Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献_第2页

Quantifying muscle architecture in embryos using diceCT and algorithmic fascicle tracking. 使用diceCT和算法束跟踪定量胚胎肌肉结构。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70019

Julia L Molnar, Cassidy E Davis, Akinobu Watanabe, Edwin Dickinson

{"title":"Quantifying muscle architecture in embryos using diceCT and algorithmic fascicle tracking.","authors":"Julia L Molnar, Cassidy E Davis, Akinobu Watanabe, Edwin Dickinson","doi":"10.1002/ar.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70019","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in soft-tissue imaging and muscle reconstruction tools have greatly expanded our capacity to extract myological properties relating to function. Recently, the development of semi-autonomous fascicle tracking algorithms has permitted in situ measurements of fiber lengths and orientation. While these tools have been applied to postnatal, predominantly adult vertebrate specimens, their efficacy has not been demonstrated on embryonic specimens, which possess smaller and less developed muscle tissues. If fascicle tracking algorithms could be extended successfully to embryonic specimens, then life history changes to muscle action and function could be recorded in situ and in high fidelity from the onset of muscle contraction. In this study, we present a successful implementation of a fascicle tracking tool on jaw adductor and depressor muscles in a domestic chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparisons of algorithmic and manual fascicle reconstructions show visual and quantitative validation of the protocol. Compared with results from adult chickens, jaw muscles in embryos were not as uniformly oriented, and the muscles that close the jaw had relatively small physiological cross-sectional areas. This result implies that the growth trajectory is influenced by feeding requirements, such as bite force. We also report an artifact with the fascicle tracking method, where fascicle lengths appear shorter in smaller, thinner muscles relative to measurements based on manual segmentation of the image data. Nevertheless, fascicle orientations are congruent with those extracted from manual segmentation, even for the smallest muscles. Taken together, we demonstrate that an existing tool for semi-automated fascicle tracking is extensible to embryonic specimens. As such, the approach presented here paves a new path for investigating form-function relationships and the effect of muscle action on other tissues, such as bone, from the earliest stages of muscle contractions.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1615-1630"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recovery of novel osteological specimens (Mammuthus) from the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, USA. 美国南达科他州温泉猛犸象遗址的新骨标本（猛犸象）的恢复。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70023

Alex Christine K Gardner, Christopher N Jass, John R Hutchinson

引用次数: 0

Gradual evolution of costal aspiration breathing in tetrapods. 四足动物肋部吸入呼吸的逐渐演化。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70017

Elizabeth L Brainerd

{"title":"Gradual evolution of costal aspiration breathing in tetrapods.","authors":"Elizabeth L Brainerd","doi":"10.1002/ar.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70017","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of costal aspiration breathing has lacked a complete, plausible scenario for the intermediate steps and selective pressures that led to the transformation from buccal pump breathing in anamniotes to the use of ribs and intercostal muscles for aspiration breathing in amniotes. Problems have included the selective pressure that would have produced such a profound change from a head pump to a body pump, the adoption of costal aspiration despite some kind of diaphragmatic solution arguably being more plausible, and the possibility that the transition may have been abrupt, without a prolonged period of buccal pumping and costal aspiration being used together. Here I propose a plausible, but as yet untested, set of intermediate steps and selective pressures that could have produced this great transformation. The key points are that increasingly terrestrial feeding may have selected against effective inspiration by buccal pumping, costal aspiration may have been the path of least resistance for evolving an accessory mechanism to assist the diminishing role of buccal pumping, and buccal pumping may have been retained as an accessory lung inflation mechanism in stem amniote lineages, providing time for costal aspiration to become an effective lung inflation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1631-1643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Estimation and rapid identification of later stages during embryonic development of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). 卵生蜥蜴Sceloporus aeneus胚胎发育后期的估计和快速鉴定（鳞目：蜥蜥科）。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70033

Nivia Rocio Antonio-Rubio, Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz, Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández, Norma Moreno-Mendoza

{"title":"Estimation and rapid identification of later stages during embryonic development of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae).","authors":"Nivia Rocio Antonio-Rubio, Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz, Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández, Norma Moreno-Mendoza","doi":"10.1002/ar.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70033","url":null,"abstract":"Stages of embryonic development for reptiles have been presented in tables that may include all or part of embryonic development. When oviposition occurs in some lizards, embryos are already in the later stages of development; likewise, the size of the eggs increases as incubation time progresses. However, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between the size of the egg and embryo development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to define whether there is a correlation between the size and volume of eggs and the embryonic stage of the lizard Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). This study described the most relevant morphological changes in embryogenesis, from the moment of oviposition until shortly before hatching. Our results showed a statistically significant correlation between the stage of embryo development and the size and volume of eggs. Eleven development stages were characterized, initiating at the moment eggs were laid. Each developmental stage was mainly identified according to the morphological characteristics of the limbs and the body pigmentation. Our study links the growth of eggs with the developmental stage of embryos, which can provide a useful tool to those studies that require specific stages of the embryos and in those that undertake analysis of biological processes, such as organogenesis. The S. aeneus lizard manifests similar morphological and skeletal limb development to that documented for other species. Thus, analysis of limbs represents a quick and easy way to establish stages of embryonic development in S. aeneus, allowing us to compare their development with other species.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1583-1598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationship between localization of annexins and dentinogenesis during rat tooth development. 大鼠牙齿发育过程中膜联蛋白定位与牙本质形成的关系。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70043

Toru Shibui, Akihiro Hosoya, Masami Takahashi, Hiroaki Takebe, Shunichi Shibata, Kazuharu Irie

{"title":"Relationship between localization of annexins and dentinogenesis during rat tooth development.","authors":"Toru Shibui, Akihiro Hosoya, Masami Takahashi, Hiroaki Takebe, Shunichi Shibata, Kazuharu Irie","doi":"10.1002/ar.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70043","url":null,"abstract":"Annexins (ANXAs) are a calcium-dependent, membrane-bound protein superfamily involved in the transport of matrix vesicle ion channels and Ca2+ ions, which are essential for early hard tissue calcification. However, the localization of ANXAs in dentin calcification is unknown. To analyze the localization and function of ANXA1, 2, 5, and 6 in odontoblast differentiation and dentin calcification, we examined the immunohistochemical localization of ANXAs in developing rat molars. During the bud (E15) and cap (E17) stages, ANXA-positive cells were not observed in the dental mesenchyme or dental papillae. In the early bell stage (E20), many ANXA1-, 2-, 5-, 6-, and CD31-positive cells were observed around the blood vessels of the dental papillae. In the late bell stage (P2), CD31, ANXA1, and ANXA2 immunoreactivity was observed around blood vessels in the vicinity of odontoblasts, but little ANXA5 and ANXA6 immunoreactivity was observed. ANXA2 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of the odontoblast. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity of plasma membrane calcium-ATPase (PMCA-ATPase), one of the Ca2+ ion efflux systems in odontoblasts, was observed to be co-localized with ANXA2. On postnatal Day 7 (P7), PMCA-ATPase immunoreactivity in odontoblasts decreased compared with P2. At P7 and 5 weeks of age (P35), little immunoreactivity for ANXAs was observed in odontoblasts and perivascular areas close to odontoblasts. ANXA1-, 2-, 5-, and 6-positive cells may be involved in vascular induction in the developing dental papillae, and ANXA2 may be involved in early dentin calcification.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":"1667-1679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Born this way: Does variation in perinatal limb bone morphology predict adult locomotor repertoire in primates? 生来如此：围产期肢体骨形态的变化能否预测灵长类动物成年后的运动能力？

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70220

Angela M Mossor, Jeremy Busken, Lorna Benden, Ethan Mardovin, Andrew Bostick, Grégoire Boulinguez-Ambroise, Timothy D Smith, Jesse W Young

{"title":"Born this way: Does variation in perinatal limb bone morphology predict adult locomotor repertoire in primates?","authors":"Angela M Mossor, Jeremy Busken, Lorna Benden, Ethan Mardovin, Andrew Bostick, Grégoire Boulinguez-Ambroise, Timothy D Smith, Jesse W Young","doi":"10.1002/ar.70220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70220","url":null,"abstract":"Primates show a high degree of locomotor diversity that engenders similar variance in limb bone cross-sectional geometry and bending strength: leaping primates have stronger hindlimb bones whereas suspensory species have stronger forelimb bones. Prior studies have asserted that such differences in limb bone properties are due to variation in bone loading during postnatal life. We investigate whether some of this limb bone variation could be developmentally canalized, such that predictable differences in forelimb-hindlimb bone strength are already present at birth. Our infant sample included 17 primate species (including strepsirrhines, monkeys, and apes) and one tree shrew species, encompassing a wide variety of locomotion, including leaping, brachiation, and habitual quadrupedalism. We tested how well two benchmarks of adult positional behavior-leaping prevalence and intermembral index (i.e., IMI; typically ≪100 in leapers and ≫100 in suspensory primates) predict perinatal interlimb variation in limb bone length (e.g., IMI), cross-sectional resistance to bending, and material stiffness. As predicted, we found that perinatal IMI and forelimb-hindlimb ratios of limb bone cross-sectional geometry significantly decreased with adult leaping frequency and increased with adult IMI. The influence of adult positional behaviors on forelimb-hindlimb ratios of bone material stiffness was more equivocal, though we found that primates that leap more frequently as adults have relatively stiff femoral bone as infants. Some of the previously documented variation in adult primate interlimb bone strength must be developmentally canalized in prenatal life, well before substantial interlimb variance in bone loading has taken place.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The first Pelagiceti whale from the Eocene of Poland with its evolutionary and biogeographic significance. 来自波兰始新世的第一只白鲸及其进化和生物地理意义。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70217

Daniel Tyborowski, Svitozar Davydenko, Weronika Wierny, Pavel Gol'din, Lucjan Gazda

{"title":"The first Pelagiceti whale from the Eocene of Poland with its evolutionary and biogeographic significance.","authors":"Daniel Tyborowski, Svitozar Davydenko, Weronika Wierny, Pavel Gol'din, Lucjan Gazda","doi":"10.1002/ar.70217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70217","url":null,"abstract":"The Eocene radiation of cetaceans marks the evolutionary transition of whales from amphibious ancestors to fully aquatic forms within the clade Pelagiceti. Here we report the first fossil record of an Eocene whale from Poland, represented by a fragmentary posterior portion of a left dentary recovered from glauconitic sands of the Siemień Formation near Lubartów (eastern Poland). Biostratigraphic data based on calcareous nannoplankton and dinocyst assemblages place the fossil-bearing deposits near the Bartonian-Priabonian boundary (~38 Ma) within the epicontinental Central European Basin. The specimen preserves several closely spaced alveoli corresponding to double-rooted molars and a robust posterior dentary crest interpreted as a muscle attachment site, allowing referral to Pelagiceti indet. Comparative analysis of alveolar dimensions suggests that the animal was small-bodied, with an estimated total length of approximately 1.7-2.1 m. This size places it among the smallest known fully aquatic Eocene whales and indicates the presence of dolphin-sized pursuit predators in late middle Eocene marine ecosystems. The occurrence of such a small pelagic cetacean alongside large macropredatory basilosaurids supports the hypothesis that significant ecological and body-size differentiation within Pelagiceti had already developed by the Bartonian-Priabonian transition. Paleogeographically, the Polish locality occupied a central position within a shallow epicontinental seaway connecting the North Sea Basin with the eastern Tethyan realm. The new record therefore fills a key geographic gap between western and eastern European occurrences of Eocene whales and supports the existence of dispersal pathways across the Central European Basin during the early global expansion of fully aquatic cetaceans.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drivers of tail evolution in squamates and their implications for the fossorial origin of snakes. 有鳞动物尾巴进化的驱动因素及其对蛇的化石起源的影响。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70222

Olivia Binfield, Marco Camaiti, Lucy Roberts

{"title":"Drivers of tail evolution in squamates and their implications for the fossorial origin of snakes.","authors":"Olivia Binfield, Marco Camaiti, Lucy Roberts","doi":"10.1002/ar.70222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70222","url":null,"abstract":"The axial skeleton serves as the primary structural support in all vertebrates and is subdivided into five distinct regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. Relaxation of constraints acting on the terminal end of the axial skeleton has led to remarkable variation in caudal vertebrae number across Squamata. Despite the tail's critical role in locomotion, reproduction, communication, resource storage, and defense, drivers of this variation remain poorly understood. We tested three alternate hypotheses to identify whether caudal vertebrae counts are influenced by habitat, morphology, or phylogeny. We identify ecology as the most significant driver of caudal diversity, recovering the greatest contrast in caudal vertebrae number between short-tailed fossorial species and long-tailed arboreal species. This indicates that the tail plays a key role in above-ground balance and locomotion. Further, our comparisons of phylogenetic signal in trunk and tail vertebrae provide support for the hypothesis that the tail acts as an independent evolutionary module. Ancestral estimation of caudal vertebral counts indicates that the tail of the ancestor of crown-group snakes had many fewer elements than any other major squamate clade and when compared to total-group Squamata. This represents compelling new evidence for a fossorial origin of snakes. Our findings expand current understanding of squamate caudal diversity and shed new light on the evolutionary drivers of extreme variation in vertebral anatomy across the clade.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Segmental composition and nerve distribution of the brachial plexus in Galictis cuja. 高耳炎臂丛的节段组成和神经分布。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-05-05 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70221

Natan da Cruz de Carvalho, Thais Mattos Estruc, Ingrid Bete Palmeira, Julia Fagundes Franco, Emillin Reis Bermudez, Paulo de Souza-Junior, Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo

{"title":"Segmental composition and nerve distribution of the brachial plexus in Galictis cuja.","authors":"Natan da Cruz de Carvalho, Thais Mattos Estruc, Ingrid Bete Palmeira, Julia Fagundes Franco, Emillin Reis Bermudez, Paulo de Souza-Junior, Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo","doi":"10.1002/ar.70221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70221","url":null,"abstract":"Galictis cuja is a neotropical mustelid with terrestrial locomotor habits, yet the anatomy of its brachial plexus has remained undescribed. This study characterizes the origin, organization, and distribution of the brachial plexus nerves in 15 adult specimens (30 antimeres). Dissections revealed a consistently compact plexus formed by the ventral branches of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves (C6-T1), with high bilateral symmetry and predominance of plurisegmental nerves. Segmental contributions were uneven, with C7 representing the most frequent contributor, followed by C6, C8, and T1. Principal component analysis demonstrated a clear craniocaudal modular organization of the plexus, separating a cranial group of nerves associated with scapular stabilization and proximal limb control (dominated by C6-C7) from a caudal group supplying the more distal intrinsic muscles (dominated by C8-T1). The first two principal components accounted for 91.97% of the total variance, with PC1 reflecting a strong craniocaudal gradient in segmental input. Compared with other mustelids, G. cuja showed a C6-T1 configuration, differing from species in which the plexus extends caudally to T2, while still exhibiting pronounced internal modularity. These findings provide a comprehensive description of the brachial plexus in G. cuja, contribute to comparative interpretations of mustelid forelimb innervation, and offer an anatomical basis for clinical and experimental applications involving wild carnivorans.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clade-wide morphological and functional variation of the sauropsid columella. 小柱蜥脚类的全枝形态和功能变异。

IF 2.1

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70215

John Peacock, Serjoscha W Evers, Tiago R Simões, Garth M Spellman, Daniel J Field

{"title":"Clade-wide morphological and functional variation of the sauropsid columella.","authors":"John Peacock, Serjoscha W Evers, Tiago R Simões, Garth M Spellman, Daniel J Field","doi":"10.1002/ar.70215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70215","url":null,"abstract":"The columella (=stapes) is the middle ear bone of reptiles that transmits vibrations from the environment to the inner ear. It has been shown to exhibit extensive interspecific morphological disparity in several clades; however, its morphological variation and associated functional consequences remain poorly described. Using published micro-computed tomography data of turtle, lepidosaur, crocodilian, and bird columellae, as well as images of non-avian dinosaur columellae, we provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions, and explore how phylogeny and function influence columellar morphology between and within sauropsid clades. Scaling relationships illustrate that birds have proportionally smaller columellae than other sauropsids, which may facilitate higher-frequency hearing. Columellar length scales proportionally with head width in both birds and turtles, whereas in lepidosaurs it increases disproportionately with head size. The sizes of other columellar features show varying degrees of negative allometry when compared to columellar length. Birds show high morphological lability in distal end and shaft shape but are conservative in footplate morphology, whereas lepidosaurs and turtles show more variability in footplate size and shape but more conservative shafts and distal structures. Snakes display multiple differences from non-ophidian squamates including longer columellae and similar relative footplate sizes to turtles and birds. Ecological signal appears evident in the footplate of the sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, which may have convergently evolved a mosasaur-like condition, as well as a derived columellar morphology in fossorial snakes that may be convergent in multiple lineages. Our findings show that columellar disparity reflects ecological, functional, and phylogenetic factors, and provide a framework for further investigations into the evolution of the sauropsid ear.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0