Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Brainstem and cerebellar variations in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).","authors":"Joan S Baizer, Chet C Sherwood, Patrick R Hof, Illke B Malungo, Ayanda Ngwenya, Anita Burkevica, Mads F Bertelsen, Paul Manger, James F Baker","doi":"10.1002/ar.70324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cheetah is a species known for its high-speed hunting, requiring sophisticated visuomotor and vestibulomotor skills. A recent study showed cheetahs have enlarged semicircular canals, suggesting enhanced vestibular information processing. We asked if the semicircular canal specializations might be reflected in the brainstem targets of vestibular input and in related cerebellar structures. We studied blocks of brain tissue with the medulla and pons from five US zoo-bred cheetahs (three different zoos), and one brainstem of an animal from a zoo in Sweden. We compared the cheetah brainstems with each other, and with the brainstem of the domestic cat. We found variations in several structures, most consistently in the cochlear nuclei, in the brains of the US zoo-bred cheetahs. There were differences among these brains in the nature and extent of these variations. Despite the unusual structural characteristics of the cochlear nuclei, no impairments in auditory function had been noted by the home zoos. The brain of the Swedish zoo cheetah did not show these atypical features. We also saw consistent differences between the US cheetahs and cats in the sizes of the cerebellar peduncles, the pyramidal tracts and the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The low genetic diversity of cheetahs, a consequence of one or more population bottlenecks, may underlie the persistence of genetic changes causing atypical brainstem development.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New biological insights from osteoderm histology of Venkatasuchus armatum (Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria).","authors":"Atrayee Haldar, Sanghamitra Ray","doi":"10.1002/ar.70319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this contribution, we studied the histology of several selected paramedian and lateral osteoderm(s) of the Late Triassic aetosaur Venkatasuchus armatum, known from the lower part of the Dharmaram Formation of Pranhita-Godavari Basin in India to assess the growth strategy and functional attributes. The sections revealed a typical diploe structure comprising compact outer and basal cortices surrounding a large and cancellous inner core. The osteoderms had an overall slow and punctuated growth strategy based on the predominance of avascular lamellar bone, crossed parallel-fibered bone, and multiple LAGs. Extensive secondary remodeling, in the form of secondary osteons of several generations, is seen in the ornamented outer cortex, especially in the ridges or peaks that contrasted with its absence and uniform histological features in the unornamented and consistently thick basal cortex. Other features included high abundance of dense bundles of Sharpey's fibers or extrinsic fibers that suggested presence of an external covering, possibly a keratinized sheath on the osteoderms. Comparison with other aetosaurs showed that the Indian taxon underwent pronounced bone remodeling, which may be explained by influence of regional or developmental factors and/or related to reproductive activity in an ovulating female. Although crossed parallel-fibered bone tissue differentiates aetosaurian osteoderms from other pseudosuchian osteoderms, there are distinct differences in osteodermal histology and growth strategies among various aetosaurian taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An unprecedented subcentral mid-trunk vertebral morphology for snakes: \"Quasi-haemapophyses\" in the African elapoid Atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis (Serpentes, Atractaspididae).","authors":"Olaf Lizak, Olivier S G Pauwels, Jonathan Brecko, Georgios L Georgalis","doi":"10.1002/ar.70318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snake vertebrae possess distinctive morphological features that differentiate them from those of other reptiles. While some of these structures are unique to particular snake groups, enabling direct taxonomic identifications, others are restricted to specific regions of the vertebral column. Among the latter are haemapophyses, paired structures emerging from the ventral surface of the centrum that characterize the caudal vertebrae of most, though not all, snakes. Practically confined to the caudal region, haemapophyses are absent from mid-trunk vertebrae, where other structures appear. Here, we report an extraordinary case of haemapophyses-like structures (\"quasi-haemapophyses\") occurring in mid-trunk vertebrae of the African elapoid snake Atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis. This bizarre taxon possesses, uniquely among all known snakes (extinct or extant), distinct \"quasi-haemapophyses\" throughout its mid-trunk and posterior trunk vertebrae, which diminish only in the posteriormost trunk region. Haemapophyses subsequently reappear, albeit in modified form, in the cloacal and caudal regions. In addition to a detailed analysis of vertebral morphology and intracolumnar variation, we compile and review all published figures of Atractaspis vertebrae, as well as providing documentation for additional species-rendering this the most comprehensive vertebral study conducted for the genus to date.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148804823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptive, stratigraphic, and morpho-functional study of the myocardium and myocardial bridges in domestic pig hearts.","authors":"Mauricio Oliveira da Silva, Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães, Rafael Garabet Agopian, Edson Aparecido Liberti","doi":"10.1002/ar.70309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heart is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. The myocardium is composed of a three-dimensional network of fibers arranged in clockwise and counterclockwise helices, which are essential for proper cardiac contraction. This study aimed to describe the stratigraphic and morpho-functional pattern of the porcine myocardium to provide anatomical and physiological data applicable to both human and animal studies. The projection of myocardial bridges over the interventricular subsinuosal branch was also evaluated. Twenty hearts from domestic pigs were used. After fixation and anatomical preparation, the ventricular myocardial layers and myocardial bridges were dissected and analyzed macro and microscopically. The left ventricle was found to be composed of outer, middle, inner, and cylindrical septal layers, whereas the right ventricle consisted of outer, middle, and inner layers, with its septal wall organized as a transverse septal band. The origin of the myocardial fibers was associated with the four fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton, and their insertion occurred predominantly within the walls of the interventricular septum. Myocardial bridges were classified as dorsal, middle, or ventral and were present in 65% of the hearts analyzed. Histological and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated collagen and elastic fibers between the myocardial bridges and the associated vessels. It is concluded that the layered and structural organization of the porcine myocardium are consistent with the distinct hemodynamic demands of each ventricle. These findings reinforce the functional significance of myocardial architecture in ventricular mechanisms and support the use of the pig as a relevant model for comparative and translational cardiovascular research. The topographic analysis of myocardial bridges revealed their depth-related relationship with the vascular wall and with the outer and middle myocardial layers, suggesting a potential influence on coronary blood flow and cardiac vascularization.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of cytoarchitectonic and neurochemical aspects of the globus pallidus in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).","authors":"Lavínnya Yáskara de Aquino Matoso, Yasmin Pinto Fernandes Albuquerque, Karina Maia Paiva, Rodrigo Freire Oliveira, Nelyane Nayara Martins de Santana, Expedito Silva do Nascimento-Júnior, Rovena Clara G J Engelberth, Jeferson de Souza Cavalcante, Adhil Bhagwandin, Paulo Leonardo Araújo de Góis Morais, José Rodolfo Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1002/ar.70328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The globus pallidus (GP), a subcortical structure within the basal ganglia, plays a crucial role in modulating cortico-subcortical circuits related to motor control and associative/limbic functions. However, the cytoarchitectonic and neurochemical organization of this structure remains poorly characterized in naturally existing wild-type species, particularly in the South American rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the neotropical common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In this study, using samples from K. rupestris (n = 5) and C. jacchus (n = 7), we employed immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses to characterize the expression of calbindin (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) in the GP. In K. rupestris, although external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments were identifiable, neither the lateral nor medial medullary laminae were observed. While the neuropil showed diffuse immunoreactivity, no CB immuno-positive neuronal labelling was identified. In contrast, PV immuno-positive neuronal labelling was also broadly present in this species. In C. jacchus, CB immuno-positive neuronal labelling was restricted to the medial medullary lamina, whereas PV immuno-positive neuronal labelling was observed across both pallidal subdivisions. These findings reveal important structural and molecular differences between rodents and primates, suggesting distinct evolutionary trajectories in GP organization. Understanding such differences contributes toward broadening our knowledge of the functional nuances of the basal ganglia.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new occurrence of tetrapod footprints from the Late Triassic of the Candelária Sequence, Brazil.","authors":"Murilo Andrade-Silva, Heitor Francischini","doi":"10.1002/ar.70316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone of the Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence, Paraná Basin) preserves one of the most significant Late Triassic continental vertebrate assemblages in southern Brazil. Despite the relatively well-documented body fossil record from this interval, ichnological records remain comparatively scarce. Here, we describe a new occurrence of tetrapod footprints recovered from the Mangueira site in the municipality of Vale do Sol, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The material comprises 28 footprints distributed across five trackways, tentatively referred to as cf. Procolophonichnium. The morphological features of the best-preserved footprints, including digit arrangement, track proportions, and pes-manus configuration, suggest affinities with Procolophonichnium, although preservation limitations preclude a definitive ichnotaxonomic assignment of the specimens. Potential trackmakers include small cynodonts or parareptiles; however, no skeletal remains attributable to either group have been documented at the Mangueira site. Comparisons with the Predebon site, the best-known ichnolocality within the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, reveal broadly similar paleoenvironmental conditions but differences in faunal composition and preservation. This new discovery expands the currently limited ichnological record of the Candelária Sequence and underscores the value of trace fossils in reconstructing faunal diversity and paleoecological complexity in the Late Triassic continental ecosystems of southern Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148804739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collateral arteries of the aortic arch of the Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi).","authors":"David Vásquez, William Delmiro, Victoria Sorriba, Noelia Vazquez","doi":"10.1002/ar.70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to provide a detailed anatomical description of the aortic arch branches in Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi). Fifteen adult and subadult specimens were included in the study, comprising six adult males, three subadult males, two adult females, and four subadult females. Of these, five selected specimens underwent contrast-enhanced thoracic radiography, including three males (one adult and two subadults) and two females (one adult and one subadult). Latex injection followed by anatomical dissection was performed in five individuals, whereas the remaining 10 underwent direct anatomical dissection without prior injection. In all examined specimens, after the origin of the coronary arteries, the aorta first gave rise to the brachiocephalic trunk (truncus brachiocephalicus), followed by the left subclavian artery. In 13 of the 15 animals (86.7%), a bicarotid trunk originated from the brachiocephalic trunk. The length of the bicarotid trunk ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 cm (mean: 1.3 cm). The right subclavian artery originated as the continuation of the brachiocephalic trunk and gave rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, costocervical, and superficial cervical arteries. In the remaining two individuals (13.3%), the bicarotid trunk was absent, and the left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, and right subclavian artery arose directly from the brachiocephalic trunk in a trifurcation pattern. In these specimens, the right subclavian artery originated from the trifurcation and gave rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, costocervical, and superficial cervical arteries. These branches were present in all individuals, though slight variations were observed in their order of origin and relative spacing. The left subclavian artery exhibited a comparable branching pattern. The combined use of radiographic and dissection techniques allowed precise characterization of the main thoracic arterial pathways. These findings expand the anatomical knowledge of L. geoffroyi and provide relevant information for diagnostic imaging, surgical approaches, and clinical management of Neotropical wild felids.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating in vivo midfoot and hindfoot joint locations using external skin markers.","authors":"Steven G Lautzenheiser, Christine M Harper","doi":"10.1002/ar.70311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Musculoskeletal modeling offers a non-invasive approach to analyze human movement, enabling estimation of forces that are difficult to measure experimentally. In musculoskeletal modeling, the human body is represented as rigid segments connected by joints. Complex structures (i.e., the foot) are often modeled as a single rigid segment due to challenges in capturing the motion of individual bones with conventional gait analysis. Additionally, internal joint locations typically require invasive imaging to be accurately determined. Here, we propose a regression-based method to locate the in vivo positions of mid- and hindfoot joint centers using three-dimensional surface markers. Simulated weight-bearing computed tomography (SWCT) scans of 20 individuals were randomly assigned to training (n = 16) and validation (n = 4) datasets. Surface models of each foot were generated, and anatomical markers identified in Avizo Lite 9.0.1. Forty additional landmarks were placed within each foot to represent internal joint centers of 20 mid- and hindfoot joints. Best-fit models for each joint center were generated using stepwise regressions on the training set and evaluated on the validation set. Regression models showed strong predictive performance for all mid- and hindfoot joints based on external skin markers, with r² values ranging from 0.79 to 0.98 and generally low standard errors of estimate (X: r² = 0.91-0.99; SEE: 0.002-0.6 mm; Y: r² = 0.93-0.99; SEE: 0.004-0.6 mm; Z: r² = 0.70-0.96, SEE: 0.02-0.5 mm). These predictive equations thus provide a practical tool for researchers aiming to develop and validate detailed musculoskeletal models of the foot.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of postcanine dental dimensions for body size estimation in Mustela (Carnivora).","authors":"Mieczyslaw Wolsan, Satoshi Suzuki","doi":"10.1002/ar.70317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mustela, one of the most species-rich and widespread genera of Carnivora, has a 4-million-year fossil record that mainly comprises permanent teeth, of which postcanines (premolars and molars) are most useful for taxonomic identification. To evaluate the utility of a simple method using linear measurements of permanent postcanines for body size estimation in extinct and extant Mustela, we correlated 25 linear measures of permanent postcanines with the condylobasal skull length (CBL; which in Mustela strongly correlates with both body mass and length) in three representative species of this genus (least weasel, M. nivalis; ermine, M. erminea; European polecat, M. putorius). Most postcanine measures were strongly correlated with CBL (Pearson's r > 0.70) in all species, which supports their utility for body size estimation in Mustela. Three of these measures (the mandibular first molar's mesiodistal length, the maxillary first molar's buccolingual width, and, to a lesser degree, the maxillary fourth premolar's mesiodistal length measured between the parastyle and protocone lobes) consistently showed a relatively high level of correlation with CBL in all species, and we therefore propose these measures as the best simple dental predictors of body size in Mustela. The differences in the strength of correlation of postcanine measures with CBL observed here between closely related species and between and within teeth emphasize the need for caution in using dental dimensions as a surrogate for body size.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing hindlimb morphology in greater and lesser rheas (Aves, Palaeognathae, Rheidae): New insights for fossil rheid identification.","authors":"M B J Picasso, C Acosta Hospitaleche, B Quaggia","doi":"10.1002/ar.70315","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Correct identification of Rhea americana and Rhea pennata in the fossil record has important paleoenvironmental implications; however, the strong similarity between their postcranial skeletons complicates taxonomic assignments. This study analyzes hindlimb morphology in both species to identify diagnostic characters useful for fossil and archaeological material and to reassess previously reported remains. Femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi of adult and juvenile R. americana and R. pennata, comprising a total of 37 specimens, were comparatively analyzed using qualitative morphology and linear measurements. Several osteological differences were identified, particularly in distal tibiotarsal and tarsometatarsal morphology, including trochlear configuration and divergence patterns. Some differences are maintained in juvenile specimens, although ontogenetic variation may complicate identification in certain cases. Reevaluation of fossil and archaeological specimens supported revised taxonomic interpretations for several specimens, whereas poorly preserved or morphologically ambiguous materials were conservatively assigned to Rheidae indet. Although hindlimb bones of R. americana and R. pennata are broadly similar, distal tibiotarsal and especially tarsometatarsal morphology provide useful diagnostic characters. Trochlear configuration and divergence appear to be among the most consistent features, whereas other traits are affected by ontogenetic, intraspecific, and preservational variation. These results contribute to a more robust framework for identifying fossil rheids and highlight the importance of evaluating multiple characters when dealing with fragmentary material.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}