{"title":"A Proposed Measurement Technique for in Situ Radiated Emissions Precompliance of Electric Vehicle","authors":"Arief Rufiyanto;Gamantyo Hendrantoro;Eko Setijadi","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3568544","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3568544","url":null,"abstract":"In order to accommodate the size of an electric car, radiation emission (RE) testing for electric vehicles is typically carried out prior to compliance in an EMC chamber longer than ten meters and including a big entry door. Due to a shortage of testing facilities in some countries, makers of electric automobiles or electric vehicle modules find it challenging to conduct RE testing in an EMC chamber as required by current norms and regulations. This study proposes an in situ precompliance testing method for electric vehicle RE testing. The method considers the distance in the EMC chamber and the height of the antenna, as per CISPR 25 and CISPR 36. The device under test is an autonomous electric vehicle for pushing, pulling, or hauling freight. Radiated emission measurements were conducted in the 15–30 MHz frequency range. The proposed in situ measurement method has a confidence level of 89%–93.7% for 1 m distance measurements and 87.8%–93.7% for 3 m distance measurements, meeting CISPR 36 standards. This approach addresses the scarcity of EMC testing facilities in certain countries.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 4","pages":"1035-1043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel Single-Stage Absorptive Common-Mode Filters (A-CMFs) Unit With Sandwiched Matching Components","authors":"Yi-Hao Ma;Cheng-Pan Huang;Da-Wei Wang;Shuai Zhang;Wen-Sheng Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3570962","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3570962","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel single-stage absorptive common-mode filter (A-CMF) unit with sandwiched matching components is proposed. Compared with traditional single-stage A-CMFs whose absorption band is usually single and narrow, high-performance bidirectional A-CMFs can be achieved by using the proposed single-stage unit. For the first time, dual-band and second-order single-stage A-CMFs are developed. In the design of dual-band A-CMF, a prototype is fabricated and tested, and the experimental results demonstrate that the developed dual-band A-CMF achieves two absorption bands (1.32–1.66 GHz and 2.88–3.10 GHz). To further increase the absorption band, a band-enhanced A-CMF is developed by cascading the designed dual-band single-stage A-CMF with extra absorption stages. In the design of second-order single-stage A-CMF, a double-layer vias connected asymmetrical coplanar strip is proposed to realize a low characteristic impedance transmission line. The fabricated prototype achieves a 95% absorption ratio from 2.20 to 2.82 GHz.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 4","pages":"1182-1191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144201806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active Power Factor Correction Converter Model for Harmonic Analysis in Common Mode and Differential Mode","authors":"Amin Gholizad;Jan Desmet;Jos Knockaert","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3559306","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3559306","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the frequency spectral characteristics of a simplified active power factor correction (APFC) converter. The proposed model is developed to predict harmonics present in both common mode and differential mode of the APFC converter up to 150 kHz. The proposed model is verified through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. Both simulation and model are validated by experiments. The findings in this study can contribute significantly to understand the behavior of both harmonics and supraharmonics in APFC systems and aid in designing effective filters for mitigating their negative effects on both low frequency and high frequency power quality.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"1016-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10978890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto Gascón Bravo;Luis Manuel Diaz Angulo;Ferran Silva;Marcos Quílez;Kenan Tekbaş;Salvador G. García
{"title":"Hybridization of Multiconductor Transmission Line Solver With Circuit Solver Ngspice to Treat Line Interconnections and Terminations","authors":"Alberto Gascón Bravo;Luis Manuel Diaz Angulo;Ferran Silva;Marcos Quílez;Kenan Tekbaş;Salvador G. García","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560361","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560361","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the hybridization of a multiconductor transmission line (MTL) solver, implemented using the finite-difference time-domain method, with the circuit solver ngspice to treat the terminations and interconnections of transmission lines. Transient analysis and crosstalk in MTLs have been widely studied, but the line terminations and the connections between lines are mostly restricted to lumped resistors, inductors and capacitors (RLC) components. However, realistic systems, such as power distribution or communication systems, typically involve more complex and a priori unknown connections. By integrating the MTL solver with a circuit solver, the proposed approach enables the inclusion of any component for which a circuit model can be written or already exists, i.e., dispersive elements, such as ferrites, and electronic components, such as diodes, amplifiers, or transistors. This capability makes it possible to simulate the MTL networks with complex, including nonlinear, terminations and interconnections modeled by circuits. The proposed method is validated through comparison with experimental laboratory measurements.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"931-939"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10978881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data-Driven Topology Design for Conductor Layout Problem of Electromagnetic Interference Filter","authors":"Duanyutian Zhou;Katsuya Nomura;Shintaro Yamasaki","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3558260","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3558260","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters are used to reduce electromagnetic noise. It is well known that the performance of an EMI filter in reducing electromagnetic noise largely depends on its conductor layout. Therefore, if a conductor layout optimization method with a high degree of freedom is realized, then a drastic performance improvement is expected. Although there are a few design methods based on topology optimization for this purpose, these methods have some difficulties originating from topology optimization. In this article, we, therefore, propose a conductor layout design method for EMI filters on the basis of data-driven topology design (DDTD), which is a high degree of freedom structural design methodology incorporating a deep generative model and data-driven approach. DDTD was proposed to overcome the intrinsic difficulties of topology optimization, and we consider it suitable for the conductor layout design problem of EMI filters. One significant challenge in applying DDTD to the conductor layout design problem is maintaining the topology of the circuit diagram during the solution search. For this purpose, we propose a simple yet efficient constraint. We further provide numerical examples to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"872-883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulation and Measurement Based Study of the Asymptotic Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Shielding Effectiveness for Board Level Applications","authors":"Pavithrakrishnan Radhakrishnan;Lirim Koraqi;Alvaro Camacho Mora;Tim Claeys;Johan Catrysse;Davy Pissoort","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560739","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560739","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the application of different types of sources to characterize board level electric and magnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) within the frequency range of 10 MHz–10 GHz is investigated. Our primary focus is on characterizing practical SE values for board level shields (BLSs) using the SAE ARP 6248 stripline method, which was originally designed for on-board gaskets. Various on-board sources and the corresponding SE of a BLS are elucidated to gauge their performance in the near-field region, particularly considering the close proximity between the shields and on-board sources. Our investigation integrates both 3-D modeling using the finite-difference-time-domain solver and measurements. In addition, the shielding performance of a BLS based on total radiated power (TRP) is studied in 3-D modeling to provide a comparison with the stripline method. It is shown that there is a correlation between wave impedance and SE of BLSs, which helps discern the nature of the on-board sources, i.e., asymptotic behavior of electric and magnetic sources. Notably, the numerical simulation study demonstrates a good level of agreement between the stripline method and the method based on TRP. Finally, validation through practical laboratory experiments using the stripline method confirms a significant alignment between the measured and simulated SE values.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"862-871"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Damage Effects and Protection on Low-Noise Amplifiers Under High-Power Microwaves","authors":"Zekang Huang;Yang Zhang;Xingjun Ge","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560618","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560618","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the impact of high-power microwaves (HPM) on low-noise amplifiers (LNA) and protective measures. It begins by discussing the predominant types of LNA, followed by an examination of experimental methodologies and advancements in understanding HPM's effects on LNA. The article systematically organizes the phenomena related to HPM interference and damage, as well as explores the mechanisms underlying these effects. Specifically, it analyzes how parameters such as pulsewidth, repetition frequency, and carrier frequency influence the damage threshold. To address existing gaps in current research, potential directions for future investigation and development are proposed. Furthermore, recent advancements in protective strategies for LNA are discussed, including limiter technologies and transistor designs specifically engineered to mitigate HPM threats. This article aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and engineers striving to enhance the resilience of LNA in high-power environments.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"842-853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Panagiotis K. Papastamatis;Eleni P. Nicolopoulou;Christos A. Christodoulou;Ioannis F. Gonos
{"title":"Operator Influence on IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Waveforms: A Study and Ferrite-Based Replication Proposal","authors":"Panagiotis K. Papastamatis;Eleni P. Nicolopoulou;Christos A. Christodoulou;Ioannis F. Gonos","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560614","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3560614","url":null,"abstract":"A key update featured in the upcoming revision of the IEC 61000-4-2 standard in 2025 is the introduction of a new waveform parameter, regulating further the second peak of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) current pulse. In this context, the operator influence on the waveform was investigated and quantified via an uncertainty analysis, concluding on a notable distortion of the waveform and particularly of the new parameter, which affects ESD testing reproducibility. To address this, a novel ferrite-based reproducible solution for replicating the operator influence based on an evaluation ranking methodology for different ferrite types and clamping locations on the grounding cable is presented in this study. The proposed approach is a generator-specific evaluation procedure utilizing weighted metrics ranking that can be beneficial for ESD generator manufacturers and testing laboratories. The method can be applied both during calibration to improve consistency with real testing conditions and during automated testing to increase intermethodology and interlaboratory reproducibility.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"739-750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erjon Ballukja;Karol Niewiadomski;Patrick Koch;Jacek Bojarski;Paul Evans;Niek Moonen;Mark Sumner;David W. P. Thomas
{"title":"A Pearson's Random Walk Method of Estimating the Electromagnetic Emissions of $N$ Parallel Connected Power Electronic Converters","authors":"Erjon Ballukja;Karol Niewiadomski;Patrick Koch;Jacek Bojarski;Paul Evans;Niek Moonen;Mark Sumner;David W. P. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3556297","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3556297","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a Pearson's random walk approach for modelling the electromagnetic emissions of <inline-formula><tex-math>$N$</tex-math></inline-formula> parallel connected power electronic converters. For the first time, a methodology that enables testing the random walk approach is presented. This methodology is validated in two ways: firstly, via simulations of a simplified setup consisting of 8 half-bridge power electronic converters. Secondly, it is validated with the use of an experimental setup consisting of 3 dc/dc converters. The verification is done in the complex domain, as well as by comparing the magnitude of the common mode current via the theoretical cumulative distribution function and the empirical cumulative distribution function. Finally, the probability of electromagnetic interference reduction at a specific harmonic of the switching frequency is derived.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"1004-1015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}