Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Mineralized area of the human rib cross-sections from early puberty until adulthood.","authors":"J M López-Rey, D M Doe, O Cambra-Moo, A González Martín, D García-Martínez","doi":"10.1002/ar.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ribs undergo numerous changes during growth and development. Although they occur both externally and internally, the latter are not as extensively documented during the transition from puberty to adulthood. Therefore, it is unknown how rib cross-sectional mineralized area changes during this period. To shed light on this issue, we micro-CT scanned ribs from each costal level belonging to 21 individuals equally distributed into three developmental groups: pre-pubescents, post-pubescents, and adults. Then we selected the cross section at the midshaft of each rib and measured its percentage of mineralized area. Our results show that adults have lower mineralized area in their rib cross sections than both pre- and post-pubescents, which is consistent with previous research. Between pre- and post-pubescents, mineralized area is greater in the latter from costal levels 1-8. We propose that this might respond to a peak of mineralized area happening during late puberty. Regarding the tendency of the data, the three groups show a U-shaped trend with two maximum values at costal levels 1 and 12 and a minimum value at levels 4-5. We suggest that greater values are located at the beginning and the end of the costal series due to the mechanical stress produced in these areas by the scalene muscles (ribs 1-2) and diaphragm (ribs 7-12) during breathing. Interestingly, the U-shaped trend is less pronounced in pubescents, whose central costal levels have relatively more mineralized area than that of adults due to ongoing maturation from the external to central costal levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral nerve anomalies and associated musculoskeletal defects in anuran species: New anatomical records.","authors":"Mónica C Soliz, Virginia Abdala","doi":"10.1002/ar.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we analyzed peripheral nerve anomalies in 15 anuran species spanning multiple developmental stages. Anatomical examinations focused on both the central nervous system-including the olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and hindbrain-and the peripheral nervous system, with particular attention to cranial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerve anomalies were often associated with vertebral deformities such as scoliosis and commonly presented as nerve thinning, fusion, or asymmetrical branching along the curvature's concave side. Limb rotation primarily affected the elbow and extended to the hand, accompanied by variations in interstitial nerve branching. Specimens with cranial torsion exhibited smaller cerebral hemispheres, anterior displacement of the cerebellum, and atrophied or indistinct cranial nerves contralateral to the curvature. In the hindlimbs, phalangeal reductions in cases of brachydactyly correlated with absent or altered plantar interstitial nerves. Hemimelia was marked by the absence of distal nerves and severe underdevelopment of carpal and digital elements, while oligodactyly showed altered nerve orientation and reduced distal innervation. Some of these patterns parallel congenital nerve disorders in humans, offering insight into the evolutionary and developmental foundations of nerve malformations. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of vertebrate congenital anomalies and highlight the importance of future studies on their genetic, morphogenetic, and environmental underpinnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Several occurrences of osteomyelitis in dinosaurs from a site in the Bauru Group, Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil.","authors":"Tito Aureliano, Waltécio Almeida, Marcelo A Fernandes, Aline Marcele Ghilardi","doi":"10.1002/ar.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the occurrence of osteomyelitis in non-avian dinosaurs, focusing on the Ibirá locality, a site with a high incidence of this pathological condition. We analyzed six new osteopathic sauropod specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. The results revealed a relationship between infection and bone remodeling, denoted by various manifestations of reactive bone neoformation, including periosteal reaction. Healing tissues were not identified, which implies that the individuals died when the infection was still active. We described distinct manifestations of osteomyelitis with periosteal bone neoformation: (1) periosteal reaction within small circular protrusions; (2) ellipsoid protrusions in a fingerprint pattern; (3) enlarged protrusions both in height and area. This study underscores the importance of examining pathological conditions in extinct species to enhance our understanding of their physiology and interactions with their ancient environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique case of limb abnormalities of a lizard (Reptilia, Lacertidae): Growth and development.","authors":"Igor V Doronin, Marina A Doronina, Yulia I Tsuryumova","doi":"10.1002/ar.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limb abnormalities are one of the most common deformities of vertebrates. They can be caused by both external and internal reasons. Limb abnormalities of amniotes are a fairly rare phenomenon, and mass limb abnormalities have not been found in amniote populations. Isolated cases of skeletal abnormalities are described mainly externally, without detailing the structure of the skeleton. This article presents descriptions of three abnormal specimens of hybrids of subspecies of Lacerta agilis (L. a. boemica × L. a. exigua). Two of them have oligodactyly of the right fore-limb. The third specimen demonstrates a unique combination of oligodactyly of the right and polydactyly of the left forelimbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China shares fossil treasures with the world.","authors":"Peter Dodson","doi":"10.1002/ar.25696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>China has been a rich source of fossils for nearly a century, beginning with the discovery of so-called Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis), known today as Homo erectus pekinensis in the mid 1920s. The first Chinese dinosaurs were described in 1929, the sauropod Helopus (now Euhelopus) and the ornithopod Tanius, described by the Swedish paleontologist Carl Wiman. Over the next six decades, further dinosaurs were described by Yang Zhongjian (C.C. Young) and his students Dong Zhi-Ming and Zhao Xijin, but remained poorly known in the West. A golden age of Chinese paleontology began as spectacular feathered dinosaurs were described from Lagerstätten in northeastern China beginning in 1996. Today, China has more genera of dinosaurs than any country on earth. In addition to dinosaurs and birds, China has among the oldest fossil vertebrates on earth with Cambrian fish such as Haikouella and Myllokunmingia, one of the first fossil flowers with Early Cretaceous Archaefructus, and a rich fauna of mammals, including Early Eocene Archicebus, one of the earliest known fossil primates. Fossil mammals range from a Jurassic beaver-tailed aquatic docodont, Castorocauda, to a Cretaceous gobiconodontid, Repenomamus, which had the nerve to munch on a baby dinosaur, to Ice Age elephants, woolly rhinoceros, horses, and saber-toothed cats. Surprising new fossils of all kinds will continue to be discovered in China for decades to come.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-opercularization of the lunate sulcus in early Homo.","authors":"Dean Falk, Christoph P E Zollikofer, Marcia S Ponce de León","doi":"10.1002/ar.25694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since Raymond Dart's first attempt to identify the lunate sulcus (\"Affenspalte,\" simian sulcus) in a fossil hominin endocast-that of the Taung child (Australopithecus africanus)-paleoneurologists have debated this structure, which in the brains of monkeys and apes roughly coincides with the rostral boundary of the primary visual cortex. The classic view has been that the evolutionary expansion of the parietooccipital cortex \"pushed\" the lunate sulcus toward the back of the brain. However, there has been little consensus about how and when this might have happened during hominin evolution, as it has proven difficult to establish phylogenetic homology of potential lunate sulci in living humans with the lunate sulcus of great apes. Here we review the comparative neuroanatomical evidence and propose the hypothesis that the lunate sulcus underwent de-opercularization, that is, the structures buried within the sulcus expanded and became part of the external cortical surface. During this process, the lunate sulcus became shallow, fragmented, and eventually obliterated. Specifically, rather than migrating toward the occipital pole during brain evolution, the lunate sulcus was a hotspot for the evolutionary expansion of annectant gyri and their eventual emergence on the parietooccipital cortical surface. We test the de-opercularization hypothesis with an analysis of the parietooccipital endocranial region of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia, and conclude that in these fossils the lunate sulcus may have been in the evolutionary process of fragmentation as their brains became larger and their occipital lobes more caudally projected compared to earlier hominins.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomical record explores the remarkable interface of cartilage and the skull in a new Special Issue.","authors":"Jeffrey T Laitman, Heather F Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative anatomy of the ossified braincase of legless anguine lizard Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Squamata, Anguimorpha).","authors":"Jozef Klembara, Miroslav Hain","doi":"10.1002/ar.25695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The braincase and inner ear of the largest species of legless anguine lizards, Pseudopus apodus, are described in detail based on high-resolution x-ray microcomputed tomography. Here, the ontogeny of its braincase is briefly described. The detailed anatomy of the individual braincase bones of P. apodus is presented and compared with those of the modern anguine species Anguis fragilis and species of Ophisaurus, Dopasia, and Hyalosaurus. Because only the extant species of Anguinae are studied and discussed here, the generic names of modern taxa defined genetically-Ophisaurus (North America), Dopasia (Southeast Asia), and Hyalosaurus (North Africa)-are used here. The shape of the supraoccipital in juveniles was similar for all species found in all three geographic territories. During growth, the shape of the supraoccipital changes significantly in Pseudopus, Dopasia, and Ophisaurus, and its shape is very similar to that in adults of the anguine taxon Ophisauriscus quadrupes from the Middle Eocene of Germany. Instead, the shape of the supraoccipital in the adults of Hyalosaurus and Anguis is very similar to that in the juveniles of Pseudopus, Dopasia, and Ophisaurus. This suggests that paedomorphosis probably played a role in the shape formation of the supraoccipital in Hyalosaurus and Anguis. The morphological and proportional changes in several other braincase structures during ontogeny are also described.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of sexual dimorphism of the laryngeal sac in the common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata.","authors":"Gen Nakamura, Hiroko Yamada, Ayumi Hirose, Hikari Maeda, Joy S Reidenberg, Hidehiro Kato, Shinho Park, Yoshihiro Fujise","doi":"10.1002/ar.25681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mysticetes, or baleen whales, have an air sac on the ventral surface of the larynx known as the \"laryngeal sac.\" The primary hypothesis regarding this structure's function is that it is involved in sound production. However, several other functions have been proposed, including air recycling, air storage, and even buoyancy control. In this study, we analyzed ontogenetic development and sexual dimorphism of the laryngeal sac with an aim of elucidating the function of this organ. The larynx of 61 (male: n = 40, female: n = 21) common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata, collected from off the Japanese coast were used for present study. We isolated the larynx, situated between the hyoid bone and the trachea, during the flensing process. Seven linear measurements were taken using calipers, and the weight was obtained using a digital weight scale. Allometric equation and proportions to total body length or weight were used to compare laryngeal morphological differences between sexes and maturity. Measurements of laryngeal sac size were significantly larger in sexually mature males. Furthermore, examination of two male individuals of approximately the same body length but different maturities showed the sexually mature male had a larger laryngeal sac, compared to sexually immature male. The thickness of the laryngeal sac's muscle wall and the volume of the sac's lumen may be related to testes development (sexually mature whales have heavier testes). Only the width of the hyoid bone (basihyal and paired thyrohyals) was proportionally constant within all measurement sites, regardless of sex or maturity. We propose that baleen whales utilize their well muscularly developed laryngeal sac in a manner analogous to the human tongue, actively modifying its shape and volume to influence vocal production. Specifically, this structure may function as a resonance filter that creates a formant structure and contributes to the modification of phonemes generated by the U-folds of the larynx. Furthermore, the ability to produce complex vocalizations through this mechanism may have led to the enlargement of the laryngeal sac in males via sexual selection, where it also serves as a signal of their reproductive status.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: The missing sabertooth baculum-At what point might the absence of evidence reasonably be considered evidence of absence?","authors":"Adam Hartstone-Rose","doi":"10.1002/ar.25692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most carnivorans and all modern felids have ossified bacula; however, no machairodont baculum has ever been identified. This is true despite the many fairly complete skeletons found around the world of several sabertooth taxa. Although the bacula of modern felids are much smaller than those of canoids (even the least weasel's baculum is longer than the tiger's barely 1 cm baculum!), among the 166,000 bones found at the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits (RLB) of perhaps 3000 Smilodon fatalis individuals there are other small and delicate bones-including clavicles, hyoids, and tiny ossicles-from that taxon. Furthermore, the matrix from that site found around the large fossils is painstakingly sorted under microscopes, resulting in the identification of thousands of microfossils. Despite these concerted efforts, including the posting of images of modern felid bacula near the RLB fossil lab to help form potential search parameters for those sorting the matrix, the search continues for this elusive bone. It is possible that RLB's unique \"pit wear\"-abrasion related to the notable seismic activity in Southern California-has pulverized this bone that may have been less dense than the other small bones that are found at the site. Parsimoniously, machairodonts should have bacula, but our failure to identify a sabertooth baculum in the richest fossil carnivoran locality in the world naggingly forces us to consider whether, at some point, we have to accept this stubborn absence of evidence as legitimate evidence of absence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}