Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Tracing the evolutionary history of the morpho-anatomy of baculum in primates.","authors":"Federica Spani, Maria Pia Morigi, Matteo Bettuzzi, Monica Carosi","doi":"10.1002/ar.70216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal morphology reflects both evolutionary history and present-day adaptation. Male mammal copulatory structures such as the baculum (penile bone) are ideal for studying these processes because of their complexity and high interspecific variability. In primates, however, research has focused mostly on baculum length. Here we investigate the evolution of primate baculum anatomy and morphology using the largest dataset assembled to date. We combined high-resolution 3D micro-CT reconstructions with advanced non-landmark methods to quantify key traits, including baculum position, discrete shape categories, and a continuous descriptor of overall baculum complexity derived from alpha-shapes analysis. Using stochastic character mapping on a primate phylogeny, we inferred ancestral states and evolutionary transitions for baculum position, shape type, and complexity. Reconstructions indicate that a proximally positioned baculum extending beyond the penile mid-shaft represents the ancestral condition, retained in Strepsirrhini and shifted distally in Haplorrhini. A stick-shaped baculum is inferred as ancestral, with subsequent transitions to Y-shaped and pear-shaped morphologies. Overall, this study provides the first phylogenetically explicit reconstruction of primate baculum evolution, revealing repeated shifts in anatomy and morphology complexity. These results offer a framework for testing functional and selective hypotheses on copulatory structures and highlight the value of 3D morphometrics for understanding morphological diversity across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oldest well-preserved euprimate petrosal, from the early Eocene of India (Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat).","authors":"Mary T Silcox, Kenneth D Rose, Rachel H Dunn, Kishor Kumar, Rajendra S Rana, Ashok Sahni, Lachham Singh, Thierry Smith, Jordan W Crowell","doi":"10.1002/ar.70209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An exquisitely preserved, isolated partial petrosal with associated fragmentary stapes is described from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India), dated to the early Eocene (~54.5 Ma). Several anatomical traits (e.g., large petrosal plate; posterolateral entry of the internal carotid artery to the tympanic cavity; bony tubes surrounding the internal carotid artery and stapedial artery) allow the specimen to be confidently allocated to Euprimates, making it likely the oldest and among the best-preserved petrosals known for this clade. Of the two superfamilies of primates known from Vastan Mine-Adapoidea and Omomyoidea-the anatomy of the petrosal is more consistent with an attribution to Adapoidea (e.g., epitympanic crest present, no bony tube surrounding the promontorial artery). Body mass estimation indicates that the petrosal came from a small species (≤186 g), suggesting it most likely pertains to the asiadapid Marcgodinotius indicus, the smaller of the two named adapoids known from the Vastan fauna. Locomotor reconstructions based on semicircular canal radii of curvature and inter-canal angles are incongruent, with the former being more consistent with postcranial interpretations of the asiadapids as relatively cautiously moving taxa without specializations for leaping, while the latter suggests a more active form of locomotion. The specimen exhibits traits inferred to be primitive (e.g., lack of a bony tube for promontorial artery, shallow epitympanic recess, short cochlea), which are consistent with the idea that Asiadapidae constitutes a very early branch of the adapoid tree. Indeed, this specimen is similar to what might be expected for a basal strepsirrhine.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elliptic Fourier analysis as a tool for the taxonomic identification of isolated theropod pedal phalanges.","authors":"Trystan M Warnock-Juteau, Stephanie M Smith, Thomas M Cullen","doi":"10.1002/ar.70210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of Upper Cretaceous deposits in North America have provided invaluable insights into the continental ecosystems of this time. Theropod (Saurischia, Dinosauria) pedal phalanges are commonplace in these deposits but can be difficult to identify at a finer taxonomic resolution. This, in part, results from a lack of data regarding the individual, ontogenetic, and intraspecific variation that exists among theropod pedal phalanges, and potential differences in phalanx shape that distinguish individual families and species. In this study, we use elliptic Fourier analysis to quantify pedal phalanx shape in a sample of individuals of known species from multiple theropod families in multiple views. The resulting variables were analyzed using principal component analysis to identify patterns of (dis)similarity among different theropod taxa and between phalanx positions and, as such, provide insights into the phalanx shape variation that existed among North American theropods during the Late Cretaceous. This study finds that caenagnathids often possess more gracile pedal phalanges relative to other theropod taxa, particularly when viewed dorsally or ventrally (e.g., for digits II, III, and IV). Although tyrannosaurid and ornithomimid pedal phalanges are generally similar to one another, even in similarly sized individuals the former are found to be more robust in shape than the latter for certain phalanges (e.g., II-1, III-2, and III-3) in dorsal and ventral views. In some instances, the shape of the lateral, medial, and distal margins of tyrannosaurid pedal phalanges differ considerably from those of ornithomimids (e.g., IV-1 in dorsal/ventral view; II-1, III-4, IV-5 in lateral/medial view). The use of elliptic Fourier analysis here provides quantitative data on the variation present among Late Cretaceous theropod pedal phalanges and provides evidence that theropod taxa can be identified down to the family level based on pedal phalanx morphology. This greatly increases the potential utility of isolated theropod phalanges in biodiversity assessments of Cretaceous fossil assemblages, particularly those with a lack of well-preserved skeletal samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular microforamina: A preliminary quantitative study on prevalence and cranial correlates in adult humans.","authors":"Rafael Gallareto-Sande, Ana Laura Mena-Bock, Emiliano Bruner","doi":"10.1002/ar.70218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microforamina are small vascular channels connecting the cranial diploe to the endocranial space, hypothesized to play a role in thermoregulation and neuroimmune functions, yet their quantitative anatomy is poorly documented in humans and, in general, in vertebrates. This preliminary study provides the first analysis of their number, size, and correlation with skull thickness in 10 modern human crania, using high-resolution industrial tomography (0.25 mm voxel size). Results show substantial interindividual variability, with an inverse relationship between channel size and frequency. Although the smallest channels were most numerous, the larger ones contributed to a comparable total luminal area. Medium-sized channels show statistically significant correlations with cranial thickness: negative correlations with inner table thickness and positive correlation with diploic space proportion, specifically in the parietal and occipital bones. These preliminary findings establish a quantitative baseline, indicating that microforamina prevalence is more influenced by the thickness of the vault layers than with general cranial size.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the brain of a sabertooth: First neuroanatomical description and ethological insights on Megantereon cultridens (Felidae, Machairodontinae).","authors":"Ilaria Meli, Joan Madurell-Malapeira, Lorenzo Rook, Margot Michaud, Simone Zoccante, Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti","doi":"10.1002/ar.70213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the first detailed neuroanatomical study of Megantereon cultridens, a key member of the sabertoothed tribe Smilodontini, based on digital endocasts obtained via computed tomography of three fossil skulls from Spain, Italy, and France. Through qualitative anatomical description, regional brain volume estimation, and 3D geometric morphometrics, we assess the neuroanatomy of this extinct felid in comparison with extant pantherine and feline species. In comparison to modern felids, the endocranial morphology of M. cultridens reveals a rostrocaudally compressed cerebrum, a relatively enlarged frontal lobe, short olfactory tracts, and a diverging sulcal pattern, particularly in the configuration of the sulcus ectosylvius. While the absence of a distinct gyrus intersylvius suggests a reduced auditory cortex, the expanded occipital cortex may indicate enhanced visual processing. The expanded cerebellum indicates a preference for closed environments and scansorial abilities for this genus. Finally, all performed analyses place M. cultridens in an intermediate position between Felinae and Pantherinae in brain shape morphospace, with closest affinities to ecologically flexible extant species such as Puma concolor and Panthera onca. Our findings support the hypothesis that M. cultridens possessed a generalized neuroanatomical profile, likely associated with behavioral plasticity and ecological versatility in the Early Pleistocene European ecosystems characterized by a high degree of intraguild competition and an especially high diversity of medium to large felids.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative muscle architecture in large carnivorous marsupials (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) and links to substrate use and prey processing.","authors":"Riya G Bidaye, Samuel H Frenkel, David P Hocking, Alistair R Evans, Justin W Adams","doi":"10.1002/ar.70212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Dasyurid species Sarcophilus harrisii, Dasyurus maculatus, and Dasyurus viverrinus, occupying diverse ecological niches and forming a guild structure in Tasmania, provide a basis for examining the roles of various forelimb muscle groups in prey capture and locomotion. Muscle fiber architecture is a key contributor to muscle force and can indicate specialized, repeated forelimb engagement. We performed wet dissections and virtual dissections via computed tomography to provide the first modern descriptions for the three species. We also quantified intrinsic forelimb muscles and compared normalized physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) across species for individual and grouped muscles. The topology and muscle PCSAs are similar across species with select functional groups showing slight deviations. Overall proportions and ratios between antagonistic muscle groups reveal that D. viverrinus shows an overall reduction in muscle PCSA, whereas S. harrisii and D. maculatus appear to show an emphasis on muscle groups engaging in specialized behaviors for prey processing and arboreal locomotion, respectively. The results support the known trend of conserved forelimb musculature in marsupials. Nevertheless, muscle PCSA remains an important biomechanical indicator for specialized forelimb use in dasyurids.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold-associated tissue-specific structural remodeling: A fractal assessment of biological age.","authors":"Strahinja Djuric, Igor Golic, Bato Korac, Aleksandra Jankovic, Aleksandra Korac","doi":"10.1002/ar.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological complexity. In order to elucidate differences in aging manifestations throughout various tissues/organs, we investigated structural remodeling in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), gonadal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissues (WATs), and the liver of rats (3-, 6-, and 24-month-old) housed at 22 ± 1°C. An additional cohort of 24-month-old rats housed at 4 ± 1°C from 6 to 24 months of age was used to assess acclimation-driven structural responses. Fractal analysis was employed to quantify parenchymal complexity (via fractal dimension) and heterogeneity (via lacunarity) in iBAT and the liver. Morphometric analyses included measurements of relative tissue mass (for all tissues), nucleus count (for iBAT and liver), and adipocyte diameter (for WATs). Our results revealed distinct patterns of tissue remodeling. Chronological aging was associated with reduced parenchymal complexity in iBAT. The liver exhibited reduced complexity and mass, but its heterogeneity remained stable, whereas WATs underwent hypertrophy. Conversely, chronic cold exposure in aged iBAT was associated with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, underpinned by reduced heterogeneity and increased complexity that positively correlated with cellularity. Moreover, cold exposure led to the depletion of aged WATs, while the liver underwent hypertrophy and regained complexity. Taken together, these results demonstrate the ability of the applied methodology to distinguish the structural changes of chronological aging from those observed following cold exposure. They also validate fractal analysis coupled with morphometry to quantify subtle structural changes associated with early stages of aging, thereby providing a foundation for assessing biological age at the tissue level.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vomeronasal organ of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis): Morphological and evolutionary insights based on iodine-enhanced computed tomography.","authors":"Stephanie M Palmer, William Foster, Grace Capshaw, Margot Michaud, Siobhán B Cooke","doi":"10.1002/ar.70211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The olfactory system plays a critical role in mammalian environmental perception, with some clades relying on an expanded accessory olfactory (vomeronasal) system (VNS) for social communication between conspecifics. Recent studies have begun to investigate how the VNS changes in response to or as part of ecological transitions. Several of these studies have identified trends of VNS-associated gene loss or regression in secondarily aquatic mammals. However, continuing discussion on genotype-phenotype correlation within the VNS means that greater effort should be made to investigate the morphology of the VNS in species where it remains poorly understood. Here, we use skeletal and soft-tissue data to demonstrate that the vomeronasal groove (VNG), an established osteological correlate for the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in bats and primates, is also a valid indicator for its presence in Caniformia. Additionally, we confirm the presence of the VNO in the secondarily aquatic North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) and compare its morphology with that of two closely related species, the semi-aquatic American mink (Neogale vison) and the terrestrial long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata). This study expands the valid taxonomic scope of the VNG's proxy as an osteological correlate, confirms the presence of the VNO in the previously undescribed VNS of the North American river otter, and highlights the complexity of the mammalian accessory olfactory system.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The petrotympanic canal (Huguier canal): Evolutionary, anatomical, and medical perspectives.","authors":"Andrea Papini, Nicola Montemurro, Ferdinando Paternostro, Immacolata Belviso, Massimo Galli, Petra Martini, Licia Uccelli, Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi, Gregorio Oxilia","doi":"10.1002/ar.70199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The petrotympanic canal, traditionally referred to as Civinini's or Huguier's canal, represents an anatomical passage connecting the middle ear and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Despite its early description, its structural complexity and functional significance have often been underestimated. In this study, we combined historical, anatomical, and comparative approaches to clarify its morphology, content, and potential evolutionary role. Morphometric analysis of 195 recent human skulls confirmed its constant presence. At the same time, comparative assessment across 27 primate specimens showed that the canal is consistently present in humans and great apes but absent in non-anthropoid, quadrupedal primates. This distribution pattern suggests that the canal may represent a derived feature associated with craniofacial reorganization in bipedal or facultatively bipedal taxa. Clinically, its neurovascular and ligamentous contents highlight potential implications for otological symptoms, TMJ dysfunction, and pathological spread between the middle ear and infratemporal regions. Our results support a broader reconsideration of Civinini's canal, not only as a key anatomical structure but also as a possible marker of evolutionary and functional adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Observed patterns, prevalence, and dementia associations in older adults.","authors":"Danielle Felsberg, Kira Morgan, Rickey-Levon Burch, Madelyn Furr, Zachary Tyson, Steven Lesh","doi":"10.1002/ar.70206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a frequently underrecognized condition characterized by overgrowth of the frontal endocranium, most commonly observed in post-menopausal women. Although its etiology remains unclear, hormonal influences and a possible relationship with neurocognitive changes have been proposed. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, morphological pattern, and observe potential associations between HFI, sex, and dementia in an older adult cadaveric sample. Twenty-six dry calvaria (12 male, 14 female; ages 61-94 years) from donated cadavers were evaluated for the presence and type of HFI. HFI severity was categorized into four types (A-D) based on established morphological criteria. Demographic characteristics and documented dementia history were recorded to explore potential associations with HFI severity. HFI was identified in 17 of 26 calvaria (65.4%) with Types A and B being most common in this population. 10 cases (38.5%) demonstrated both HFI and a documented history of dementia. In this sample, individuals with HFI and dementia were older on average (86.3 years) than those with HFI and no dementia (83.8 years). HFI occurred predominantly in females and tended to be more advanced in cases with dementia. Findings from this cadaveric sample support prior reports that HFI is prevalent in older post-menopausal women and may remain prevalent in older populations. The co-occurrence of more severe HFI with dementia history aligns with literature suggesting that extensive frontal bone thickening may contribute to or reflect neurocognitive changes. Although causation cannot be established, these results highlight the need for heightened clinical awareness of HFI and further research integrating anatomical, radiological, and clinical data to clarify its potential cognitive implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}