Ahmed Abdullah;Francesco Musolino;Paolo Stefano Crovetti
{"title":"Detection and Suppression of Intentional EMI Attacks to Smart Speakers","authors":"Ahmed Abdullah;Francesco Musolino;Paolo Stefano Crovetti","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3490953","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3490953","url":null,"abstract":"A new digital technique to detect and suppress intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) attacks on smart speakers (SSs) without disrupting their nominal operation during the attack is proposed in this article. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by experiments on a proof-of-concept SS prototype equipped with an artificial intelligence speech recognition algorithm. Thanks to the proposed suppression technique, the power of malicious signal in the audio band is suppressed by 19 dB, thus effectively preventing the execution of malicious commands in more than 99.6% of the cases under IEMI attacks of up to 5 dBm injected RF power in 10–100 MHz bandwidth. Under the same test conditions, the proposed detection technique, operating independently from the suppression method, makes it possible to successfully identify IEMI attacks in more than 99.8% of the cases. Experimental results also show the proper recognition of nominal commands while IEMI attacks are performed.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 2","pages":"545-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142670531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Importance of the Mathematical Formulation to Get PINNs Working","authors":"Brahim El Mokhtari;Cédric Chauviere;Pierre Bonnet","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3490699","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3490699","url":null,"abstract":"Physics-informed neural networks are a powerful approach that combines deep learning with physical principles to solve complex problems. However, like any method, they do have some drawbacks. The first one is hyperparameter sensitivity such as learning rates, network architectures, and activation functions. Many researchers have devoted their time and energy to design efficient neural network models by searching optimal hyperparameters. In this article, we follow another path by showing that the mathematical formulation of the problem to be solved, has a critical influence on the performance of the model. Electrostatic examples illustrate this.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"2142-2149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A PEEC-Based Fast Direct Solver for Interconnect L&R Extraction","authors":"Pei Wang;Yongpin Chen;Xiaofeng Que;Jun Hu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3485887","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3485887","url":null,"abstract":"A fast direct solver based on the partial element equivalent circuit is proposed for extracting the parasitic inductance and resistance of high-speed interconnects in free space. By adopting the magnetoquasistatic assumption, an equivalent circuit model for thin conductors is first constructed, where the negligible displacement current is eliminated. To lower computation costs, the mesh analysis method is then introduced to transform the system matrix of the modified nodal analysis into a compact formulation. Consequently, a hierarchically off-diagonal low-rank matrix format is applied to the resulting matrix for efficient compression and inversion. A sorting strategy is also developed to address the compression challenges posed by multiple zero matrix elements, a common occurrence due to the geometric characteristics of interconnects. The proposed method offers a solution for large and multiport interconnect problems with high accuracy, enhanced efficiency, and reduced memory requirements.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"332-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation on the Effect of HPM Pulse Width and Repetition Frequency on the AAV","authors":"Zhao Zhang;Yang Zhou;Yang Zhang;Baoliang Qian","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3492541","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3492541","url":null,"abstract":"High-power microwave (HPM) affects the normal operation of electronic devices or systems, and the effects are related to the parameters of the microwave pulse. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies on the effect of HPM pulse width and repetition frequency on the autonomous aerial vehicles (AAV) system. The mechanism of the effect of pulse width and repetition frequency on the electromagnetic coupling of electronic systems is unclear. For this reason, this article takes the typical AAV system as the example and investigates the effect of C-band HPM pulse width and repetition frequency on it. HPM irradiation tests on the AAV are carried out and it is found that the GPS receiver, datalink and flight control module are susceptible to be affected and fail to operate normally. In addition, the test results show that the probability of the sensitive device being affected increases with the increase of pulse width and repetition frequency. Moreover, a simulation study of the flight control module subjected to HPM irradiation is conducted and it is found that voltage pulses can be coupled to the cable connected to the flight control circuits, which may affect the normal operation of the circuits. In order to further investigate the mechanism of the effect of pulse width and repetition frequency, an equivalent circuit model is established. It is observed that the voltage across sensitive device loads increases with wider interference signal pulse and higher repetition frequency. This leads to the devices being more susceptible, which is consistent with the test results.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 2","pages":"530-537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Yan;Wei Zhang;Sajjad Sadeghi;Mehdi Gholizadeh;David J. Pommerenke;Daryl G. Beetner
{"title":"Mechanisms for Unwanted Magnetic Field Coupling to a Shielded Magnetic Near-Field Probe","authors":"Xin Yan;Wei Zhang;Sajjad Sadeghi;Mehdi Gholizadeh;David J. Pommerenke;Daryl G. Beetner","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486170","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486170","url":null,"abstract":"Unwanted field coupling is a major concern when using magnetic near-field probes for high-frequency scanning. The unwanted coupling of the tangential electric field to a tangential magnetic field probe has been studied extensively. This article shows a second unwanted coupling mechanism: coupling from a vertical magnetic field. The standing wave of a shorted pure TEM microstrip in air is utilized to separate the magnetic and electric field coupling. Simulations show that the eddy currents induced within the probe by the vertical magnetic field couple inductively to the pickup loop if the layer stack up is not symmetric. The unwanted magnetic field coupling mechanism is validated through both simulation and measurement. Two improved designs are proposed to mitigate the impact.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler C. Bowman;Thomas Kmieciak;Laura B. Biedermann
{"title":"Nanosecond Transient Validation of Surge Arrester Models to Predict Electromagnetic Pulse Response","authors":"Tyler C. Bowman;Thomas Kmieciak;Laura B. Biedermann","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486980","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486980","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse events on the electric grid is not fully understood, and validated modeling of mitigations, such as lightning surge arresters (LSAs) is necessary to predict the propagation of very fast transients on the grid. Experimental validation of high frequency models for surge arresters is an active area of research. This article serves to experimentally validate a previously defined ZnO LSA model using four metal-oxide varistor pucks and nanosecond scale pulses to measure voltage and current responses. The SPICE circuit models of the pucks showed good predictability when compared to the measured arrester response when accounting for a testbed inductance of approximately 100 nH. Additionally, the comparatively high capacitance of low-profile arresters show a favorable response to high-speed transients that indicates the potential for effective electromagnetic pulse mitigation with future materials design.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"286-294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142601268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zihao Ning;Mengmeng Li;Jihong Gu;Dazhi Ding;Chao-Fu Wang
{"title":"Characteristic Mode-Based Resonance Model for Analyzing and Designing Reconfigurable Frequency-Selective Surfaces","authors":"Zihao Ning;Mengmeng Li;Jihong Gu;Dazhi Ding;Chao-Fu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486544","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486544","url":null,"abstract":"A novel resonance model is formulated to evaluate the resonance properties of frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) using characteristic modes (CMs). This CM-based resonance model, derived from the Poynting theorem, extends its application to accommodate reconfigurable frequency-selective surfaces (RFSSs) by integrating the equivalent circuit of diodes into the impedance matrix of the method of moments. The model not only provides a well-defined physical interpretation with the CMs but also enhances the analysis and design process of FSSs through insightful field perspectives. To illustrate the proposed CM-based resonance model, we exemplify band-stop and band-pass properties using two types of dipole structures, where the substructure impedance matrix transformation is used to account for the interelements coupling. The model is validated through comprehensive full-wave simulation results. Next, a single-layer triband RFSS is further designed with the aid of the formulated model. Prototypes are fabricated and subjected to measurements, revealing good agreement between simulations and experimental results. The confirmed usefulness in guiding the RFSS design of the proposed resonance model is expected to be of potential application in EMI shielding.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"117-127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Efficient Surface Integral Equation-Method of Moments for Analysis of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of a Perforated Isotropic and Lossy Enclosure","authors":"Mona Kalantari;Seyed Hossein Hesamedin Sadeghi","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486209","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3486209","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we introduce an efficient method of moments (MoM) to evaluate the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of a perforated, isotropic, and lossy enclosure. Initially, we delineate the various homogeneous regions within the enclosure. Utilizing the surface equivalence theorem, we replace the interfaces between adjacent regions with appropriate electric and magnetic current densities, adhering to boundary conditions. The resulting surface integral equations (SIEs) are then numerically solved for the unknown current densities using the Galerkin-MoM. This process involves the inversion of a block impedance matrix with relatively modest size and condition number in each block, achieved through a block-inversion technique that significantly reduces computational demands. Notably, there are no restrictions on the number, location, size, or shape of apertures. The method's efficiency and precision are substantiated by comparing the results from several case studies against those obtained using the existing methods in the literature and a commercially available SIE code. It is demonstrated that the shielding effectiveness is profoundly influenced by the operating frequency, loss tangent, wall thickness, and aperture size due to attenuation in the wall thickness, reflections at the wall surfaces, and multiple internal reflections.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 1","pages":"99-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating the Perception Threshold of Electrostimulation and Heating for Radiofrequency Contact Current","authors":"Sachiko Kodera;Shoya Kimura;Shintaro Uehara;Akiko Yuasa;Kazuki Ushizawa;Yohei Otaka;Akimasa Hirata","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3483168","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3483168","url":null,"abstract":"Radiofrequency contact current occurs when a human touches objects with different electrical potentials. For emerging wireless power transfer systems, this type of exposure is potentially more restrictive than direct exposure. The limits for contact current are prescribed in the international guidelines for human protection from electromagnetic fields, but its rationale is limited compared with that for direct field exposure. In this article, the perceptional threshold for electrostimulation and heating was evaluated based on computational dosimetry from 10 kHz to 10 MHz. First, the time course of the temperature rise was calculated until each subject perceived the contact current. Second, the perception of current was estimated considering the nerve activation modeling. The computationally estimated current threshold for nerve activation was consistent with the measured data at 100 kHz and increased linearly with increasing frequency, which was contrary to the measured threshold for perception above 300 kHz. By contrast, the estimated perceptual temperature increase was smaller at 100 kHz than at 300 kHz and above. These results indicate that the transient frequency of the threshold for stimulation and heating lies between 100 and 300 kHz, supporting the transition frequency of contact current in the international guidelines.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 2","pages":"418-426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible Dual Flower-Shaped FSS for Conformal Applications With Low Aberration of Far-Field Pattern","authors":"Zhaoran Chen;Peiwen Zhang;Junjie Hu;Xiayuan Yao","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3485050","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2024.3485050","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel conformal frequency selective surface (FSS) with dual reflection bands located at X and Ku bands and a transmission window near 12 GHz is proposed, which brings little aberration in the far-field pattern. The unit cell consists of double flower-shaped strips on an ultrathin dielectric slab. The equivalent circuit model is established by the field distributions to illustrate the resonant mechanism, the parameters of which are calculated. The planar and elliptic cylindrical samples are fabricated and tested. The test results are consistent with simulation data. The two samples’ averages of shielding effectiveness are no less than 16 dB. The insertion losses of the planar and the curved FSS are less than 1 dB in the passband. The near-field distributions in three concerned bands are scanned. The conformal FSS excites slight distortion in the passband but stirs the distributions into a mess, the electric field intensity of which drops by 20 dB in the stopbands. Moreover, the absolute gains in the passband are tested in compact antenna test range. The far-field pattern is also evaluated by near-field to far-field method. The data obtained by two methods is consistent with the simulation. Little aberration by the FSS occurs in the passband, and the average gain's deviation is no more than 0.64 dB.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"66 6","pages":"1744-1758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}