Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)最新文献_第5页

Split insertions of the oblique extraocular muscles in Carnivora. 食肉目斜眼外肌的分裂插入。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70016

Keiko Meshida, Erica Miller, Todd Schmitt, Andrew Cartoceti, Edwin Gilland

{"title":"Split insertions of the oblique extraocular muscles in Carnivora.","authors":"Keiko Meshida, Erica Miller, Todd Schmitt, Andrew Cartoceti, Edwin Gilland","doi":"10.1002/ar.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70016","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the presence or absence of split insertions (i.e., bifurcated/bifid tendons) in the oblique extraocular muscles (O-EOMs) in various carnivoran and non-carnivoran mammals. The O-EOMs were dissected in 44 mammalian orbital specimens (20 families, 36 species). Split insertions were present in Carnivora species exclusively. Split insertions were found in both superior oblique (SO) and inferior oblique (IO) muscles in all 6 Felidae specimens examined. The SO tendons split after the trochlea and coursed anterior and posterior to the global layer of the superior rectus (SR) before inserting onto the sclera at the temporal edge of the SR. The IO bifurcated after running between global and orbital layers of the inferior rectus and inserted onto the sclera anterior and posterior to the lateral rectus global insertion. All 4 Canidae, 1 Hyaenidae, and 1 Viverridae specimens had bifid insertions only in the IO, except the red fox, which had both SO and IO split insertions as in Felidae. Of the 7 Mustelidae species, 3 in subfamily Mustelinae had bifid oblique insertions, while 3 species in Lutrinae and Gulolinae lacked them. Bifid insertions were absent in other carnivoran and all non-carnivoran species examined. The presence of split oblique insertions is thus most common in terrestrial carnivorans with highly developed forward vision (high degrees of orbital convergence and frontation, retinal area centralis, etc.). The split oblique insertions in Carnivora may contribute to both torsional (anterior insertions) and vertical (posterior insertions) eye movements. This would parallel oblique functions in humans, but with different anatomical means.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Histovariability and fossil diagenesis of Pissarrachampsa (Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil. 巴西东南部上白垩统Pissarrachampsa （Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae）的组织变异和化石成岩作用。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70021

Tito Aureliano, Virgínia Maciel, Pedro Victor Buck, Felipe C Montefeltro, Thiago da S Marinho, Aline M Ghilardi

{"title":"Histovariability and fossil diagenesis of Pissarrachampsa (Pseudosuchia, Notosuchia, Baurusuchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southeast Brazil.","authors":"Tito Aureliano, Virgínia Maciel, Pedro Victor Buck, Felipe C Montefeltro, Thiago da S Marinho, Aline M Ghilardi","doi":"10.1002/ar.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70021","url":null,"abstract":"Notosuchians were key components of western Gondwanan Cretaceous ecosystems in terrestrial predator niches and exhibited remarkable taxonomic and ecological diversity. Previous research has explored their physiology, metabolism, and histology, revealing varied growth patterns and life history strategies. While significant advancements have been made in recent years, there is much to unveil about the evolution of growth rate strategies within this clade. Here, we analyzed the histological variability of Pissarrachampsa sera, a baurusuchid from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation in Southeast Brazil, to investigate its growth dynamics and ecological adaptations. Thin sections from the femur, tibia, and fibula revealed fibrolamellar bone tissue with varied vascularization patterns, including radial, reticular, plexiform, laminar, and longitudinal canals. These patterns indicate differential growth rates among skeletal elements, with the tibia growing the fastest and the fibula the slowest. External Fundamental System and multiple Lines of Arrested Growth suggest somatic maturity in this young adult specimen. Limited diagenetic artifacts ensured reliable preservation for paleohistological interpretation. This study provides valuable information about notosuchian physiology and their evolutionary success in Gondwanan terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic. Future investigations should aim to expand histological sampling across diverse taxa to refine our understanding of notosuchian growth strategies and ecological roles.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying muscle architecture in embryos using diceCT and algorithmic fascicle tracking. 使用diceCT和算法束跟踪定量胚胎肌肉结构。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70019

Julia L Molnar, Cassidy E Davis, Akinobu Watanabe, Edwin Dickinson

{"title":"Quantifying muscle architecture in embryos using diceCT and algorithmic fascicle tracking.","authors":"Julia L Molnar, Cassidy E Davis, Akinobu Watanabe, Edwin Dickinson","doi":"10.1002/ar.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70019","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in soft-tissue imaging and muscle reconstruction tools have greatly expanded our capacity to extract myological properties relating to function. Recently, the development of semi-autonomous fascicle tracking algorithms has permitted in situ measurements of fiber lengths and orientation. While these tools have been applied to postnatal, predominantly adult vertebrate specimens, their efficacy has not been demonstrated on embryonic specimens, which possess smaller and less developed muscle tissues. If fascicle tracking algorithms could be extended successfully to embryonic specimens, then life history changes to muscle action and function could be recorded in situ and in high fidelity from the onset of muscle contraction. In this study, we present a successful implementation of a fascicle tracking tool on jaw adductor and depressor muscles in a domestic chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparisons of algorithmic and manual fascicle reconstructions show visual and quantitative validation of the protocol. Compared with results from adult chickens, jaw muscles in embryos were not as uniformly oriented, and the muscles that close the jaw had relatively small physiological cross-sectional areas. This result implies that the growth trajectory is influenced by feeding requirements, such as bite force. We also report an artifact with the fascicle tracking method, where fascicle lengths appear shorter in smaller, thinner muscles relative to measurements based on manual segmentation of the image data. Nevertheless, fascicle orientations are congruent with those extracted from manual segmentation, even for the smallest muscles. Taken together, we demonstrate that an existing tool for semi-automated fascicle tracking is extensible to embryonic specimens. As such, the approach presented here paves a new path for investigating form-function relationships and the effect of muscle action on other tissues, such as bone, from the earliest stages of muscle contractions.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Terminology on human molariform teeth and the Commentary by Soares and colleagues. 人类臼齿术语及Soares等人注释。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70020

Timothy D Smith, Kristen A Prufrock, Valerie B DeLeon

引用次数: 0

Gradual evolution of costal aspiration breathing in tetrapods. 四足动物肋部吸入呼吸的逐渐演化。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70017

Elizabeth L Brainerd

{"title":"Gradual evolution of costal aspiration breathing in tetrapods.","authors":"Elizabeth L Brainerd","doi":"10.1002/ar.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70017","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of costal aspiration breathing has lacked a complete, plausible scenario for the intermediate steps and selective pressures that led to the transformation from buccal pump breathing in anamniotes to the use of ribs and intercostal muscles for aspiration breathing in amniotes. Problems have included the selective pressure that would have produced such a profound change from a head pump to a body pump, the adoption of costal aspiration despite some kind of diaphragmatic solution arguably being more plausible, and the possibility that the transition may have been abrupt, without a prolonged period of buccal pumping and costal aspiration being used together. Here I propose a plausible, but as yet untested, set of intermediate steps and selective pressures that could have produced this great transformation. The key points are that increasingly terrestrial feeding may have selected against effective inspiration by buccal pumping, costal aspiration may have been the path of least resistance for evolving an accessory mechanism to assist the diminishing role of buccal pumping, and buccal pumping may have been retained as an accessory lung inflation mechanism in stem amniote lineages, providing time for costal aspiration to become an effective lung inflation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Changes in the position of skeletal elements of the ankle and foot during late embryonic and fetal periods. 胚胎晚期和胎期踝关节和足部骨骼元素位置的变化。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70014

Tetsuya Takakuwa, Kouki Matsuda, Yuki Yamato, Syotaro Tamura, Kentaro Kimura, Sena Fujii, Toru Kanahashi, Akio Yoneyama, Hirohiko Imai, Hiroki Otani, Shigehito Yamada

{"title":"Changes in the position of skeletal elements of the ankle and foot during late embryonic and fetal periods.","authors":"Tetsuya Takakuwa, Kouki Matsuda, Yuki Yamato, Syotaro Tamura, Kentaro Kimura, Sena Fujii, Toru Kanahashi, Akio Yoneyama, Hirohiko Imai, Hiroki Otani, Shigehito Yamada","doi":"10.1002/ar.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70014","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of the ankle joint and foot during early development exhibits distinct differences from that observed in adults, with physiological clubfoot being a well-documented phenomenon. To better understand this posture and its transformation, the skeletal elements in this region were three-dimensionally reconstructed using high-resolution phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of specimens (n = 23) during the late embryonic and early fetal periods, before joint cavity formation. Sequential changes were analyzed both morphologically and morphometrically from anterior, lateral, posterior, and plantar views. The reduction in plantar flexion of the ankle joint rendered the positional change of the hindfoot substantially more complex, and three-dimensional reconstruction facilitated its comprehension. Continuous supination of the hindfoot, pronation of the forefoot along the foot axis, and reduced plantar flexion of the ankle joint were identified as key postural changes that contributed to the development of temporal physiological clubfoot, initiated as early as the late embryonic period. Twisting between the forefoot and hindfoot and the abduction of the ankle joint, resulting from the obliquity of the tibia-talus joint, were substantial. The offset effect of the two angle changes conceals such changes in most previous studies. Changes in the shape of the tarsal bones, especially the calcaneus and talus, affected the relative bone positions, indicating that the concept of \"differential growth\" may apply to ankle-joint and foot morphogenesis. Findings of the present study are expected to enhance understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanisms underlying clubfoot and facilitate fetal diagnosis via morphological assessments.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical stress may initiate osteoderm development in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). 机械应力可能启动美洲短吻鳄（短吻鳄密西西比）的骨皮发育。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70015

Brooke H Dubansky, Jacob Raney, Stevie Bordelon, Katie Black, Peyton Cagle, Benjamin Dubansky

{"title":"Mechanical stress may initiate osteoderm development in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).","authors":"Brooke H Dubansky, Jacob Raney, Stevie Bordelon, Katie Black, Peyton Cagle, Benjamin Dubansky","doi":"10.1002/ar.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoderms are bones that form in the dermis of several species, but their development and function are not well understood. Comparing cellular and molecular events that initiate and drive pathologies similarly characterized by ossification of soft tissues (heterotopic ossification) may provide insight into how osteoderms develop. It is thought that the origin of some heterotopic ossification lesions is mediated through mechanotransduction, or the conversion of mechanical forces on the extracellular matrix (ECM) to biochemical signals that initiate bone formation. Discrete osteoderm developmental stages in alligators were previously established based on morphology; however, questions remain regarding the type of collagen, the identity of cell precursors, and factors that initiate their development. In this study, we investigated changes in the ECM in different stages of osteoderm development. We found that in dorsal cervical scales, an organized reticulin fiber scaffold precedes bone formation, and that before and during ossification, collagen fibers are under tension in specific planes of the body. These tensed collagen fibers correspond to attachments of the superficial and deep cervical fasciae and the tendons of some muscles of the jaws, neck, and shoulders. Osteoderms are therefore exoskeletal elements that likely distribute mechanical forces to the skin during normal body movements, and we hypothesize that these mechanical forces play a role in stimulating ossification at these sites via mechanotransduction. This developmental mechanism may be comparable to the development of some trauma-induced heterotopic ossification lesions that are similarly initiated by mechanotransduction.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revisiting paravertebral muscles in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) (Leporidae; Lagomorpha). 欧洲兔（Oryctolagus cuuniculus）和欧洲褐兔（Lepus europaeus） (Leporidae；兔类)。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70009

Nuttakorn Taewcharoen, Emma Sherratt, Philip Stott, Rachel Norris

{"title":"Revisiting paravertebral muscles in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) (Leporidae; Lagomorpha).","authors":"Nuttakorn Taewcharoen, Emma Sherratt, Philip Stott, Rachel Norris","doi":"10.1002/ar.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70009","url":null,"abstract":"Domesticated European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have long been chosen as laboratory model organisms. Despite this, there has been no definitive study of the vertebral musculature of wild rabbits. Relevant descriptions of well-studied veterinary model mammals (such as dogs) are generally applicable, but not appropriate for a species-specific topology. Our study aims to provide a consolidated list and description of the vertebral muscles in wild rabbits. Wild European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) are also included in this study as they have a similar bauplan, albeit different locomotive behaviors. We examined the gross anatomy of the paravertebral muscles in both species, describing 54 muscles that are compatible with the current anatomical terminology. Muscular topology was consistent between rabbits and hares, with subtle variation presented: the degree of muscular fusion (m. longissimus, m. splenius, mm. scaleni, and m. serratus dorsalis) and the relative muscle sizes (m. rectus capitis dorsalis major). Yet, the observed topology was noticeably different compared to the topology previously described in other mammals regularly used in veterinary anatomy. These differences are thoroughly discussed, and we suggest reinstating some leporid anatomical terms to better reflect the anatomy of this vertebrate group.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transplants of fresh and cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue improve reintegrative phenomena in newly formed muscle tissue in the reconstruction of muscle volume loss: A histological evaluation. 移植新鲜和冷冻保存的自体脂肪组织在肌肉体积损失重建中改善新形成肌肉组织的再整合现象：组织学评估。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70010

Irene Cantarero, Maria A Peña-Toledo, Maria E Lopez-Espejo, Maria Jesús Gil-Belmonte, Rafael Villalba, Ignacio Jimena, José Peña-Amaro

{"title":"Transplants of fresh and cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue improve reintegrative phenomena in newly formed muscle tissue in the reconstruction of muscle volume loss: A histological evaluation.","authors":"Irene Cantarero, Maria A Peña-Toledo, Maria E Lopez-Espejo, Maria Jesús Gil-Belmonte, Rafael Villalba, Ignacio Jimena, José Peña-Amaro","doi":"10.1002/ar.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70010","url":null,"abstract":"Repair of volumetric muscle loss (VML) lesions tends to be poor, leading to fibrosis and functional loss. Here we investigated the effectiveness of fresh versus cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue transplantation to facilitate repair. Wistar rats were distributed into four experimental groups: normal control, VML lesions, VML lesions treated with a fresh autologous adipose tissue graft, and VML treated with a cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue graft. At 60 days post-intervention, a histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess changes related to the degree of fibrosis, vascularization, and innervation. These changes were quantified and statistically analyzed. The changes generated by the two types of adipose tissue implanted in the VML lesion were highly similar, with some significant differences favoring the use of cryopreserved adipose tissue. Compared with the VML group, the following outcomes were observed: (1) significant presence of regenerated muscle fibers; (2) significant reduction of fibrosis, albeit with a higher proportion of type III collagen; (3) significant increase in the microvascular pattern; and (4) significant reduction in the number of angulated atrophic muscle fibers and increase in cytoarchitectural changes indicative of reinnervation. This study suggests that autologous adipose tissue transplantation in VML lesions promotes reintegrative processes, facilitating the regeneration and formation of new muscle fibers. Furthermore, the freezing did not diminish outcomes in the CAAT group, highlighting its potential for preservation in tissue banks and applications in regenerative medicine.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A proximodistal gradient in bone structure and mechanics in the wings of Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. Seba短尾蝙蝠翅膀骨骼结构和力学的近远端梯度。

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1002/ar.70008

Xiaoxiang Ma, Aowen Deng, Sabah Nobakhti, Sharon Swartz, Sandra J Shefelbine

{"title":"A proximodistal gradient in bone structure and mechanics in the wings of Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata.","authors":"Xiaoxiang Ma, Aowen Deng, Sabah Nobakhti, Sharon Swartz, Sandra J Shefelbine","doi":"10.1002/ar.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70008","url":null,"abstract":"Bats possess the remarkable ability to fly, and with this, distinctive wing bone properties. We investigated the structural, mechanical, and compositional properties of the humerus, radius, metacarpals, and proximal and middle phalanges of Carollia perspicillata, an approximately 15 g fruit-eating bat native to the Neotropics. We used microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to assess cross-sectional properties (cross-sectional area, second moment of area, circularity index), quantitative backscattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess mineral density in longitudinal sections, and nanoindentation to determine the elastic modulus along the length of each bone. Our findings revealed proximal to distal structural, mechanical, and mineral density gradients along the length of the wing. Proximal bones possessed larger cross-sectional area, second moment of area, mineral density, and elastic modulus than distal bones. Proximal bones were more circular in cross-section than the more elliptical distal bones, suggesting adaptation to torsional loading around the long axis and bending loading perpendicular to the long axis, respectively. This morphological and material properties gradient is linked to the bat's flight capabilities, reducing inertia and increasing ductility of the distal wing.","PeriodicalId":520555,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0