Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Long-Term Fine Motor Capability on the Staircase Test Correlates with the Absolute Number, but Not the Density, of DARPP-Positive Neurons in the Caudate-Putamen.","authors":"Benjamin E Aghoghovwia,&nbsp;Liping Goddard,&nbsp;Dorothy E Oorschot","doi":"10.1002/ar.24196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurement of long-term functional and anatomical outcomes in the same animal is considered a powerful strategy for correlating structure with function. In a neonatal animal model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury that is relevant to cerebral palsy, long-term functional deficits on the staircase test and long-term anatomical deficits in the absolute number of medium-spiny projection neurons in the caudate-putamen were reported in different animals due to logistical constraints. Here, we investigated if these functional and anatomical measures were correlated when measured in the same animals. The medium-spiny projection neurons were investigated because (1) they comprise the vast majority (>97%) of all neurons in the caudate-putamen and (2) motor deficits observed during staircase testing are likely to involve these striatal medium-spiny projection neurons through their connections. We found that long-term skilled forepaw capability on the staircase test was correlated with the absolute number of DARPP-32-positive medium-spiny projection neurons in the caudate-putamen. Specifically, deficits in skilled forepaw ability for the number of sugar pellets eaten and retrieved, and for the maximum staircase level reached, were significantly correlated with a lower absolute neuronal number. We also found that skilled forepaw ability on the staircase test was not correlated with the neuronal density (i.e., number per unit volume) of DARPP-32-positive medium-spiny projection neurons. Since neuronal density is an indirect measure of neuronal survival that is used in the literature, and absolute neuronal number is a direct measure, the results also highlight the scientific value of measuring absolute neuronal number. Anat Rec, 302:2040-2048, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"2040-2048"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37037863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Perspectives on Catarrhine Talo-Crural Joint Phenotypic Plasticity.","authors":"Evan A Simons,&nbsp;Kevin Turley,&nbsp;Stephen R Frost","doi":"10.1002/ar.24180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous investigations of the primate talo-crural joint (TCJ; specifically on the talus and distal tibia) have demonstrated that substrate preference significantly influences morphology, but this association is not necessarily found in subadults. This has been interpreted as the result of a plastic, behaviorally induced response of bone due to substrate use. In this investigation, we use geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity in the catarrhine TCJ. Osteological specimens from four African hominoid and four cercopithecid species, divided into subadult and adult developmental stages based on molar eruption, formed the study group. We tested for phylogenetic signal in the shape of both the talar and tibial articular surfaces, at both developmental stages. We then used phylomorphospaces to examine the evolution of shape differences at each developmental stage for each element, and to determine if substrate usage is associated with shape in this phylogenetic context. A significant phylogenetic signal was found for both articular surfaces in subadults, but not adults. In phylomorphospace, both talar and tibial articular morphologies show an association with substrate preference in adults, but not in subadults. Our results provide confirmation of the significant effect of habitual substrate usage and the consequences of bone remodeling during ontogeny on the shape and presentation of the TCJ. These results also suggest caution when using adult talo-tibial shapes to evaluate phylogenetic relationships as TCJ morphology can be considered as a palimpsest, with substrate usage overwriting phylogenetic information in adult specimens. Anat Rec, 302:1977-1984, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1977-1984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37265609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histochemical Study of the Emergence of Apoptosis and Altered SYCP3 Protein Distribution During the First Spermatogenic Wave in Wistar Rats.","authors":"María L Escobar,&nbsp;Olga M Echeverría,&nbsp;Yunuen M Valenzuela,&nbsp;Rosario Ortiz,&nbsp;Nayeli Torres-Ramírez,&nbsp;Gerardo H Vázquez-Nin","doi":"10.1002/ar.24187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apoptosis is a type of cell death responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis that can occur in male gonads. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis include cellular contraction, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Dynamic processes of cell renewal and differentiation occur inside the seminiferous tubules, which are regulated by mitosis and meiosis, respectively. During meiosis, recombination is caused by assembly of the synaptonemal complex, which involves the participation of constitutive proteins, such as synaptonemal complex protein-3 (SYCP3). The present study evaluated germinal cell death in immature male rats and the distribution of the SYCP3 protein. Our results indicate that as germinal cells progress to the second meiotic stage, significant numbers of them are eliminated by apoptosis. We determined that the SYCP3 protein is not always incorporated into the structure of the synaptonemal complex but rather forms a nuclear cumulus near the inner nuclear membrane, causing many of these cells to undergo apoptosis. We propose that both the excess of the SYCP3 protein and its accumulation during the first meiotic division could contribute to the cell death of primary spermatocytes during the first spermatogenic wave in prepubertal Wistar rats. Anat Rec, 302:2082-2092, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"2082-2092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40449800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N160 of Aiolos Determines its DNA-Binding Activity.","authors":"Hao Wang,&nbsp;Zhao Xu,&nbsp;Wei Du,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Lin,&nbsp;Zhe Liu","doi":"10.1002/ar.24213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aiolos is a transcription factor of the Ikaros family. It is expressed in lymphocytes and plays a vital role in the development of lymphatic system. Recently, Aiolos has been found to be ectopically expressed in lung cancer cells and promotes cancer metastasis through repression of p66^Shc expression. Blocking DNA-binding activity of Aiolos may benefit cancer patients by preventing further metastasis. However, it is not clear which sequence is essential for its DNA binding. In this study, we found that N160 is a key amino acid to determine the DNA-binding activity of Aiolos. Mutation of N160A resulted in loss of peripheral heterochromatin localization and dissociation with its target gene. Accordingly, Aiolos with N160A could not change the expression of its target genes. Thus, we identified the amino acid (N160) that is essential for Aiolos binding to DNA. Anat Rec, 302:2014-2019, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"2014-2019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37112934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization and Quantification of Digitally Dissected Muscle Fascicles in the Masticatory Muscles of Callithrix jacchus Using Nondestructive DiceCT.","authors":"Edwin Dickinson,&nbsp;Colin Basham,&nbsp;Avadh Rana,&nbsp;Adam Hartstone-Rose","doi":"10.1002/ar.24212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The organization and length of a muscle's fascicles imparts its contractile properties. Longer fascicles permit increased muscle excursion, whereas changes in fascicle orientation relate to the overall vector of contractile force. Collecting data on fascicle architecture has traditionally involved destructive and irreversible gross dissection. In recent years, however, new imaging modalities have permitted muscles and their fascicles to be visualized nondestructively. Here, we present data from a primate (Callithrix jacchus), in which, for the first time, individual muscle fascicles are digitally \"dissected\" (segmented and reconstructed) using nondestructive, high-resolution diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) techniques. We also present quantitative data on the length and orientation of these fascicles within 10 muscle divisions of the jaw adductor and abductor musculature (superficial, deep, and zygomatic portions of temporalis and masseter; medial and lateral pterygoid; anterior and posterior digastric) and compare these digitally measured lengths to fascicular lengths measured using traditional gross and chemical dissection. Digitally derived fascicle lengths correspond well to their dissection-derived counterparts. Moreover, our analyses of changes in fascicle orientation across the adductor complex enable us to visualize previously uncharacterized levels of detail and highlight significant variation between adjacent muscle layers within muscle groups (e.g., between superficial, deep, and zygomatic portions of masseter and temporalis). We conclude that this technique offers great potential to future research, particularly for questions centered around the visualization and quantification of obscured and often-overlooked muscles such as the pterygoid and digastric muscles, and for deriving more accurate models of the masticatory system as a whole. Anat Rec, 302:1891-1900, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1891-1900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37372028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships Between Enamel Prism Decussation and Organization of the Ameloblast Layer in Rodent Incisors.","authors":"Léanie Alloing-Séguier,&nbsp;Laurent Marivaux,&nbsp;Jean-François Barczi,&nbsp;Fabrice Lihoreau,&nbsp;Camille Martinand-Mari","doi":"10.1002/ar.24000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodent enamel microstructure has been extensively investigated, primarily on the basis of 2D electronic microscopy data. The nature and dynamics of the ameloblasts (the enamel-secreting cells) have also been well studied. However, critical issues still remain surrounding exactly how the ameloblasts produce the astonishing microstructural complexity of enamel, and how this subtle architecture evolved through time. In this article, we used a new methodology based on confocal laser microscopy to reconstruct the enamel microstructure of rodent incisors in three dimensions (3D) with the ameloblasts in situ. We proposed interpretations regarding the possible relationships between the workings of the ameloblasts and the resulting enamel prisms, especially how the phenomenon of decussation is generated. Finally, we were able to represent the two main types of modern rodent incisor microstructures (uniserial and multiserial decussations), as a set of parameters that have been entered into the 3D enamel simulation software Simulenam to generate 3D models that can be digitally manipulated. Associating 2D data of incisor enamel microstructure of fossil rodents and Simulenam, it was then possible to better understand how the various decussation parameters evolved through time and gave rise to the two modern microstructure types from the same ancestral type (pauciserial). This study also confirmed that rodent and artiodactyl enamel do not share the same mechanism of decussation formation. Anat Rec, 302:1195-1209, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1195-1209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40446933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Heart of The Anatomical Record: Exploring the World of Cardiac Development, with Special Homage to Roger Markwald.","authors":"Jeffrey T Laitman,&nbsp;Kurt H Albertine","doi":"10.1002/ar.24051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24051","url":null,"abstract":"As we write this essay, it is the beginning of the holiday season. The snow is just beginning to tickle the streets of New York while already having made their presence known to the towering peaks of the Wasatch Mountains surrounding Salt Lake City. Silver bells (yes, Virginia, they do exist!) can be heard echoing in the canyons of Manhattan with nearby chestnuts roasting on open fires while thousands of miles to the west, majestic moose start to prepare for the cold that will soon embrace the Utah sky. Children everywhere are starting to giggle, and become ever so excited, about the little treasures that they will get in the weeks ahead. The tree has just been lighted at Rockefeller Center with recent memories of Thanksgiving Day Parade balloons and floats still bringing ubiquitous smiles. From the heart of the “Big Apple” to the heartland of America, the season that warms one’s own heart is underway. This Special Issue is about “heart” in both the literal and figurative senses. Guest Edited by noted cardiovascular developmental biologist Andy Wessels of the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in incomparable Charleston (the authors of this essay found what is perhaps the only shellfish restaurant in the US with a special “kosher” section, we kid you not!) and by our own intrepid Associate Editor Katherine Yutzey of the Heart Institute at Cincinnati’s Children’s Medical Center, the issue reports the latest in developmental cardiovascular research (Fig. 1). This Special Issue is based on reports from the 2017 annual joint meeting of the Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center (CDBC), the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (RMCB), and the SC COBRE for Developmentally Based Cardiovascular Diseases, all at MUSC. This year, however, was particularly special as these joint endeavors were held to honor the long beating “heart” of all those entities: Roger Markwald. Roger (our familiarity is too strong to go by last names here) has long been at the core of developmental heart research; this very journal; and our parent body, the American Association of Anatomists. He has been the heart of much that we do for a very long time. The following Commentary (Yutzey, 2019, this issue) and Introduction (Wessels, 2019, this issue) to this Special Issue will detail Roger’s robust contributions to cardiovascular and developmental biology in great depth; however, we could not miss the opportunity to give special homage ourselves. Roger Markwald is first and foremost a mentor parexcellance; indeed, a role he was born for. He has been, for example, a mentor to both authors of this Editorial. He mentored us as we grew under him as Associate Editors of this journal. As a past member of the Board of Directors and President of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA), Roger helped prepare J.L. for those roles when the latter came on the Board and subsequently took the gavel of President himself. Similarly, when K.A. followed Roger as Edit","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.24051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36783684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction. S-Allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced monocyte adhesion and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30628574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optic foramen morphology and activity pattern in birds.","authors":"Margaret I Hall,&nbsp;Andrew N Iwaniuk,&nbsp;Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez","doi":"10.1002/ar.21007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The optic nerve is the sole output of visual information from the ganglion cell layer of the retina to the brain in vertebrates. The size of the optic nerve is predicted to be closely associated with activity pattern, and, in many birds, the size of the optic foramen approximates the size of the optic nerve. Specifically, nocturnal species should have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species because of differences in retinal pooling between activity patterns. If optic foramen morphology varies predictably with activity pattern in birds, this variable may be useful for interpreting activity pattern for birds that do not have soft tissue available for study, specifically for fossils. Across 177 families (from 27 orders), we describe four different optic foramen morphologies, only one of which corresponds well with the size of the optic nerve and is therefore appropriate for activity pattern analyses. Here, we test our hypothesis that nocturnal species will have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species, across all species that we measured that have a discrete optic foramen. Regression analyses using species as independent data points and using comparative methods yielded significant differences in optic foramen size between nocturnal and diurnal species relative to three variables: head length, orbit depth, and sclerotic ring inner diameter. Nocturnal species consistently exhibit significantly smaller relative optic foramen diameters than diurnal species. Our results indicate that optic foramen diameter, in combination with either the sclerotic ring or the orbit diameter, can be used to predict activity pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1827-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ar.21007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40032986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}