Optic foramen morphology and activity pattern in birds.

IF 2.1
Margaret I Hall, Andrew N Iwaniuk, Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez
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引用次数: 35

Abstract

The optic nerve is the sole output of visual information from the ganglion cell layer of the retina to the brain in vertebrates. The size of the optic nerve is predicted to be closely associated with activity pattern, and, in many birds, the size of the optic foramen approximates the size of the optic nerve. Specifically, nocturnal species should have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species because of differences in retinal pooling between activity patterns. If optic foramen morphology varies predictably with activity pattern in birds, this variable may be useful for interpreting activity pattern for birds that do not have soft tissue available for study, specifically for fossils. Across 177 families (from 27 orders), we describe four different optic foramen morphologies, only one of which corresponds well with the size of the optic nerve and is therefore appropriate for activity pattern analyses. Here, we test our hypothesis that nocturnal species will have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species, across all species that we measured that have a discrete optic foramen. Regression analyses using species as independent data points and using comparative methods yielded significant differences in optic foramen size between nocturnal and diurnal species relative to three variables: head length, orbit depth, and sclerotic ring inner diameter. Nocturnal species consistently exhibit significantly smaller relative optic foramen diameters than diurnal species. Our results indicate that optic foramen diameter, in combination with either the sclerotic ring or the orbit diameter, can be used to predict activity pattern.

鸟类视神经孔形态与活动模式。
视神经是脊椎动物视网膜神经节细胞层向大脑输出视觉信息的唯一通道。视神经的大小被预测与活动模式密切相关,而且,在许多鸟类中,视神经孔的大小与视神经的大小相近。具体来说,夜行动物的视孔应该比昼行动物小,因为活动模式之间视网膜池的差异。如果视神经孔形态随鸟类的活动模式发生可预测的变化,那么这个变量可能有助于解释没有软组织可用于研究的鸟类的活动模式,特别是化石。在177个科(来自27目)中,我们描述了四种不同的视神经孔形态,其中只有一种形态与视神经的大小相对应,因此适合于活动模式分析。在这里,我们测试了我们的假设,即在我们测量的所有具有离散视神经孔的物种中,夜行物种的视神经孔比昼行物种的视神经孔相对较小。以物种为独立数据点并采用比较方法进行回归分析,得出夜间和日间物种的视神经孔大小在头长、眼眶深度和硬化环内径三个变量方面存在显著差异。夜行动物的相对视神经孔直径明显小于昼行动物。我们的结果表明,视孔直径,结合硬化环或眶直径,可以用来预测活动模式。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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