Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Morphological adaptations of cervical vertebrae in plunge-diving sulids.","authors":"Megan L Vandenberg, Alissa Perez, John Michael Racy, Adam P Summers, Ed Habtour, Bart Boom","doi":"10.1002/ar.70369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foraging strategy frequently drives morphological diversification in birds. The plunge-diving behavior of certain species makes the functional and ecological trade-offs of variation in cervical vertebrae an especially intriguing question. This study compares cervical vertebrae across five plunge-diving species and two non-plunge-diving species, using morphometric analysis of micro-CT scans to test whether diving birds share specialized cervical vertebrae morphologies distinct from non-divers. Plunge-divers repeatedly experience extreme impact forces during headfirst water entry, requiring the neck to function as a shock-absorbing spring rather than a flexible manipulative system. To withstand these forces, plunge-divers exhibit reinforced cervical vertebrae-short, wide vertebrae with expanded joints and thickened arches. These features help distribute compressive and bending loads and reduce stress on the spinal column during impact. Gannets and boobies, the most extreme plunge divers, have an additional articulating surface on the dorsal arch of their anterior cervical vertebrae which limits flexion in the beginning of the neck further reinforcing against high loads. Additionally, we see that all plunge-diving sulids experience similar water impact durations and that the ratio between the radius of the head and the neck scales with impact velocity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary nutrients and biotics protect against injury to intestinal epithelial barrier in alcohol use disorder: A narrative review.","authors":"Ki M Mak, Aditya C Shekhar","doi":"10.1002/ar.70362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal epithelial barrier is anatomically and functionally distinct and specifically refers to the barrier formed by epithelial cells (enterocytes) and associated junctional complexes (tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes). The junctional complex is composed of specialized junctional proteins that regulate nutrient permeability across the gut epithelium while preventing passage of antigens, bacteria, and toxins. Modifying the junctional protein expression and disrupting the junctional complex structure result in intestinal hyperpermeability, referred to as \"leaky gut.\" The leakiness promotes endotoxemia and systemic inflammation, which orchestrate metabolic diseases of multiple organs, notably the liver. Ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) deliver a four-pronged attack disrupting the gut epithelial barrier in alcohol use disorder (AUD). This article reviews the benefits of protecting the gut epithelial barrier structure and function in AUD. Adequate nutritional support is essential for maintaining the barrier integrity and sustaining gut health. Dietary nutrients and biotics supplements are effective in reinforcing the gut epithelial barrier integrity. Accordingly, this article elaborates on the prominent roles of dietary zinc, glutamine, and vitamin D supplementation in modulating the gut barrier junctional protein expression while mitigating the epithelial barrier breakdown induced by ethanol, acetaldehyde, LPS, and NETs. The efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics in preventing disruption of the gut epithelial barrier in AUD is also reviewed. In summary, dietary nutrients and biotics supplements are beneficial in preserving the gut epithelial barrier integrity in AUD, thereby offering a supportive treatment option for alcohol-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial osteology of Neotropical squamate reptiles of the genus Riama (Gymnophthalmidae: Cercosaurinae).","authors":"Yuly A Vega-Rangel, Sandy Escobar-Maestre, Teddy Angarita-Sierra, Santiago J Sánchez-Pacheco","doi":"10.1002/ar.70367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cranial bones of squamate reptiles diverge in shape and structure across lineages, while preserving the basic skull plan. Therefore, variation in cranial morphology of squamates is key to understanding phylogenetic relationships, species delimitation, and lifestyles, which ultimately contribute to insights into their evolution and ecology. Nevertheless, although Gymnophthalmidae is the most diverse endemic non-ophidian squamate family in the Neotropics, studies on comparative cranial osteology within this lineage remain scarce. Herein, we thoroughly describe and compare the external skull anatomy of six species of the Andean genus Riama from Colombia and Ecuador (R. columbiana, R. simotera, R. striata, and three undescribed taxa), aiming to provide phenotypic evidence for phylogenetic, taxonomic, and functional analyses. We examined 12 cleared-and-stained skulls of adult specimens (one male and one female per species) to preliminarily assess inter- and intraspecific variation within Riama. Interspecific variation occurs in the degree of contact between nasals (and consequently in the articulation of the nasal process of the premaxilla), and in the absence/presence of the posterior process of the jugal, among others. An anterior process of the ventral crest of the vomer in female R. columbiana is seemingly unique among gymnophthalmids. The number of tooth positions and teeth morphology vary both among sexes and species. Preliminary evidence implies sexual dimorphism and bilateral variation in some characters. Our findings suggest that variation in skull anatomy within Riama can inform species delimitation, and phylogenetic and functional analyses. Finally, we discuss variation in cranial morphology among species of Riama within a phylogenetic context.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redescription of †Eobrasilia coutoi (Metatheria: Polydolopimorphia), a unique sclerocarpophagous metatherian from the Palaeogene of South America: Systematic affinities, and paleoecological and evolutionary implications.","authors":"Leonardo M Carneiro, Hugo Bampi, Ana C Bernardes-Dias, Lidiane Asevedo, João P P Araújo, Matheus R Arêas, Alessandra S Machado, Ricardo T Lopes, Rafael C Silva, Marina B Soares, Gustavo R Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/ar.70363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 'Palaeogene strata' of the Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene-lower Eocene), Southeastern Brazil, has preserved 29 genera and almost 50 species of metatherians (about 65% of its mammalian diversity). Among them, Eobrasilia coutoi Simpson, 1947 is the most enigmatic due to its quite fragmentary nature. We redescribe this species by assigning new molars, first micro-CT and microwear data, and reinterpreting its systematic affinities. Eobrasilia coutoi weighed about 5.92 kg, thus representing the largest Palaeogene non-sparassodont metatherian from South America and Antarctica. A phylogenetic analysis recovered Eobrasilia and Periprotodidelphis as sister taxa (Eobrasiliidae rank nov.) within Polydolopimorphia. Lower molars morphofunctional variables (talonid relative area and height, and width by the length of the lower molar) suggest that E. coutoi has a pattern more similar to that of extant New World Primates (Cebidae, Pitheciidae) than extant didelphids. Buccolingually oriented wear facets on the parastyle and postmetacrista suggest a developed ectental masticatory component. Its microwear pattern is characterized by a predominance of fine scratches and small pits, resembling the pattern of callitrichids and cebids but differing from these in having longer scratches. Eobrasilia coutoi was likely a sclerocarpophagous metatherian, being able to exploit unripe fruits and seeds as food; however, it cannot be considered a specialized durophagous/hard-object feeder like extant pitheciines. The results suggest a Tropical humid 'mammalian trophic biome' for the localities in the Itaboraí Basin with Eobrasilia coutoi. This is consistent with an early Eocene age (likely contemporaneous to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum) inferred for Itaboraí youngest faunal assemblage.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciduous lower fourth premolar of Afrotragulus and Siamotragulus (Tragulidae, Artiodactyla): Comparison and structural aspects.","authors":"Sayyed Ghyour Abbas, Fizza Jaber, Muhammad Adeeb Babar, Khalid Mahmood, Muhammad Akbar Khan, Muhammad Faisal Maqbool, ShiQi Wang","doi":"10.1002/ar.70365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diversity of the tragulids from the Siwalik Group of the Indian subcontinent is enormous; however, their taxonomy remains unresolved and has been the subject of ongoing debate in recent years. This study aims to resolve some issues by describing the lower deciduous fourth premolars (dp4s) of the genus Afrotragulus, which are described and figured for the first time in the history of paleontology, and the dp4 of the genus Siamotragulus, which is described for the first time from the Siwaliks by ascribing it to this genus. The dp4s of both these genera differ at least in morphological characters such as presence or absence of an interlobular bridge, complete or incomplete M/Σ structure, morphology of first lobe, fossettes, lingual cusps, cristids, ectostylid, cingulids, valleys, and enamel, as well as in crown height, and confirm the presence of the genus Afrotragulus in the Siwaliks. We have also provided a brief overview of the structural aspects of ruminant dp4s and p4s.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical strain patterns in Meckel's cartilage underlie mandibular variation in FGFR2 mouse models.","authors":"Fred R Foster, Alexandre Freire, Ana Cláudia Rossi, Jordan Wilson, Joan T Richtsmeier, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Felippe B Prado, Susan M Motch Perrine","doi":"10.1002/ar.70371","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sequence variations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) are associated with craniosynostosis syndromes, disrupting craniofacial development, yet early mandibular alterations remain poorly characterized. This study examined Meckel's cartilage (MC) and mandibular morphology in mouse models of Apert (Fgfr2^+/P253R) and Crouzon (Fgfr2c^C342Y/+) syndromes using Euclidean distance matrix analysis and finite element modeling at embryonic days 14.5 and 16.5. Apert mice exhibited significant MC shortening and elevated, widespread strain in the growth center area correlating with mandibular shortening and asymmetry. In contrast, Crouzon mice showed minor MC changes and localized strain peaks with larger mandibles. These biomechanical perturbations in Meckel's cartilage are associated with distinct mandibular phenotypes, consistent with a bidirectional relationship in which altered strain environments may both influence and reflect mandibular dysmorphogenesis during early development. The findings enhance our understanding of the biomechanical basis of mandibular anomalies associated with FGFR2 mutations, informing future investigations into craniofacial morphogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judith Masters and Fabien Génin: An unwavering union in strepsirrhine evolution.","authors":"Sébastien Couette, Curswan A Andrews, Luca Pozzi, Trudy Turner, Massimiliano Delpero","doi":"10.1002/ar.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preamble honors the late evolutionary primatologists Judith Masters and Fabien Génin, synthesizing their profound impact on strepsirrhine anatomy, systematics, and biogeography. Over four decades, Masters applied Hugh Paterson's Recognition Concept of species alongside comprehensive craniodental morphometrics and phylogenetics to reframe the evolutionary trees of nocturnal African galagos, culminating in the formal description of the dwarf galago genus Paragalago. Génin complemented this systematic framework by linking sensory ecology with comparative physiology, providing groundbreaking evidence of energetic plasticity-such as facultative heterothermy and torpor-in Malagasy mouse lemurs. Together, their collaborative research challenged major primatological paradigms by refuting the \"primitive\" status of cheirogaleids and critiquing standard socio-ecological models in favor of species-recognition frameworks driven by sensory drive. Furthermore, their interdisciplinary work proposed an alternative view of vertebrate colonization of Madagascar. Beyond their empirical contributions, they established the African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation (APIES) and the Primate Ecology and Genetics Group (PEGG), leaving a lasting legacy of regional capacity-building and postgraduate mentorship that reshaped southern African primatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the distribution of Meissner corpuscles throughout the human hand: Sex- and age-dependent variations.","authors":"Irene Amigo, Yolanda García-Mesa, Patricia Cuendias, Jorge Feito, Olivia García-Suárez, Iván Suazo, Zulima Fernández, José A Vega","doi":"10.1002/ar.70368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meissner corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors involved in tactile discrimination in human glabrous hand skin. Detailed information on their regional distribution and variation across age, sex, and hand side remains limited. This study mapped Meissner corpuscles in 17 phalangeal and palmar regions from 46 individuals (27 male and 19 female) aged 3-92 years. Corpuscles were identified by S100 protein immunoreactivity. Density, the Meissner corpuscle index relative to dermal papillae, and equivalent circular diameter (ECD) were assessed using prespecified morphometric procedures. Descriptive comparisons were made across 17 hand regions. For distal-phalanx density, a secondary aggregate-level analysis compared 20 matched means per age group (five digits × two sexes × two hands). Density was higher in all 20 combinations in both consecutive age-group comparisons before 40 years and lower in all 20 in both comparisons after 40 years (exact two-sided sign-test p = 1.91 × 10^-6; Holm-adjusted p = 7.63 × 10^-6 for each comparison). Sex- and hand-side analyses showed no consistent directional pattern among the aggregate means (all Holm-adjusted p = 1.000). The Meissner corpuscle index was descriptively highest in the 21- to 40-year group, whereas ECD was higher in the 21- to 40- and 41- to 60-year groups and markedly lower after 60 years. The study provides a detailed anatomical map and identifies a uniform age-related directional pattern in the retained aggregate distal-phalanx data. Because subject-level observations were unavailable for reanalysis, the statistical findings quantify directional consistency among aggregate means and should not be interpreted as subject-level inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unfused transverse foramen of the atlas vertebra in the Neandertal lineage fossils.","authors":"Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Mikel Arlegi, Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, Mathias Orellana-Donoso, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Juan A Sanchis-Gimeno","doi":"10.1002/ar.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In anatomically modern humans, the atlas can display an unfused transverse foramen (UTF) but currently the presence of UTF in the Neandertal lineage is uncertain due to a scarcity of prevalence studies and no exhaustive record of its presence throughout the entire hominin fossil record. In this context, this study aimed to assess the UTF prevalence in Neandertal lineage fossils. In the Neandertal lineage fossil record, UTF was identified in three atlases: a Middle Pleistocene Preneandertal fossil (VC3) from Sima de los Huesos, and the Neandertal specimens Kebara 2 and Krapina 98. These results suggest that UTF may have been present in the hominin lineage since, at least, the Middle Pleistocene. An UTF could have been present in other, older hominin lineages but this remains unclear due to the generally poor preservation of atlases outside the Neandertal lineage fossil record. However, the existence of UTFs in the Neandertal lineage warrants further investigation into the evolutionary and developmental factors underlying this vertebral morphological variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"2989-2997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145461181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Femoral neck anteversion among five canid taxa.","authors":"Dennis F Lawler, Christine M Harper, Christopher C Widga, Basil P Tangredi, Bruce M Rothschild, Luc A A Janssens, Luci Ann P Kohn","doi":"10.1002/ar.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurements of proximal femoral angles of anteversion and inclination have been part of numerous studies of bone biology in humans and domestic dogs. Among humans, the research stimulus often has been the development of procedures to correct hip (coxofemoral) and knee (stifle in quadrupeds) joint pathology. Among dogs, the frequent goal has involved further understanding of carnivoran bone biology more generally. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesize that considerable variability will be evident within and across selected canid taxa, but statistically different taxon-related measurement outcomes are unlikely. Our subjects include museum specimens from the canid taxa Canis lupus lupus (gray wolf); Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog); Canis latrans (coyote); Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox); and Vulpes vulpes (red fox). Following surface scans, axes were extracted to represent the femoral neck-shaft and the geometric axis of the distal femoral condyles. Femoral neck anteversion and femoral neck angles were measured, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were done to test for significant differences among the taxa. Spearman rank correlation was used to evaluate relationships of the two proximal femoral angles to femoral length and each other. Data analyses revealed no statistically significant differences among the taxa for femoral neck anteversion or femoral neck angle. The two angles correlated significantly to each other across taxa. There were no significant correlations between femur length and either of the proximal femoral angles. Each taxon revealed variable data for anteversion especially. The data distribution across taxa suggests that the observations most probably represent naturally occurring biological phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"2998-3008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145592703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}