Flow, Turbulence and Combustion最新文献

{"title":"Aero-structural Analysis of a Scramjet Technology Demonstrator Designed to Operate at an Altitude of 23 km at Mach 5.8","authors":"Paulo César de Oliveira Júnior,&nbsp;João Carlos Arantes Costa Júnior,&nbsp;Paulo Gilberto de Paula Toro","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00564-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00564-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aerodynamic and structural analysis was conducted for a generic supersonic combustion demonstrator designed to operate under flight conditions at an altitude of 23 km and a speed corresponding to Mach number 5.8. Optimization methodologies were applied to the compression section of the model to ensure the required temperature and Mach number conditions at the combustion chamber entrance for the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen fuel, as well as to the expansion section to meet the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. In the aerodynamic analysis, both analytical and numerical approaches were considered for cases without fuel injection and with fuel burning, treating air as a calorically perfect gas without viscous effects. In the structural analysis, only the case with fuel burning was evaluated due to its higher structural demands. Additionally, cases with different plate thicknesses (6 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, and 2.5 mm) were considered, and the components of the scramjet consisted of Stainless Steel 304 (beams and ribs), Aluminum 7075 (side panels and ramps), Inconel 718, or Tungsten (leading edges and combustion chamber entrance). The results of the aerodynamic numerical simulation demonstrated that the designed scramjet was capable of meeting both on-lip and on-corner shock conditions, ensuring maximum atmospheric air capture. In the structural numerical simulation, for sheets thicker than 2.5 mm, the maximum equivalent von Mises stress in the structure was lower than the yield stress of the materials used, indicating that the deformations were within the elastic regime and thus reversible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 4","pages":"1025 - 1052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Flow Past a Three-Element Wing: Mean Flow and Turbulent Statistics","authors":"Ricard Montalà, Oriol Lehmkuhl, Ivette Rodriguez","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00566-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-024-00566-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large eddy simulations (LES) on the flow past the 30P30N three-element high-lift wing at a moderate Reynolds number <span>(Re_c=750,000)</span> and three different angles of attack <span>(alpha =5)</span>, 9 and <span>(23^circ )</span> are conducted. The main focus is on the time-averaged statistics of the turbulent flow. The form drag noticeably increases with the angle of attack, while viscous drag remains roughly constant and contributes minimally to the total drag. This is associated with the significant pressure peaks found in the main element with increasing angles of attack and hence, the development of stronger adverse pressure gradients. At <span>(alpha =23^circ )</span>, this leads to the development of a prominent wake downstream this element that eventually evolves into a visible recirculation region above the flap, indicating the onset of stall conditions. In the flap, strong adverse pressure gradients are observed at small angles of attack instead, i.e., <span>(alpha =5)</span> and <span>(9^circ )</span>. This is attributed to the flap’s deflection angle with respect to the main wing, which causes a small separation of the boundary layer as the flow approaches the trailing edge. At the stall angle of attack, i.e., <span>(alpha =23^circ )</span>, the spread of the main element wake maintains attached the flow near the flap wall, thus mitigating the pressure gradient there and preventing the flow to undergo separation. The shear layers developed on the slat and main coves are also analysed, with the slat shear layer showing more prominence. In the slat, its size and intensity noticeably decrease with the angle of attack as the stagnation point moves towards the slat cusp. Conversely, the size of the shear layer developed in the main element cavity remains approximately constant regardless of the angle of attack. At the lower angles of attack, i.e., <span>(alpha =5)</span> and <span>(9^circ )</span>, the development of the shear layer is anticipated by the turbulent separation of the flow along the pressure side of the main wing, leading to increased levels of turbulence downstream. At the higher angle of attack, i.e., <span>(alpha =23^circ )</span>, the shear layer is originated by the cavity separation and transition to turbulence occurs within the cavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jet Installation Noise Modelling for Round and Chevron Jets","authors":"Hussain A. Abid,&nbsp;Annabel P. Markesteijn,&nbsp;Sergey A. Karabasov,&nbsp;Hasan Kamliya Jawahar,&nbsp;Mahdi Azarpeyvand","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00559-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00559-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wall-Modelled Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are conducted using a high-resolution CABARET method, accelerated on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), for a canonical configuration that includes a flat plate within the linear hydrodynamic region of a single-stream jet. This configuration was previously investigated through experiments at the University of Bristol. The simulations investigate jets at acoustic Mach numbers of 0.5 and 0.9, focusing on two types of nozzle geometries: round and chevron nozzles. These nozzles are scaled-down versions (3:1 scale) of NASA’s SMC000 and SMC006 nozzles. The parameters from the LES, including flow and noise solutions, are validated by comparison with experimental data. Notably, the mean flow velocity and turbulence distribution are compared with NASA’s PIV measurements. Additionally, the near-field and far-field pressure spectra are evaluated in comparison with data from the Bristol experiments. For far-field noise predictions, a range of techniques are employed, ranging from the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) method in both permeable and impermeable control surface formulations, to the trailing edge scattering model by Lyu and Dowling, which is based on the Amiet trailing edge noise theory. The permeable control surface FW–H solution, incorporating all jet mixing and installation noise sources, is within 2 dB of the experimental data across most frequencies and observer angles for all considered jet cases. Moreover, the impermeable control surface FW–H solution, accounting for some quadrupole noise contributions, proves adequate for accurate noise spectra predictions across all frequencies at larger observer angles. The implemented edge-scattering model successfully captures the mechanism of low-frequency sound amplification, dominant at low frequencies and high observer angles. Furthermore, this mechanism is shown to be effectively consistent for both <span>(M=0.5)</span> and <span>(M=0.9)</span>, and for jets from both round and chevron nozzles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 3","pages":"827 - 852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10494-024-00559-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-Film Coupling in Prefilming Airblast Atomisers and the Implications for Subsequent Atomisation","authors":"Jack R. J. Wetherell,&nbsp;Andrew Garmory","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00565-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00565-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prefilming airblast atomisers are commonly used in gas turbine combustion system fuel injectors. As the film propagates across the prefilmer it interacts with the high velocity gas stream above it. In this paper a numerical investigation into this interaction is presented. A Coupled Level Set &amp; Volume of Fluid method is used to simulate the development of the film along the KIT-ITS planar prefilmer (Gepperth et al., in: 23rd European conference on liquid atomization and spray systems (ILASS-Europe 2010), Brno, Czech Republic, September, 2010). Initial results showed the importance of correctly specifying the contact angle as too high a value leads to the formation of rivulets instead of a continuous film. An analysis of the film and air showed two-way coupling. The presence of the film increases the growth rate of the gas phase boundary layer, and the strength and size of the turbulent structures within it. Surface waves form in the film, initially driven by the turbulent fluctuations, but developing into transverse waves. These waves are shown to be independent, stochastic events instead of a periodic wave system. At the trailing edge of the prefilmer the increased turbulence level in the air, the variations in the film thickness and the associated change in fuel mass flow and momentum will have large implications for the atomisation process and subsequent fuel spray. These will also impact simulation of the atomisation, as the boundary condition complexity is much greater than commonly used, and the variations will require larger domains and longer simulation times to obtain fully converged atomisation statistics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 4","pages":"975 - 1002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10494-024-00565-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141530109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structures of Laminar Lean Premixed H2/CH4/Air Polyhedral Flames: Effects of Flow Velocity, H2 Content and Equivalence Ratio","authors":"Shuguo Shi,&nbsp;Adrian Breicher,&nbsp;Robin Schultheis,&nbsp;Sandra Hartl,&nbsp;Robert S. Barlow,&nbsp;Dirk Geyer,&nbsp;Andreas Dreizler","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00561-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00561-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyhedral Bunsen flames, induced by hydrodynamic and thermo-diffusive instabilities, are characterized by periodic trough and cusp cellular structures along the conical flame front. In this study, the effects of flow velocity, hydrogen content, and equivalence ratio on the internal cellular structure of premixed fuel-lean hydrogen/methane/air polyhedral flames are experimentally investigated. A high-spatial-resolution one-dimensional Raman/Rayleigh scattering system is employed to measure the internal scalar structures of polyhedral flames in troughs and cusps. Planar laser-induced fluorescence of hydroxyl radicals and chemiluminescence imaging measurements are used to quantify the flame front morphology. In the experiments, stationary polyhedral flames with varying flow velocities from 1.65 to 2.50 m/s, hydrogen contents from 50 to 83%, and equivalence ratios from 0.53 to 0.64 are selected and measured. The results indicate that the positively curved troughs exhibit significantly higher hydrogen mole fractions and local equivalence ratios compared to the negatively curved cusps, due to the respective focusing/defocusing effect of trough/cusp structure on highly diffusive hydrogen. The hydrogen mole fraction and local equivalence ratio differences between troughs and cusps are first increased and then decreased with increasing measurement height from 5 to 13 mm, due to the three-dimensional effect of the flame front. With increasing flow velocity from 1.65 to 2.50 m/s, the hydrogen mole fraction and local equivalence ratio differences between troughs and cusps decrease, which is attributed to the overall decreasing curvatures in troughs and cusps due to the decreased residence time and increased velocity-induced strain. With increasing hydrogen content from 50 to 83%, the hydrogen mole fraction and local equivalence ratio differences between troughs and cusps are amplified, due to the enhanced effects of the flame front curvature and the differential diffusion of hydrogen. With increasing equivalence ratio from 0.53 to 0.64, a clear increasing trend in hydrogen mole fraction and equivalence ratio differences between troughs and cusps is observed at constant flow velocity condition, which is a trade-off result between increasing effective Lewis number and increasing curvatures in troughs and cusps.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 4","pages":"1081 - 1110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10494-024-00561-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in Flow Control and Drag Reduction","authors":"Kwing-So Choi,&nbsp;Davide Gatti,&nbsp;Iraj Mortazavi","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00557-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00557-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Cost Recurrent and Asymptotically Unbiased Estimators of Statistical Uncertainty on Averaged Fields for DNS and LES","authors":"Margaux Boxho,&nbsp;Thomas Toulorge,&nbsp;Michel Rasquin,&nbsp;Grégory Dergham,&nbsp;Koen Hillewaert","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00556-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00556-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of fundamental flow studies, experimental databases are expected to provide uncertainty margins on the measured quantities. With the rapid increase in available computational power and the development of high-resolution fluid simulation techniques, Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation are increasingly used in synergy with experiments to provide a complementary view. Moreover, they can access statistical moments of the flow variables for the development, calibration, and validation of turbulence models. In this context, the quantification of statistical errors is also essential for numerical studies. Reliable estimation of these errors poses two challenges. The first challenge is the very large amount of data: the simulation can provide a large number of quantities of interest (typically about 180 quantities) over the entire domain (typically 100 million to 10 billion of degrees of freedom per equation). Ideally, one would like to quantify the error for each quantity at any point in the flow field. However, storing a long-term sequence of signals from many quantities over the entire domain for a posteriori evaluation is prohibitively expensive. The second challenge is the short time step required to resolve turbulent flows with DNS and LES. As a direct consequence, consecutive samples within the time series are highly correlated. To overcome both challenges, a novel economical co-processing approach to estimate statistical errors is proposed, based on a recursive formula and the rolling storage of short-time signals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 2","pages":"331 - 361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141196563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the Flow Conditions and Primary Atomization of an Air-Core-Liquid-Ring (ACLR) Atomizer Using a Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Approach","authors":"Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martínez,&nbsp;Deisy Becerra,&nbsp;Volker Gaukel","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00555-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00555-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Air-Core-Liquid-Ring atomizer is a pioneering internal-mixing pneumatic atomization technique designed for energy-efficient spray drying of highly viscous liquid feeds with substantial solid contents. However, it can suffer internal flow instabilities, which may lead to spray droplets with a wide variation in diameter. Experimental investigation of how flow conditions mechanistically determine the resulting droplet sizes is hindered by high velocities near the nozzle outlet. Therefore, this study addressed the issue by implementing a numerical model, employing a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with adaptive mesh refinement, to simulate the breakup of the liquid into ligaments and droplets. Additionally, Large Eddy Simulation was incorporated to replicate turbulent flow conditions observed in experiments. The numerical model demonstrated significant improvement in predicting liquid film thickness, compared to previous work. Additionally, the simulated droplet size distributions mirrored experimental trends, shifting to smaller sizes as pressure increased. Unfortunately, while reduced, there is a persistent underestimation of the lamella thickness and the droplet sizes at 0.2 MPa. In spite of this, the fact that the error propagates between the two phenomena underscores the effective coupling between Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 2","pages":"437 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10494-024-00555-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Expression of Concern: A New Divergence Free Synthetic Eddy Method for the Reproduction of Inlet Flow Conditions for LES","authors":"R. Poletto,&nbsp;T. Craft,&nbsp;A. Revell","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00548-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00548-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 2","pages":"535 - 535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142413075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Prediction of the Flow in Cylindrical Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles Using a Transitional Model","authors":"Sebastian Weiss,&nbsp;Bodo Mickan,&nbsp;Jiri Polansky,&nbsp;Kilian Oberleithner,&nbsp;Markus Bär,&nbsp;Sonja Schmelter","doi":"10.1007/s10494-024-00553-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-024-00553-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Critical flow Venturi nozzles (CFVNs) are a state-of-the-art secondary standard widely used for gas flow measurements with high precision. The flow rate correlates with the type and thickness of the boundary layer (BL) inside the nozzle throat. In the cylindrical type—one of the two standard designs of CFVNs—the nozzle throat encompasses a defined axial length in which the BL develops. This numerical study is concerned with the BL effects in a cylindrical CFVN by means of two turbulence models. Compared to experimental data, the <i>k</i>-<span>(omega)</span> SST model predicts the discharge coefficient well for high and low Reynolds numbers, but not in the intermediate regime. The <span>(gamma)</span>-<span>(Re_{theta })</span> model, on the contrary, agrees well with experimental data in the entire flow range. Relevant quantities and profiles of the BL are separately investigated in the laminar, turbulent, and transitional region. The calculated laminar and turbulent BL thicknesses correspond to predictions based on integral methods for solving the BL equations. Simple representations are proposed for the Zagarola-Smits scaled laminar and turbulent deficit BL profiles removing the effects of axial position, Reynolds number, and pressure gradient. Furthermore, the shape factor is investigated as a characteristic parameter for determining the transitional region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 2","pages":"363 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10494-024-00553-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141060758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}