Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献

{"title":"Seeing structure, losing sight: The case for morphological thinking in the age of integration.","authors":"Paola Falletta, Erica Tagliatti, Katia Cortese","doi":"10.1002/ar.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locomotor shifts, stylopod proportions, and the evolution of allometry in Synapsida.","authors":"P J Bishop, S E Pierce","doi":"10.1002/ar.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Locomotor evolution in synapsids involved numerous functional shifts associated with the transition from sprawled to erect limb postures on the line to therian mammals. Given that bone structure frequently reflects functional requirements, this study investigated evolutionary changes in synapsid humerus and femur proportions as a lens to evaluate functional shifts through time. A total of 936 bones were measured, representing 330 species across the full 320+ million years of synapsid history. This dataset was used to test whether transformations in stylopod proportions are consistent with inferred changes in bone loading mechanics, alignment of joint and muscle forces, muscular control of the shoulder and hip, and differential support of body weight by the fore- and hindlimbs. As variation in bone dimensions may also correlate with bone or body size, this study first developed a novel approach for calculating species-specific, size-corrected measures of bone proportions. By disentangling the effect of body size from functional signals recorded in bone geometry, this then enabled a node-to-node appraisal of how bone allometry itself evolved through time. Ancestral state reconstruction of size-corrected stylopod proportions reveals trends that broadly support many hypothesized shifts in locomotor biomechanics along the therian stem lineage. However, patterns of transformation are frequently complex, suggesting functional mosaicism, and stylopod proportions that typify therians as a whole are often not achieved until crown Theria itself. Several instances of temporary trend reversal are also inferred, particularly within non-mammalian cynodonts, indicating greater functional or ecological diversification in this group.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting hydric and thermic balance in caviomorph rodents through nasal turbinals morphometry: Impact of life habits.","authors":"María Belén Baldo, Guido Buezas, Daniel Antenucci","doi":"10.1002/ar.25688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nasal turbinals are key osseous structures for air conditioning and olfaction in mammals, with their morphology reflecting both ecological adaptations and evolutionary history. This study evaluates how climatic gradients and locomotor strategy (subterranean or surface dwelling species) influence turbinal complexity in caviomorph rodents. Using microCT imaging, we quantified respiratory (RZ) and olfactory (OZ) turbinal morphology across eight caviomorph rodents and two outgroups from xeric, mesic, and generalist habitats, including subterranean and surface-dwelling species. Our results revealed that xeric-adapted subterranean species exhibited significantly expanded RZ surface areas and greater structural complexity, consistent with enhanced water retention demands in arid environments. While surface-dwelling species showed larger absolute OZ areas compared to subterranean taxa, this difference became non-significant after accounting for body size, suggesting olfactory structures are less influenced by locomotor strategy than by allometric or phylogenetic factors. Respiratory turbinals appeared more variable across habitats, whereas olfactory turbinals showed comparatively conserved morphology among ecological groups. This pattern could reflect differing evolutionary pressures acting on thermoregulatory versus sensory systems in rodents. The observed trade-off between respiratory efficiency and olfactory capacity suggests how multiple selective forces may shape anatomical specialization in response to environmental challenges. These findings provide new insights into functional constraints governing nasal evolution, proposing a framework for interpreting ecological adaptations in caviomorphs. Our study illustrates how integrating quantitative morphometrics with ecological data can elucidate complex structure-function relationships in mammalian anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144295584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional models from limited data: A parametric and multimodal approach to anatomy and 3D kinematics of feeding in basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus).","authors":"Tairan Li, Mike Schindler, Martha Paskin, Venkata A Surapaneni, Elliott Scott, Sabine Hauert, Nicholas Payne, David E Cade, Jeremy A Goldbogen, Frederik H Mollen, Daniel Baum, Sean Hanna, Mason N Dean","doi":"10.1002/ar.25693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Basking sharks, Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, Brugden [Squalus maximus], Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1765, vol. 3, pp. 33-49), feed by gaping their mouths and gill slits, greatly reorienting their cranial skeletons to filter food from water. The 3D biomechanics of this behavior, however, are exceptionally difficult to study due to the size, elusiveness, and CITES status of these animals and the rarity of well-preserved specimens. To overcome these challenges, we integrated anatomical, digital design, and computer imaging approaches to reconstruct bio-realistic and poseable 3D skeletal models of feeding basking sharks. The skeleton, segmented from CT scans of intact heads, was first abstracted as a rigging for guiding skeletal positioning in 3D space. Directed by the anatomies of museum specimens and dissected beached animals, the digital scaffolding was used to virtually correct skeletal distortions (e.g., from specimen collapse), resetting the skeleton to closed-mouth symmetry. Open-mouthed feeding postures were recreated by repositioning skeletal joints to biologically relevant destination coordinates defined from videos of feeding sharks, exploiting the basking shark's steady feeding posture to build 3D photogrammetry models from successive video frames. The resultant \"digital puppet\" bridges diverse imaging data while capturing the coordinated motion of \"hidden\" cranial joints, deconstructing complex form-function relationships into computationally controllable parameters for exploring 3D skeletal movement. The input data gathered for our model provides new perspectives on basking shark cranial anatomy, while the model's biological fidelity gives insights into dynamic feeding processes impossible to observe in the laboratory. Branchial arch mechanics are comparatively poorly studied in sharks; our model can act as a platform for future kinematic modeling (e.g., of individual variation, other species), while demonstrating interdisciplinary approaches for studying large and elusive wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144251781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the postcranial osteology of caecilians (Gymnophiona, Lissamphibia).","authors":"Rodolfo Otávio Santos, Mark Wilkinson, Hussam Zaher","doi":"10.1002/ar.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caecilians comprise a relatively small (~220 species) group (Gymnophiona) of snake-like or worm-like, mostly tropical amphibians. Most adult caecilians are fossorial, although some species may live in aquatic or semi-aquatic environments, either as larvae or adults. Caecilians exhibit numerous morphological features traditionally interpreted as adaptations to their specialized ecologies, such as a compact and well-ossified skull and an elongated body lacking both girdles and limbs. Caecilian vertebrae differ substantially from those of other amphibians in having amphicoelous centra, well-developed basapophyseal processes, pronounced posterosagittal processes and hypapophyseal keels, and low and flat neural arches. However, caecilian postcranial osteology has received little attention, and the vast majority of the species remain unstudied. Consequently, the variation in the vertebral morphology among caecilians is still unknown or poorly documented. Inconsistencies in the anatomical terminology used by different authors are potentially confusing and may hamper understanding of homologies. Here we present an overview of caecilian postcranial osteology, define the main structural features, including many not previously described, and propose a standardized nomenclature.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144251780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralized area of the human rib cross-sections from early puberty until adulthood.","authors":"J M López-Rey, D M Doe, O Cambra-Moo, A González Martín, D García-Martínez","doi":"10.1002/ar.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ribs undergo numerous changes during growth and development. Although they occur both externally and internally, the latter are not as extensively documented during the transition from puberty to adulthood. Therefore, it is unknown how rib cross-sectional mineralized area changes during this period. To shed light on this issue, we micro-CT scanned ribs from each costal level belonging to 21 individuals equally distributed into three developmental groups: pre-pubescents, post-pubescents, and adults. Then we selected the cross section at the midshaft of each rib and measured its percentage of mineralized area. Our results show that adults have lower mineralized area in their rib cross sections than both pre- and post-pubescents, which is consistent with previous research. Between pre- and post-pubescents, mineralized area is greater in the latter from costal levels 1-8. We propose that this might respond to a peak of mineralized area happening during late puberty. Regarding the tendency of the data, the three groups show a U-shaped trend with two maximum values at costal levels 1 and 12 and a minimum value at levels 4-5. We suggest that greater values are located at the beginning and the end of the costal series due to the mechanical stress produced in these areas by the scalene muscles (ribs 1-2) and diaphragm (ribs 7-12) during breathing. Interestingly, the U-shaped trend is less pronounced in pubescents, whose central costal levels have relatively more mineralized area than that of adults due to ongoing maturation from the external to central costal levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral nerve anomalies and associated musculoskeletal defects in anuran species: New anatomical records.","authors":"Mónica C Soliz, Virginia Abdala","doi":"10.1002/ar.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we analyzed peripheral nerve anomalies in 15 anuran species spanning multiple developmental stages. Anatomical examinations focused on both the central nervous system-including the olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and hindbrain-and the peripheral nervous system, with particular attention to cranial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerve anomalies were often associated with vertebral deformities such as scoliosis and commonly presented as nerve thinning, fusion, or asymmetrical branching along the curvature's concave side. Limb rotation primarily affected the elbow and extended to the hand, accompanied by variations in interstitial nerve branching. Specimens with cranial torsion exhibited smaller cerebral hemispheres, anterior displacement of the cerebellum, and atrophied or indistinct cranial nerves contralateral to the curvature. In the hindlimbs, phalangeal reductions in cases of brachydactyly correlated with absent or altered plantar interstitial nerves. Hemimelia was marked by the absence of distal nerves and severe underdevelopment of carpal and digital elements, while oligodactyly showed altered nerve orientation and reduced distal innervation. Some of these patterns parallel congenital nerve disorders in humans, offering insight into the evolutionary and developmental foundations of nerve malformations. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of vertebrate congenital anomalies and highlight the importance of future studies on their genetic, morphogenetic, and environmental underpinnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Several occurrences of osteomyelitis in dinosaurs from a site in the Bauru Group, Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil.","authors":"Tito Aureliano, Waltécio Almeida, Marcelo A Fernandes, Aline Marcele Ghilardi","doi":"10.1002/ar.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the occurrence of osteomyelitis in non-avian dinosaurs, focusing on the Ibirá locality, a site with a high incidence of this pathological condition. We analyzed six new osteopathic sauropod specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. The results revealed a relationship between infection and bone remodeling, denoted by various manifestations of reactive bone neoformation, including periosteal reaction. Healing tissues were not identified, which implies that the individuals died when the infection was still active. We described distinct manifestations of osteomyelitis with periosteal bone neoformation: (1) periosteal reaction within small circular protrusions; (2) ellipsoid protrusions in a fingerprint pattern; (3) enlarged protrusions both in height and area. This study underscores the importance of examining pathological conditions in extinct species to enhance our understanding of their physiology and interactions with their ancient environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique case of limb abnormalities of a lizard (Reptilia, Lacertidae): Growth and development.","authors":"Igor V Doronin, Marina A Doronina, Yulia I Tsuryumova","doi":"10.1002/ar.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limb abnormalities are one of the most common deformities of vertebrates. They can be caused by both external and internal reasons. Limb abnormalities of amniotes are a fairly rare phenomenon, and mass limb abnormalities have not been found in amniote populations. Isolated cases of skeletal abnormalities are described mainly externally, without detailing the structure of the skeleton. This article presents descriptions of three abnormal specimens of hybrids of subspecies of Lacerta agilis (L. a. boemica × L. a. exigua). Two of them have oligodactyly of the right fore-limb. The third specimen demonstrates a unique combination of oligodactyly of the right and polydactyly of the left forelimbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-opercularization of the lunate sulcus in early Homo.","authors":"Dean Falk, Christoph P E Zollikofer, Marcia S Ponce de León","doi":"10.1002/ar.25694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since Raymond Dart's first attempt to identify the lunate sulcus (\"Affenspalte,\" simian sulcus) in a fossil hominin endocast-that of the Taung child (Australopithecus africanus)-paleoneurologists have debated this structure, which in the brains of monkeys and apes roughly coincides with the rostral boundary of the primary visual cortex. The classic view has been that the evolutionary expansion of the parietooccipital cortex \"pushed\" the lunate sulcus toward the back of the brain. However, there has been little consensus about how and when this might have happened during hominin evolution, as it has proven difficult to establish phylogenetic homology of potential lunate sulci in living humans with the lunate sulcus of great apes. Here we review the comparative neuroanatomical evidence and propose the hypothesis that the lunate sulcus underwent de-opercularization, that is, the structures buried within the sulcus expanded and became part of the external cortical surface. During this process, the lunate sulcus became shallow, fragmented, and eventually obliterated. Specifically, rather than migrating toward the occipital pole during brain evolution, the lunate sulcus was a hotspot for the evolutionary expansion of annectant gyri and their eventual emergence on the parietooccipital cortical surface. We test the de-opercularization hypothesis with an analysis of the parietooccipital endocranial region of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia, and conclude that in these fossils the lunate sulcus may have been in the evolutionary process of fragmentation as their brains became larger and their occipital lobes more caudally projected compared to earlier hominins.</p>","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}