{"title":"Tipping time in a stochastic phosphorus dynamics model","authors":"Anji Yang, Tingting Yu, Tonghua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2025.109779","url":null,"abstract":"Abrupt transitions between oligotrophic and eutrophic states have been observed in shallow lakes, yet the mechanisms underlying these transitions remain poorly understood. To investigate the evolution of a lake from an oligotrophic state to a eutrophic state and to determine the tipping time associated with this transition, we propose a probabilistic framework that characterizes the maximum likelihood transition path between the two states. We derive analytical expressions and numerical methods to calculate the maximum likelihood trajectories. Subsequently, we utilize the maximal likelihood trajectory to ascertain tipping times for the most probable transitions from oligotrophic to eutrophic states. Our findings indicate that increasing environmental stochasticity is associated with reduced tipping times, thereby promoting the eutrophication of lakes. Furthermore, tipping time serves as an effective metric for assessing the stability of the oligotrophic state; we posit that a shorter tipping time correlates with greater instability within the oligotrophic state.","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The stability of Runge–Kutta spectral volume methods for 1-D linear hyperbolic equations with constant coefficients","authors":"Di Lei, Huiyan Li, Jing Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on proving the stability of the Runge–Kutta spectral volume (RKSV) scheme for solving one-dimensional equations, with a specific analysis of the Radau spectral volume (RRSV) and Gauss–Legendre spectral volume (LSV) schemes. By comparing the similarities and discrepancies between the Runge–Kutta spectral volume (RKSV) and Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) schemes, we transform the stability analysis of the RKSV scheme into that of the RKDG scheme-an approach that already possesses a well-established theoretical analysis basis. Our key findings reveal two critical results: first, the Runge–Kutta Radau spectral volume (RKRRSV) scheme is entirely equivalent to the RKDG scheme; second, under the framework of a newly defined norm, the Runge–Kutta Gauss–Legendre spectral volume (RKLSV) scheme yields stability results identical to those of the RKDG scheme. Furthermore, numerical experiments are conducted to validate both the stability and optimal convergence properties of the RKSV scheme, providing empirical support for its theoretical conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact Darboux transformation and multi-pole magnetic waves within a higher-order Heisenberg ferromagnetic model","authors":"Xi-Hu Wu , Run-Fa Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spin waves, as charge-free collective excitations of electron spins, are fundamental to the development of energy-efficient spintronic devices and wave-based computing. This Letter investigates a higher-order Heisenberg ferromagnetic model characterizing the dynamics of the magnetic vector in isotropic ferromagnetism. We construct a direct <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>-fold Darboux transformation (DT) and a generalized <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>-fold DT in the compact determinant forms, which enhance the efficiency of obtaining rogue wave, multiple, multi-pole and mixed solutions for the nonlinear systems within the Heisenberg ferromagnetic hierarchy. Those results also help provide a mathematical framework for exploring complex spin wave interactions in ferromagnetic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Wang , Juntao Sun , Sofiane Khoutir , Han-Su Zhang
{"title":"Multiple normalized solutions for non-autonomous Kirchhoff equations with mass-subcritical nonlinearity in R3","authors":"Rui Wang , Juntao Sun , Sofiane Khoutir , Han-Su Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we are concerned with the multiplicity of normalized solutions for a class of Kirchhoff equations with the nonlinearity <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ɛ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span> in <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>p</mi><mo><</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>. We explore the relationship between the number of solutions and the shape of the weight function <span><math><mi>h</mi></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asynchronous exponential growth for a size-structured population model of Daphnia with delayed birth process","authors":"Dongxue Yan , Xinyu Bai , Yu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using semigroup theories and spectral analysis methods, this paper shows that the solutions of a Daphnia population model with size structure and delayed birth process exhibit asynchronous exponential growth under some conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blowup of solutions for compressible viscoelastic fluid","authors":"Na Wang , Sébastien Boyaval , Yuxi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We prove finite-time blowup of classical solutions for the compressible Upper Convective Maxwell (UCM) viscoelastic fluid system. By establishing a key energy identity and adapting Sideris’ method for compressible flows, we derive a Riccati-type inequality for a momentum functional. For initial data with compactly supported perturbations satisfying a sufficiently large condition, all classical solutions lose regularity in finite time. This constitutes the first rigorous blowup result for multidimensional compressible viscoelastic fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Legendre-based model order reduction method for solving convection–diffusion equations with variable coefficients","authors":"Zhiyuan Xing , Yanpeng Li , Xiufang Feng , Yaolin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A model order reduction method based on shifted Legendre polynomials for solving convection–diffusion equations with variable coefficients is presented in this paper. The ordinary differential system of the convection–diffusion equation is obtained by finite element discretization procedure. Then, approximating the system state via shifted Legendre polynomials, the reduced-order system is produced, which can be solved efficiently to obtain the numerical solution. Error analysis is presented, and numerical examples are used to verify the feasibility of the presented method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamics analysis of a stochastic regime-switching transmission model with governmental policy","authors":"Hongjie Fan , Kai Wang , Yanling Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we propose and investigate a stochastic SEQIR epidemic model with Markovian regime-switching. Governmental policies and their implementation efficiency are incorporated by a generalized incidence function of the susceptible class. Using the Lyapunov method, we illustrate the existence and uniqueness of the globally positive solution to the stochastic model. Furthermore, we also analyze the dynamical behaviors of the disease, and derive sufficient conditions for its extinction and persistence in mean. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to verify the theoretical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inconsistent tensor-tensor product for low-rank tensor factorization","authors":"Sheng Liu, Xi-Le Zhao, Qin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tensor-tensor product (t-product) is a fundamental operation in tensor decomposition, enabling effective modeling of interactions between third-order tensors. However, the classical t-product is restricted by the fact that the two factors must have the same third-mode dimension, limiting its flexibility and expressiveness. To break this restriction, we introduce an inconsistent tensor-tensor product (it-product), which allows tensors with inconsistent third-mode dimensions to interact with each other while still respecting the algebraic structure of classical t-product. Equipped with the proposed it-product, we develop an it-product-based low-rank tensor factorization and suggest a unified model for tensor completion and tensor compression. To address the resulting nonconvex optimization problem, we build a proximal alternating minimization (PAM)-based algorithm. We further provide a theoretical convergence analysis, showing that the sequence generated by the algorithm converges to a critical point of the objective function under certain conditions. Numerical experiments on real-world datasets have been conducted to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method over existing baselines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wronskian solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional Wazwaz–Kaur–Boussinesq equation","authors":"Tao Xu, Yaonan Shan","doi":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aml.2025.109769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The (<span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>)-dimensional Wazwaz–Kaur–Boussinesq equation, which always describe shallow water wave interactions, is researched by the Wronskian technique. To guarantee the Wronskian determinant solves the objective equation in Hirota bilinear form, we construct some sufficient conditions consisting of linear differential equations. Based on the received Wronskian conditions, the general Wronskian solutions can be successfully derived. Choosing the matrix in the Wronskian conditions as diagonal or Jordan forms, three kinds of exact solutions including <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>-bright, <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>-dark solitons and rational solutions are skillfully reduced from the resulted general solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55497,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mathematics Letters","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 109769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}