures the polarity conversion characteristics is constructed. Incorporating both polarity conversion properties and power management integrated circuit limitations, a multi-constraint array optimization problem is constructed. Furthermore, a binary grey wolf optimizer is then introduced to address this optimization challenge. Our findings reveal that the optimal current transformer array configurations for primary current RMS values of 500 mA, 700 mA, and 900 mA are <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, achieving the highest power duty cycles of 26.45%, 57.86%, and 100%. The energy extraction efficiencies reach 59.39%, 65.21%, and 76.26%, while energy conversion efficiencies are 89.01%, 92.55%, and 87.45% under the optimal configurations. This work provides a practical framework for designing efficient bipolar harvester arrays, ensuring stable energy supply in smart grid applications.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"102-115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

System Frequency Nadir and Trajectory Prediction With Discontinuity Constraints in Governor Dynamics 调速器动力学中具有不连续约束的系统频率最低点和轨迹预测

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-18 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3675094

Jongoh Baek;Luke Lowery;Adam B. Birchfield

{"title":"System Frequency Nadir and Trajectory Prediction With Discontinuity Constraints in Governor Dynamics","authors":"Jongoh Baek;Luke Lowery;Adam B. Birchfield","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3675094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3675094","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately predicting the frequency nadir and estimating the overall frequency trajectory are crucial analytical tasks in power system planning. Given the large number of operating scenarios and contingency events that must be evaluated, low-order frequency nadir prediction (FNP) models have been recently developed to avoid the computational burden of full dynamic simulations in large, complex systems. However, a major technical limitation of existing FNP models is their inability to capture inherent discontinuities such as limits, piecewise functions, and deadbands that strongly influence the actual frequency dynamics. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a discontinuity-aware frequency nadir prediction (DA-FNP) model that explicitly implements discontinuity constraints into the frequency response estimation. By implementing these discontinuities, the model not only predicts the system frequency trajectory with high fidelity but also identifies which generators are subject to enforced constraints. This capability provides new insights for system planners, enabling a more realistic evaluation of frequency security margins and resource adequacy in future power systems with high renewable penetration. The methodology is validated against detailed dynamic simulations on both small- and large-scale synthetic grids. The case study demonstrates significant enhancement on the accuracy of system configuration and system frequency trajectory, while retaining computational efficiency of low-order models. Furthermore, the approach offers a practical and scalable tool for planning studies in large, complex power systems.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"274-285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11441420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Power Flow-Based Estimation of Short-Circuit Currents From Inverter-Based Resources 基于功率流的逆变器资源短路电流估计

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-12 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3673646

Ramon Abritta;Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro;Alexey Pavlov;Børre Tore Børresen;Elisabetta Tedeschi;Ranjan Sharma;Ivo C. da Silva Junior

{"title":"Power Flow-Based Estimation of Short-Circuit Currents From Inverter-Based Resources","authors":"Ramon Abritta;Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro;Alexey Pavlov;Børre Tore Børresen;Elisabetta Tedeschi;Ranjan Sharma;Ivo C. da Silva Junior","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3673646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3673646","url":null,"abstract":"The generator side of inverter-based resources (IBRs) interfaced with back-to-back converters is electrically decoupled from the grid. During electrical faults, grid-following IBRs behave as voltage-dependent current sources due to grid code requirements and converter control. This paper presents Newton-Raphson formulations for estimating short-circuit currents from IBRs using novel power flow modeling approaches to address voltage-dependent current sources. The work shows how to represent dq0 current injections, which are typically implemented in control architectures based on phase-locked loops. The power flow formulations are adapted to capture grid codes with different characteristics, such as the injection of negative-sequence currents during unbalanced faults. Comparisons against a field-validated electromagnetic transients (EMT) model reveal mean absolute errors of less than 0.5% for the proposed approach when estimating steady-state short-circuit currents from type IV wind turbine generators under grid-following control.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"229-239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11432888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intelligent Coordination and Control of Distributed Energy Resources, OLTC, and SCB in Smart Grid Using X-DNN 基于X-DNN的智能电网分布式能源、OLTC和SCB智能协调与控制

IF 3.2

IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-22 DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3686384

Tolulope David Makanju;Ali N. Hasan;Thokozani Shongwe

{"title":"Intelligent Coordination and Control of Distributed Energy Resources, OLTC, and SCB in Smart Grid Using X-DNN","authors":"Tolulope David Makanju;Ali N. Hasan;Thokozani Shongwe","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3686384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3686384","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of distributed energy resources (DERs) into distribution networks has caused a lot of challenges, such as power flow imbalance, voltage fluctuation, and operation control of voltage regulation devices. The optimization techniques used in power systems to address these issues have disadvantages, such as slow computational speed. To this end, we developed a two-stage control strategy for modern power system networks, wherein an Explainable-Deep neural network (X-DNN) controller was developed and trained using the output responses of centralized multi-objective AC optimal power Flows. The first stage involved the use of offline optimization methods by embedding a controller to generate optimal set points of the grid-connected inverter (GCI) and voltage-regulating devices’ responses under the uncertainty of Photovoltaic (PV) power output and loading conditions, forming the training dataset for the X-DNN model. The trained X-DNN controller was deployed for real-time control, and the simulation of this approach was tested on the IEEE 69-bus system with a high penetration of PV grid-connected inverters (GCI), and compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithim (GA). The results confirm that the X-DNN controller offers robust and efficient regulation, capable of maintaining system voltage stability by reducing the average voltage deviation by 34.7% and 56.69% compared to GA and PSO, respectively, and by 7.47% and 14.52% in active power losses for GA and PSO, respectively. Moreover, the X-DNN controller offers faster computational performance, making it a promising framework for smart power networks.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"321-332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11493518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0