Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

Changes in the position of skeletal elements of the ankle and foot during late embryonic and fetal periods. 胚胎晚期和胎期踝关节和足部骨骼元素位置的变化。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70014

Tetsuya Takakuwa, Kouki Matsuda, Yuki Yamato, Syotaro Tamura, Kentaro Kimura, Sena Fujii, Toru Kanahashi, Akio Yoneyama, Hirohiko Imai, Hiroki Otani, Shigehito Yamada

{"title":"Changes in the position of skeletal elements of the ankle and foot during late embryonic and fetal periods.","authors":"Tetsuya Takakuwa, Kouki Matsuda, Yuki Yamato, Syotaro Tamura, Kentaro Kimura, Sena Fujii, Toru Kanahashi, Akio Yoneyama, Hirohiko Imai, Hiroki Otani, Shigehito Yamada","doi":"10.1002/ar.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70014","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of the ankle joint and foot during early development exhibits distinct differences from that observed in adults, with physiological clubfoot being a well-documented phenomenon. To better understand this posture and its transformation, the skeletal elements in this region were three-dimensionally reconstructed using high-resolution phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of specimens (n = 23) during the late embryonic and early fetal periods, before joint cavity formation. Sequential changes were analyzed both morphologically and morphometrically from anterior, lateral, posterior, and plantar views. The reduction in plantar flexion of the ankle joint rendered the positional change of the hindfoot substantially more complex, and three-dimensional reconstruction facilitated its comprehension. Continuous supination of the hindfoot, pronation of the forefoot along the foot axis, and reduced plantar flexion of the ankle joint were identified as key postural changes that contributed to the development of temporal physiological clubfoot, initiated as early as the late embryonic period. Twisting between the forefoot and hindfoot and the abduction of the ankle joint, resulting from the obliquity of the tibia-talus joint, were substantial. The offset effect of the two angle changes conceals such changes in most previous studies. Changes in the shape of the tarsal bones, especially the calcaneus and talus, affected the relative bone positions, indicating that the concept of \"differential growth\" may apply to ankle-joint and foot morphogenesis. Findings of the present study are expected to enhance understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanisms underlying clubfoot and facilitate fetal diagnosis via morphological assessments.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1549-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Additional material of Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus (Therocephalia) from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation, Xinjiang, China. 新疆下三叠统酒菜园组酒菜园nathus confusus （Therocephalia）的补充资料。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70039

Jun Liu, Fernando Abdala

{"title":"Additional material of Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus (Therocephalia) from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation, Xinjiang, China.","authors":"Jun Liu, Fernando Abdala","doi":"10.1002/ar.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70039","url":null,"abstract":"A new baurioid therocephalian, Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus, was recently described from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation of Jimusar, Xinjiang, China. Here, two or three newly collected specimens from the same horizon of Turpan, Xinjiang, including a complete skull with lower jaw and partial skeletons, are referred to this species. The new skull is slightly larger than that of the holotype. Histological features, in conjunction with other anatomical characters, indicate known specimens should be early juveniles with an overall rapid osteogenesis and probably less than 1 year old at death. Different from the holotype, the new specimen has six upper incisors, a short diastema between the last incisor and first maxillary tooth, more distinct canines (and canine boss), and 15 dentary teeth. The new finding indicates that reduced size and/or absence of canine in the juvenile would not be a useful phylogenetic character for therocephalian. The prootics of the new specimen show unreported features from other therocephalians: a prominent medial process (may be present in Olivierosuchus) and strongly folded dorsal margin of the lateral surface. After the description of the new material, the following diagnostic features are proposed for the taxon: maxillary palatal process contacts the premaxillary vomerine process and the vomer; five to six upper incisors. Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus is the best known Baurioidea from Pangea North, and although resembling several features to Ericiolacerta parva of Pangea South, it seems quite likely that most of the similarities are related to both taxa being represented by specimens of early ontogenetic age.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1464-1482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From womb to maturity: Prenatal and postnatal cranial growth in goat (Capra hircus). 从子宫到成熟：山羊（Capra hircus）的产前和产后颅骨生长。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70032

Valentina Segura, David Flores, Marcelo R Sánchez Villagra

{"title":"From womb to maturity: Prenatal and postnatal cranial growth in goat (Capra hircus).","authors":"Valentina Segura, David Flores, Marcelo R Sánchez Villagra","doi":"10.1002/ar.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70032","url":null,"abstract":"The skull is a key marker of morphological diversity in terms of ontogeny and phylogeny; however, prenatal growth patterns in mammals remain poorly understood. Changes in skull growth from embryonic to postnatal stages are influenced by multiple factors, including the maturity of offspring at birth within the altricial-precocial continuum, dietary transitions during the postnatal period, and the development of secondary cranial structures such as horns. In this study, we analyzed pre- and postnatal skull growth in goat (Capra hircus) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and linear allometry. Our results indicate that the cranial growth pattern exhibited a developmental shift between the prenatal and postnatal stages in which it deviated from a single continuous trajectory, thus revealing marked differences that became accentuated in adulthood. Prenatal and postnatal ontogenetic allometry differed significantly, with the prenatal phase displaying a comparatively higher growth rate in cranial variables associated with the splanchnocranium and neurocranium. These findings suggest that goats exhibit prenatal and postnatal growth strategies that are consistent with those of precocial mammals. Stage-specific allometric changes in the neurocranium and splanchnocranium align with different functional roles throughout development. The development of horns alters cranial morphology, thereby placing adults in a distinct position within the multivariate morphospace.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1567-1582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144850320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Histovariability and fossil diagenesis of Pissarrachampsa (Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil. 巴西东南部上白垩统Pissarrachampsa （Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae）的组织变异和化石成岩作用。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70021

Tito Aureliano, Virgínia Maciel, Pedro Victor Buck, Felipe C Montefeltro, Thiago da S Marinho, Aline M Ghilardi

{"title":"Histovariability and fossil diagenesis of Pissarrachampsa (Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil.","authors":"Tito Aureliano, Virgínia Maciel, Pedro Victor Buck, Felipe C Montefeltro, Thiago da S Marinho, Aline M Ghilardi","doi":"10.1002/ar.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70021","url":null,"abstract":"Notosuchians were key components of western Gondwanan Cretaceous ecosystems in terrestrial predator niches and exhibited remarkable taxonomic and ecological diversity. Previous research has explored their physiology, metabolism, and histology, revealing varied growth patterns and life history strategies. While significant advancements have been made in recent years, there is much to unveil about the evolution of growth rate strategies within this clade. Here, we analyzed the histological variability of Pissarrachampsa sera, a baurusuchid from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation in Southeast Brazil, to investigate its growth dynamics and ecological adaptations. Thin sections from the femur, tibia, and fibula revealed fibrolamellar bone tissue with varied vascularization patterns, including radial, reticular, plexiform, laminar, and longitudinal canals. These patterns indicate differential growth rates among skeletal elements, with the tibia growing the fastest and the fibula the slowest. External Fundamental System and multiple Lines of Arrested Growth suggest somatic maturity in this young adult specimen. Limited diagenetic artifacts ensured reliable preservation for paleohistological interpretation. This study provides valuable information about notosuchian physiology and their evolutionary success in Gondwanan terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic. Future investigations should aim to expand histological sampling across diverse taxa to refine our understanding of notosuchian growth strategies and ecological roles.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1451-1463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intraspecific variation of cochlear morphology in bowhead and beluga whales. 弓头鲸和白鲸耳蜗形态的种内变异。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70028

John Peacock, J G M Thewissen

{"title":"Intraspecific variation of cochlear morphology in bowhead and beluga whales.","authors":"John Peacock, J G M Thewissen","doi":"10.1002/ar.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70028","url":null,"abstract":"The bony labyrinth of the petrosal bone, a distinctive feature of mammal skulls, is often identified in micro-computed tomography imaging to infer species' physiological and ecological traits. When done as part of a comparative study, one individual specimen is normally considered representative of a species, and intraspecific variation is considered low. Yet tests of intraspecific variability have been performed on few species and on limited morphological traits. Studies of intraspecific variability are not only valuable to help us assess the need for multiple specimens in comparative work, but relative levels of variability can also be used to reveal insights into a trait's functional significance. In this study, we report measurements of intraspecific variation on two cetaceans with vastly different auditory specializations, a low-frequency specialized mysticete and an echolocating odontocete. We examine the internal structures of the cochlea in beluga and bowhead whales and relate this to their hearing abilities. Overall levels of intraspecific variability are higher in the bowhead than the beluga, reflecting the more specialized auditory system of the latter. However, the levels of variation differ through the length of the cochlea (base to apex) and these appear to reflect known frequency specializations of the species, with the bowhead having lower variation in some measurements at the low-frequency apical end than the beluga.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1514-1529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144746763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating mandibular evidence to assess morphological variation of the Australopithecus afarensis maxilla. 整合下颌证据评估南方古猿阿法种上颌骨形态变异。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70027

Hester Hanegraef, Romain David, Fred Spoor

{"title":"Integrating mandibular evidence to assess morphological variation of the Australopithecus afarensis maxilla.","authors":"Hester Hanegraef, Romain David, Fred Spoor","doi":"10.1002/ar.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70027","url":null,"abstract":"Geometric morphometric analyses are used to explore variation of maxillary dental arcades of Australopithecus afarensis, expanding on the work of Hanegraef and Spoor, 2025 (Morphological variation of the Australopithecus afarensis maxilla. Journal of Human Evolution, 201, 103651) by integrating evidence from a large sample of virtually reconstructed mandibles. Size and shape of maxillary dental arcades can be predicted accurately from mandibular landmarks based on strong covariation between occluding upper and lower dentitions, and a novel method was developed to correct for reduced shape variation in these predictions. As predictions are restricted to the alveolar process, morphological information about the rest of the maxilla is lost. The trade-off between a smaller sample with comprehensive morphology and a larger sample with restricted morphology is discussed. Here, we analyzed 9 original and 17 predicted A. afarensis dental arcades in the comparative context of 448 extant hominine (modern human and African ape) maxillae. This study found that (1) degrees of size and shape variation are high in A. afarensis, potentially even higher than in Gorilla species when including the predictions in the fossil sample, (2) no allometry was detected, even when expanding the A. afarensis sample with predictions, (3) size and shape do not significantly change over time when analyzing original and predicted A. afarensis dental arcades together, and (4) sexual form and shape dimorphism, but not sexual size differences, are reduced when including A. afarensis predictions in the fossil sample. Our results quantifying the range and pattern of variation of the A. afarensis maxilla provide a comparative context when assessing whether or not other Plio-Pleistocene hominin specimens are conspecific.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1483-1505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical stress may initiate osteoderm development in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). 机械应力可能启动美洲短吻鳄（短吻鳄密西西比）的骨皮发育。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70015

Brooke H Dubansky, Jacob Raney, Stevie Bordelon, Katie Black, Peyton Cagle, Benjamin Dubansky

{"title":"Mechanical stress may initiate osteoderm development in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).","authors":"Brooke H Dubansky, Jacob Raney, Stevie Bordelon, Katie Black, Peyton Cagle, Benjamin Dubansky","doi":"10.1002/ar.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoderms are bones that form in the dermis of several species, but their development and function are not well understood. Comparing cellular and molecular events that initiate and drive pathologies similarly characterized by ossification of soft tissues (heterotopic ossification) may provide insight into how osteoderms develop. It is thought that the origin of some heterotopic ossification lesions is mediated through mechanotransduction, or the conversion of mechanical forces on the extracellular matrix (ECM) to biochemical signals that initiate bone formation. Discrete osteoderm developmental stages in alligators were previously established based on morphology; however, questions remain regarding the type of collagen, the identity of cell precursors, and factors that initiate their development. In this study, we investigated changes in the ECM in different stages of osteoderm development. We found that in dorsal cervical scales, an organized reticulin fiber scaffold precedes bone formation, and that before and during ossification, collagen fibers are under tension in specific planes of the body. These tensed collagen fibers correspond to attachments of the superficial and deep cervical fasciae and the tendons of some muscles of the jaws, neck, and shoulders. Osteoderms are therefore exoskeletal elements that likely distribute mechanical forces to the skin during normal body movements, and we hypothesize that these mechanical forces play a role in stimulating ossification at these sites via mechanotransduction. This developmental mechanism may be comparable to the development of some trauma-induced heterotopic ossification lesions that are similarly initiated by mechanotransduction.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1530-1548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bone and cartilage staining protocol for large avian specimens: Late-stage embryonic emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and adult chickens (Gallus gallus). 大型鸟类标本的骨和软骨染色方案：晚期胚胎鸸鹋（新荷兰鸡）和成年鸡（鸡）。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70136

Meredith J Taylor, Todd L Green, Gabby Guilhon, Talia Lowi-Merri, Akinobu Watanabe

{"title":"Bone and cartilage staining protocol for large avian specimens: Late-stage embryonic emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and adult chickens (Gallus gallus).","authors":"Meredith J Taylor, Todd L Green, Gabby Guilhon, Talia Lowi-Merri, Akinobu Watanabe","doi":"10.1002/ar.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70136","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to consistently and clearly visualize discrete anatomical parts of a specimen is crucial for biological research. For skeletal tissues, a classic and widely adopted technique uses a combination of Alizarin red for bone and Alcian or toluidine blue stains for cartilage. Published protocols for these stains have generally been optimized for small or prenatal samples. Adoption of these existing protocols on relatively large specimens, including somatically mature individuals and embryos of large-bodied taxa, has resulted in non-specific staining and insufficient clearing of extraneous tissue. This failure may be partly due to larger and denser tissues that reduce the penetration potential and speed of reagents. Here, we present a refined, detailed clearing and staining protocol, accompanied with photographs, optimized for larger avian specimens. Adult domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and late-stage, embryonic emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) were used to develop and test the effectiveness of the procedure. The latter exhibit larger and relatively mature soft tissue compared to those of late-stage embryos of smaller vertebrate taxa such as domestic chickens and mice. We found that the combined Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining works best on freshly frozen specimens compared to those fixed in formalin, and effective clearing and staining were possible without the use of tissue digestion reagents, such as trypsin and pancreatin. This step-by-step guide provides researchers with a consistent and effective skeletal staining protocol for larger vertebrates, allowing investigation of skeletal tissues at broader developmental and taxonomic scales, as well as for educational purposes.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1441-1450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145992832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the paranasal and paratympanic sinuses of perinatal Gavialis gangeticus, with notes on the endocast, ossification observations in the braincase, and cervical vertebrae. 关于围生期gagaalis gangticus的鼻窦旁窦和鼓室旁窦，并附注于颅脑和颈椎的内腔、骨化观察。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70024

Maria Isabella Natale Castillo, Maria Eugenia Leone Gold

{"title":"On the paranasal and paratympanic sinuses of perinatal Gavialis gangeticus, with notes on the endocast, ossification observations in the braincase, and cervical vertebrae.","authors":"Maria Isabella Natale Castillo, Maria Eugenia Leone Gold","doi":"10.1002/ar.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70024","url":null,"abstract":"Gavialis gangeticus is a critically endangered, enigmatic, long-snouted crocodylian with uncertain phylogenetic affinities. Molecular and morphological data return disparate results for its placement within the larger diversity of Crocodylia. Because of its conservational status, specimens of Gavialis are rarer in museum collections, especially ones of younger ontogenetic age. Here, we use computed tomography (CT) to image a perinatal specimen to investigate cranial morphology, paranasal, and paratympanic pneumaticity. We provide digital reconstructions of the cranial morphology as an open access digital atlas. We also compare this unique specimen to adult morphology based on taxonomically comparative published literature and found some similar, but not identical morphologies across ontogeny (e.g., maxillary sinus, antorbital sinus, recessus epitubaricus, laterosphenoid recess, and otoccipital recess). Other structures, like the basioccipital recess and pterygoid recesses, are morphologically disparate in this hatchling, matching more closely with other published hatchling specimens of different species rather than with adult Gavialis. We include a description of the endocast and associated nervous structures. The scan included the first three cervical vertebrae, so we make observations on vertebral ossification. We intend this descriptive work to be a novel point of comparison for future ontogenetic work in Crocodylia.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1644-1666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144802394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Split insertions of the oblique extraocular muscles in Carnivora. 食肉目斜眼外肌的分裂插入。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70016

Keiko Meshida, Erica Miller, Todd Schmitt, Andrew Cartoceti, Edwin Gilland

{"title":"Split insertions of the oblique extraocular muscles in Carnivora.","authors":"Keiko Meshida, Erica Miller, Todd Schmitt, Andrew Cartoceti, Edwin Gilland","doi":"10.1002/ar.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70016","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the presence or absence of split insertions (i.e., bifurcated/bifid tendons) in the oblique extraocular muscles (O-EOMs) in various carnivoran and non-carnivoran mammals. The O-EOMs were dissected in 44 mammalian orbital specimens (20 families, 36 species). Split insertions were present in Carnivora species exclusively. Split insertions were found in both superior oblique (SO) and inferior oblique (IO) muscles in all 6 Felidae specimens examined. The SO tendons split after the trochlea and coursed anterior and posterior to the global layer of the superior rectus (SR) before inserting onto the sclera at the temporal edge of the SR. The IO bifurcated after running between global and orbital layers of the inferior rectus and inserted onto the sclera anterior and posterior to the lateral rectus global insertion. All 4 Canidae, 1 Hyaenidae, and 1 Viverridae specimens had bifid insertions only in the IO, except the red fox, which had both SO and IO split insertions as in Felidae. Of the 7 Mustelidae species, 3 in subfamily Mustelinae had bifid oblique insertions, while 3 species in Lutrinae and Gulolinae lacked them. Bifid insertions were absent in other carnivoran and all non-carnivoran species examined. The presence of split oblique insertions is thus most common in terrestrial carnivorans with highly developed forward vision (high degrees of orbital convergence and frontation, retinal area centralis, etc.). The split oblique insertions in Carnivora may contribute to both torsional (anterior insertions) and vertical (posterior insertions) eye movements. This would parallel oblique functions in humans, but with different anatomical means.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1599-1614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0