François Ruffat;Fabrice Caignet;Alexandre Boyer;Guillaume Mejecaze;Frédéric Puybaret;Fabien Escudié
{"title":"Increasing Precision of Impedance Measurements for ESD Protection's Frequency Models","authors":"François Ruffat;Fabrice Caignet;Alexandre Boyer;Guillaume Mejecaze;Frédéric Puybaret;Fabien Escudié","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3542314","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3542314","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving system level ESD robustness by simulation required the use of precise models that should take into account the triggering behavior of the protections. This article upgrades articles dealing with frequency measurement methods to get the equivalent impedance of ESD protections exposed to strong pulses (Escudié et al., 2022, Ruffat et al., 2022, Caignet et al., 2022). In this article, a two-port transmission measurement is used to increase the accuracy of measurement for very low or high impedance values of this type of protections. The pros and cons of one-port versus two-port measurements are presented, showing how the precision is increased. Some experimental results on commercial transient voltage suppressor are proposed and discussed. To conclude this article, different models also built from frequency measurements are introduced and compared.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 4","pages":"1064-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of EMI Effects on UAV Data Links","authors":"Xiaolu Zhang;Yazhou Chen;Min Zhao;Yansong Li","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3550620","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3550620","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the survivability of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in a complex electromagnetic environment, a novel method for assessing electromagnetic interference (EMI) threats to a UAV is introduced. A dataset of loss-of-lock thresholds for the UAV data link was generated through EMI injection tests. A genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was then applied to efficiently predict these loss-of-lock thresholds. And Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were used to measure the importance of features. Compared with K-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, decision tree, and XGBoost, GA-XGBoost shows better prediction accuracy and overall performance. Based on this, a GA-XGBoost-based assessment method was proposed to classify EMI effects into four levels using a three-level effect index. Finally, the EMI effect levels and SHAP results were used to formulate targeted anti-interference strategies. The proposed method can help to improve the anti-interference performance of UAVs.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"786-799"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinrui Zuo;Mi Zhou;Jianguo Wang;Haoshen Fan;Li Cai;Jinxin Cao;Yadong Fan;Jianping Wang
{"title":"Lightning Attachment Behavior of Metamaterial Plate From Lightning and Switching Impulse Discharge Tests","authors":"Xinrui Zuo;Mi Zhou;Jianguo Wang;Haoshen Fan;Li Cai;Jinxin Cao;Yadong Fan;Jianping Wang","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3555121","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3555121","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic metamaterials have excellent electromagnetic properties, and can be widely used in radome, which, however, might suffer from damage by lightning in thunderstorm days. Here, using lightning and switching impulse discharge tests, we investigate the lightning attachment behavior of the equivalent plate for radome. We examine the influence of the metamaterial type, the spacing of diverter strips, polarity and waveform of the impulse on the lightning attachment behavior by observing the streamer development and statistics of the lightning attachment counts. As expected, the lightning protection effectiveness of diverter strips for metamaterial plates is worse than that for conventional dielectric plates, and the protection effectiveness decreases as the spacing of diverter strips increases. Unexpectedly, the lightning attachment behavior do not differ too much between metamaterial plates with diverse metal microstructure units. Moreover, the polarity of the impulse and the voltage waveform are found to have a remarkable influence, suggesting that the impulses with a positive polarity or longer durations are more likely to attach to the metamaterial plates. The results offer theoretical insights into optimizing the lightning protection for metamaterial radomes.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"903-912"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of Planar Magnetic Integrated Symmetrical Harmonic Filter With Reduced EMI Noise in the Grid-Connected Inverter","authors":"Xudong Zhang;Yitao Liu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3554784","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3554784","url":null,"abstract":"The inverter is an essential power conversion device in the power generation system, but the output current by the inverter system contains a large number of harmonics, and harmonic filters need to be used for harmonic suppression to meet grid connection standards. As a third-order filter, the <italic>LCL</i> filter has a high noise attenuation rate and is widely used. However, the <italic>LCL</i> filter is not ideal for suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise. The symmetrical <italic>LCL</i> filter can improve the suppression effect of EMI noise while ensuring the harmonic suppression capability. However, the symmetrical <italic>LCL</i> filter adds two inductors compared to the <italic>LCL</i> filter, resulting in a significant increase in the volume and weight of the inverter system. This article analyzes the structure of the symmetrical <italic>LCL</i> filter, proposes coupling integration and decoupling integration solutions, adopts the planar magnetic integration method, and integrates the inductance of the symmetrical <italic>LCL</i> filter into the same EI magnetic core by rationally designing the winding structure, greatly reducing the size and weight of the filter. Finally, the simulation and GaN-based experimental platform are built to verify the harmonic suppression effect and EMI suppression effect of the designed magnetically integrated symmetrical <italic>LCL</i> filter.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 4","pages":"1192-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Alternative Method to Identify the Total Isotropic Sensitivity of Devices under Test in a Reverberation Chamber","authors":"Feng Fang;Yongjiu Zhao;Erwei Cheng;Lei Xing;Wenjun Xia;Wenjun Qi;Qian Xu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3555641","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3555641","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an alternative method to estimate the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) of a device under test (DUT) in a reverberation chamber (RC). To improve the measurement efficiency of the conventional TIS RC method, we fully utilize the received status (connected or failed status) of DUT and the statistical properties of received power to obtain the TIS without power-tuning and repeating measurements. Additionally, a multiprobe RC is used to accelerate the measurement process. Compared with the conventional method in the RC, the proposed method achieves a mean error of 0.34 dB and reduces measurement time greatly. The Monte Carlo method is used to solve the essential correction coefficient. Estimated values and relative standard deviations are provided for different output powers from the vector signal generator.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 4","pages":"1044-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved Extraction of Parasitic Common-Mode Capacitances in IGBT Modules Based on Resonance of External Inductor","authors":"Junhao Chang;Zili Zhu;Zhaocheng Zhong;Henglin Chen","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3552961","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3552961","url":null,"abstract":"Half-bridge insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules are widely used in power electronic devices, and the high-speed switching of IGBTs in the modules can cause serious electromagnetic interference (EMI) through parasitic common mode (CM) capacitances in modules. Therefore, accurately extracting the parasitic CM capacitances of IGBT modules is significant for modeling and evaluating the EMI of power electronic equipment. Considering that the original extraction based on the resonance of the external inductor is affected by using asymmetric terminal measurements, this letter proposes an improved extraction method for parasitic CM capacitances of IGBT modules. The calculation method for parasitic CM capacitances of IGBT modules based on impedance measurement is presented. The impact of nonlinearity in junction capacitances during impedance measurements is greatly eliminated. The improved method is validated through measurements.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"1026-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Return-Stroke Field Near the Air–Soil Interface With Realistic Soil","authors":"Rupam Pal;Udaya Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3554241","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3554241","url":null,"abstract":"The return-stroke field generated by cloud-to-ground lightning is of primary concern in protection engineering. This field affects not only the electrical systems on and above the ground but also buried cables and other sensitive devices in the soil. In the literature, the field in the air due to return stroke has been thoroughly investigated. However, the assessment of the return-stroke field in the soil is relatively scarce. Measurement of the field in the soil is difficult to find, whereas most theoretical methods adopt oversimplified soil models and generalized return-stroke models, which do not consider any effect of soil parameters on current evolution. However, recent work has shown that soil's electrical parameters can significantly affect the return-stroke evolution. In light of this, it was deemed necessary to investigate the role of soil's electrical parameters on the return-stroke field, both in the air and the soil, with a realistic soil model, including soil ionization and frequency-dependent soil parameters. This work primarily focuses on the electric field produced by the return stroke within a radial distance of 500 m from the channel.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"894-902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Energy-Selective Beamforming Approach for HPM Protection in Array Antennas","authors":"Jiarui Fang;Qi Wu","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3553220","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3553220","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an energy selective beamforming array (ESBA) that adaptively adjusts its array factor in the defense mode for safeguarding sensitive front-end circuits from high-power microwave threats. Novel energy selective phase shifters (ESPSs) are integrated with the ESBA to impart chaotic phases signals exceeding the threshold level, by which the ESBA enters a defocused state. Operational mechanism of the ESPS is explained through equivalent circuit and resonance theory, and a comprehensive design methodology is provided for ESBA. Notably, the defense level of the proposed ESBA scales with the array size, which shows a great advantage over other protection methods. Furthermore, the ESBA is compatible with other energy-selective protection methods and electronic beam-scanning technologies. To validate this concept, a microstrip-patch-based prototype is fabricated and measured. Theoretical, numerical, and experimental results demonstrate good agreements. The prototype operates in the frequency range of 2.3–2.4 GHz, providing a maximum protection level of approximately 52 dB in the defense mode. The insertion loss introduced by the ESPS is maintained within 1 dB. With its compact form factor and low manufacturing cost, the ESBA technology is suitable for passive and active phased arrays.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"831-841"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protection for Linear Antennas Using Poynting Streamline Analysis Without System Modification or Detectors","authors":"Junming Diao;Yu Luo","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3548627","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3548627","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an innovative method for designing electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection systems that prevent damage from current surges in antennas to electronic receiver systems. The proposed technique employs a diode-loaded parasitic element placed near the receiving antenna, which significantly reduces the system's complexity and size compared to conventional energy selective surface methods. Importantly, the original system design is preserved, eliminating the need for additional surge protection circuits or EMI detection systems. Furthermore, this work introduces the Poynting streamline method for the analysis and design of EMI protection systems, providing a unique visualization of field energy flow to enhance the understanding of EMI physics. Measurement results show a reduction in incident field of up to 23.4 dB on a receiving dipole antenna system. This approach is applicable to narrowband and mid-band linear antenna receivers, including dipole antennas, loop antennas, and Yagi-Uda antennas.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 3","pages":"821-830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143757733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanisms of the Susceptibility of a Stepper Motor Control System to Narrowband IEMI Injected Through Pulse Signal Lines","authors":"Jiayue Xing;Bing Li;Wenxuan Huang;Zongfei Zhou;Peng Huang","doi":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3535549","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TEMC.2025.3535549","url":null,"abstract":"Stepper motors, widely used for precise control in robotics and intelligent systems, are vulnerable to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI), which can disrupt their operation by affecting motor rotation. This article investigates the mechanisms and characteristics of the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) of a stepper motor control system to narrowband IEMI coupled through pulse signal lines. The bulk current injection method was employed, in which continuous wave (CW) and pulse modulation signals were used as the injected narrowband IEMI. The optocoupler (OC) at the drive subsystem interface was identified as the key component affecting the system's EMS, as confirmed through time- and frequency-domain experiments. The differential-mode IEMI activates the light-emitting diode in the OC, causing output logic disturbances that alter the number of driving pulses and ultimately influence the motor speed. Interestingly, at specific interference frequencies, the OC output logic level “1” is disturbed and drops to 0 V, whereas at other frequencies, the logic level “0” is disturbed and rises to 5 V. Under the CW injection, the stepper motor stops, whereas under the PM injection, the motor speed can be manipulated. The relationships between the PM signal parameters and the disturbed motor speed are modeled and experimentally validated. Finally, protection strategies were proposed and validated through experiments.","PeriodicalId":55012,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"67 2","pages":"557-565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}