{"title":"THE BOY APPEARING (AS) THE SISTER: GENDER AND SILENCE IN GEORG TRAKL*","authors":"Juliette Christine Gruner","doi":"10.1111/glal.12377","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12377","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present text is concerned with figures of unusual gender in two poetic texts by Georg Trakl, namely ‘Traum und Umnachtung’ and ‘Ruh und Schweigen’, each of which features the same violation of German grammar at a crucial point. The first text starts and ends with a scene of a boy recognising his sister's image in the mirror, which will be read as a specular identification that transgresses the norms of gender assignment. This transgression will be further illuminated by Lee Edelman's <i>No Future</i>, a text that analyses the need of the heterosexual family to reproduce itself unchanged, and Jacques Lacan's concept of the mirror stage which discusses specular identification as a prerequisite for the possibility of speech. In reading ‘Ruh und Schweigen’, the issue of silence, which is both thematised and performed by the poem, will come to the forefront. The bi-gender figure appearing in the last lines will be understood as being dependent on this silence to appear, contrasting the way the protagonist of ‘Traum und Umnachtung’ is silenced by his family. Both these figures will therefore be read as transgressing against related, though not identical, norms of gender in ways that can only be expressed in a poetical language.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 2","pages":"285-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48967133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE SINS OF THE FATHERS: LEONARD FORSTER'S REPLY TO AN EARLY CRITIC OF THE PENGUIN BOOK OF GERMAN VERSE1","authors":"Catherine Mason","doi":"10.1111/glal.12375","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12375","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay follows-up on a reminiscence written by Leonard Forster for <i>GLL</i> in 1988. Forster was the editor of <i>The Penguin Book of German Verse</i>, first published in 1957. The anthology was intended for a post-war British readership, particularly in schools, that seemed, despite everything, to have preserved an affectionate admiration for German poetry. Forster's selections often appear to have served as deliberate correctives to the ideological preferences of the previous generation's National Socialist critics, some of which had also resonated with several British Germanists. Shortly after publication, Forster received a letter from ‘Bernward Michaelsen’, who objected at great (though courteous) length to many of the anthology's inclusions. Forster and fellow German scholar S. H. Steinberg judged the writer to be an elderly German schoolteacher whose conservative literary taste had been formed after World War I. Forster's equally courteous and detailed response to Michaelsen's criticisms received no answer. What they did not know (although Steinberg came close to guessing) was that Michaelsen was actually Bernward Vesper, the eighteen-year-old son of Will Vesper, a notorious National Socialist editor and poet. Bernward's political trajectory from extreme right to left after his father's death was not unique for his generation but, unknown to Forster in 1988, had long since ended in tragedy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 2","pages":"303-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ROOM AT THE INN? WERTHER IN WAHLHEIM","authors":"Howard Gaskill","doi":"10.1111/glal.12371","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the widespread assumption that the protagonist of Goethe's <i>Die Leiden des jungen Werthers</i> chooses to live in ‘Wahlheim’. It is argued that this assumption cannot be reconciled with a close reading of the textual evidence. At no stage can Wahlheim be shown to be Werther's sole or main residence. Indeed, it is doubtful whether he ever resides there at all.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 2","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46503705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"POETICS AND POLITICS OF CLIMATE: STURM UND DRANG AND ENLIGHTENMENT-ERA CLIMATE THEORY","authors":"Anna-Lisa Baumeister","doi":"10.1111/glal.12367","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12367","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article investigates the ‘radicality’ of the Sturm und Drang in relation to Enlightenment-era climate theory. In the wake of Montesquieu's seminal <i>De l'Esprit des Lois</i> (1748), the notion of climate as a fundamental driver of human culture was popularised across Europe. It is argued that Sturm und Drang authors embraced this trend while at the same time developing their own radical climate discourse distinct from Enlightenment-era climate theory. The texts surveyed here – by Goethe, Heinse, Herder, Lenz and Schiller – reject universalist idealisations of the Mediterranean and contest colonialist arguments for the creation of a moderate world-climate. Against this historical background of colonialist climate control, the Sturm und Drang poetics of climate reaches beyond ethnological-nationalistic origin-myths and irrationalist mythologies of nature, amounting instead to a critical engagement with the purposiveness of climatic variety and a poetological attempt to unite Enlightenment ideals of freedom with the thinking of difference. In this way, the article rejects a prominent understanding of the Sturm und Drang as formative for the development of climate theory in the German context, and as politically reactionary in its climate discourse. Rather, the article sets out a radically Enlightened Sturm und Drang poetics of climate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"110-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INTRODUCTION: RADICAL AND MODERATE STURM UND DRANG","authors":"Martin Wagner, Ellwood Wiggins","doi":"10.1111/glal.12362","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12362","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43703339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE FREEDOM OF A PLAYWRIGHT: STURM UND DRANG AESTHETIC INNOVATION THROUGH A LUTHERAN LENS","authors":"Martin Wagner","doi":"10.1111/glal.12368","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12368","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article builds on a passage from Johann Georg Hamann's <i>Fünf Hirtenbriefe das Schuldrama betreffend</i> (1763) to argue that the discourse on the rules of dramatic composition in the Sturm und Drang is shaped by an implicitly Lutheran logic of Christian freedom. That means that rather than emphasising the transgression of established rules, Sturm und Drang writers, like Luther's free Christian, sought to replace obedience to lower-level laws with submission to a higher principle. This Lutheran reframing of the Sturm und Drang revises the conventional understanding of the Sturm und Drang writers as literary revolutionaries and brings their aesthetic programme much more closely in line with their moderate political views. Moreover, in stressing the Lutheran underpinnings of Sturm und Drang aesthetics, this article also calls into question the established view that the theological aspects of Hamann's aesthetics are without parallel in the Sturm und Drang proper. At the centre of the Lutheran reinterpretation of the Sturm und Drang in this article stand analyses of J. M. R. Lenz's <i>Anmerkungen übers Theater</i>, Johann Gottfried Herder's ‘Shakespear’ and Johann Wolfgang Goethe's ‘Zum Schäkespears Tag’ and <i>Götz von Berlichingen</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"173-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41338525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"J. M. R. LENZ AND THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIERS: BETWEEN MODERATE AND RADICAL STURM UND DRANG IN LENZ'S MILITARY REFORMS","authors":"Ian McLean","doi":"10.1111/glal.12364","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12364","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In his essay ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ and his fragmentary writings on military reforms Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz uses the distinctly moderate discourse of physiocratic economics to the radical ends of a complete restructuring of social relations. Lenz turns the logic of the physiocrats against more moderate reform efforts and presents a model of economic circulation that emphasises the role of labour in stark opposition to the physiocratic emphasis on land-ownership. The correction of economic streams extends to a less literal economy: that of ‘Konkupiszenz’. Central to Lenz's theological writings, ‘Konkupiszenz’, the divine gift of an inherently queer sexual desire, takes on an economic structure similar to that espoused in ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ that in turn proves central to his project of redefining the family in the military reform texts. Looking at both structures together, we can trace the way that Lenz's military writings call for liberating the flow of ‘Konkupiszenz’ across classes, which amounts to a radical reorganisation of the social and economic structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"43-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43252193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"KARL MOOR'S FAILED REVOLUTION: RADICAL CRITIQUE AND MODERATE POLITICS IN SCHILLER'S DIE RÄUBER","authors":"Thiti Owlarn","doi":"10.1111/glal.12366","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12366","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent scholarship tends to agree that <i>Die Räuber</i> is a play about two rebels, Karl and Franz Moor, who respectively represent the idealist and materialist strands of Enlightenment thought. What is often overlooked, however, is the brothers’ desire not merely to rebel against the status quo but also to establish new systems of authority. This article argues that Schiller's <i>Die Räuber</i> is primarily concerned with the problem of revolution. More than a mere rebel figure, Karl Moor seeks to replace the top-down system of authority based on the power of the law with a bottom-up system of power based on consent; similarly, Franz seeks to invert the top-down structure of law-based ethics with an egoistic system of behaviour based on desires. The drama reveals both revolutionary attempts to be doomed to failure, for neither bottom-up systems are able to escape the violence of necessity that govern all authority systems. Ultimately, the politics of <i>Die Räuber</i> is paradoxical: it evinces both the need for radical social transformation and the acknowledgement that such transformations are impossible. In the end, the reader is left to contemplate the gap between our desire for utopia and the limits of material reality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"131-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48322441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"WHAT IS RADICAL? BÜCHNER AND BRECHT READ LENZ","authors":"Veronica Rose Curran","doi":"10.1111/glal.12369","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12369","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article asks why the radical authors Georg Büchner (1813–37) and Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) were particularly interested in the life and works of Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751–92). The enquiry proceeds by reading Lenz's theoretical and literary works, such as his treatise <i>Anmerkungen übers Theater</i> (1774) and his plays <i>Die Soldaten</i> (1776) and <i>Der Hofmeister</i> (1774), through the later authors’ various writings. This article particularly focuses on all three authors’ use and analysis of observational writing for a radical, social purpose. It begins with a discussion of Lenz's stance on the imitation of nature in his writings on the theatre and how this affects his social commentary through realistic social depiction. This is followed by an examination of Büchner's use of Lenz's writings, particularly in the ‘Kunstgespräch’ section of the narrative fragment <i>Lenz</i> and in his play <i>Woyzeck</i> (1836), and then by Brecht's theoretical writing on the ‘realistic style’ (‘realistische Schreibweise’) in the history of German dramaturgy and his new approach in the adaptation of <i>Der Hofmeister</i>. The article concludes that Lenz's realistic style was taken up by his successors but that, especially in his depiction of and commentary on individuality, it maintains unique value in itself.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"88-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45842413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MANNHEIM AND COMPANY: GENDER, ECONOMICS AND MODERATE STURM UND DRANG IN J. M. R. LENZ'S DER LANDPREDIGER (1777)1","authors":"Mary Helen Dupree","doi":"10.1111/glal.12363","DOIUrl":"10.1111/glal.12363","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Published in 1777, J. M. R. Lenz's novella <i>Der Landprediger</i> has been read as a document of Lenz’ own intellectual and spiritual disorientation following his banishment from Goethe's Weimar in 1776. As Marcus Twellmann and others have shown, the novella responds to the agrarian reforms initiated by Margrave Carl Friedrich in Baden, which Lenz witnessed first hand. In this article, I argue that the novella's critique of gender and its discussion of economic and social reform are inextricably intertwined. My analysis proceeds from a key insight of recent scholarship in the field of ‘literarische Ökonomik’, namely that literature and philosophy do not simply exist in opposition to economics, but rather that all three share underlying concerns and, furthermore, that culture is ‘complicit’ with the ‘establishment and solidification of modern economic paradigms’ (Gray 2008). Lenz's novella underscores this complicity in a series of episodes that foreground themes of pedagogy, love and marriage, and Enlightenment social reform. <i>Der Landprediger</i> can be said to align with the concerns of twentieth- and twenty-first-century feminist economics, insofar as it depicts the struggles of the <i>homo economicus</i> as a crisis of masculinity and recognises women as economic actors in the domestic sphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"76 1","pages":"64-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45328423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}