Cellulose最新文献

{"title":"Fabricating multifunctional lyocell fabric with cationic nanospheres: enhanced anti-fibrillation, with no strength loss, and green dyeability","authors":"Xinchang Ge,&nbsp;Kuanjun Fang,&nbsp;Lei Fang,&nbsp;Longxue Zhang,&nbsp;Hanyu Li,&nbsp;Hongguo Gao,&nbsp;Wei Bao","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06733-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06733-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable lyocell fiber is widely used to manufacture various high-end low carbon and green textile products. However, fibrillation usually occurred during wet processing, causing severe pilling and poor appearance. The current anti-fibrillation methods still suffer from strength loss or unsatisfactory anti-fibrillation performance, and the functional modification of lyocell fibers is generally a distinct processing stage, which causes more water consumption. The present study reported a new strategy for fabricating multifunctional lyocell textiles using cationic P(St-BA-DMC) nanospheres with an average diameter of 90.9 nm and zeta potential of + 49.4 mV. The nanospheres were adsorbed on the negatively charged lyocell fiber surfaces through electrostatic forces when the fibers were treated with the nanosphere suspension. FTIR, SEM, and XPS revealed that when cured at 150 °C, the core–shell-structure nanospheres on the fibers spread into dot membranes like frying eggs, which made the fiber much more hydrophobic through the lotus effect. As a result, the fiber swelling rate reduced from 23.7% to 7%, while the bursting strength of the knitted fabric was not changed significantly. The air permeability at the wet state increased by 30.5% compared to the original fabric. Additionally, the treated fabric’s antibacterial rate against <i>S. aureus</i> reached 97%. The lyocell fabric was endowed with anti-fibrillation, higher air permeability, and anti-bacterial functions without significant strength loss. Moreover, the dyeability of treated fabric was greatly enhanced. This work provides a new strategy for the anti-fibrillation and functionalization of low-carbon lyocell textiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8591 - 8607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly conductive and tough PAM composite hydrogel synergistically constructed by carboxyl carbon nanotubes/bacterial cellulose for flexible electronic skin","authors":"Jie Ren,&nbsp;Shijie Zeng,&nbsp;Xu Xiang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06728-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06728-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conductive hydrogels, a flexible electronic material, are increasingly used in wearables, health monitoring, and electronic skin. However, their limited mechanical strength and conductivity currently restrict broader applications and require enhancement. Here, we incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC) and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (carboxyl-CNT) with acrylamide to prepare a composite hydrogel (CBPam Hydrogel). The physical interactions among these components, including hydrogen bonds and physical entanglement, endow the hydrogel with excellent tensile properties (maximum strain of CBPam-1: 602%). Meanwhile, the addition of carboxyl-CNT enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite hydrogel (conductivity of CBPam-1: 11.6 mS/m). Under the synergistic effect of BC and carboxyl-CNT, sensors fabricated with this composite hydrogel exhibit excellent strain sensitivity. At strains ranging from 0 to 200%, the gauge factor (<i>GF</i>) is 2.70, and the response time is remarkably short (approximately 200 ms). It is noteworthy that this composite hydrogel can also be freely written on capacitive screens, further expanding its application scope as a flexible wearable device. Based on the excellent mechanical and conductive properties of the CBPam Hydrogel, sensors based on this material can sensitively and stably detect human activities and assist in achieving output, indicating its good application potential in fields such as wearable devices and humanoid robots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8409 - 8417"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaffolds based on organosilane-functionalized cellulose microfibrillated cryogels for 3D cell culture in extracellular matrix","authors":"Lara Vasconcellos Ponsoni,&nbsp;Marina Kauling de Almeida,&nbsp;Beatriz Tomé,&nbsp;Natasha Maurmann,&nbsp;Anna Luíza Kern,&nbsp;Patricia Pranke,&nbsp;Sabrina Arcaro,&nbsp;Beatriz Merillas Valero,&nbsp;Matheus Vinicius Gregory Zimmermann","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06732-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06732-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three-dimensional porous scaffolds play an important role in tissue support and growth and are widely used in cell culture within the extracellular matrix (ECM). This approach represents a significant advancement in the biomedical field, enabling the replacement of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and reducing the need for animal testing, which presents physiological, metabolic, and high-cost limitations. Among the promising materials for scaffold development, cellulose stands out as a renewable and biocompatible biopolymer whose structural properties can be adjusted through different drying processes and chemical modifications. Despite advances in the use of cellulose aerogels and cryogels as biomaterials, the influence of different organosilanes in the functionalization of these structures remains underexplored, particularly regarding cell adhesion and proliferation. In this context, this study aimed to develop and characterize scaffolds based on microfibrillated cellulose cryogels obtained through freeze-drying and functionalized via vapor deposition with different organosilanes: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The cryogels were characterized in terms of their morphology, chemical properties and cytotoxicity. Cryogels treated with TEOS and GPTMS demonstrated better adhesion and cell viability in assays with MRC-5 fibroblasts and PC-12 neural cells, making them promising candidates for 3D cell culture applications. The results of this study demonstrate that functionalizing cellulose cryogels enhances cell adhesion and proliferation, establishing these materials as potential scaffolds for cell culture and tissue engineering. These findings contribute to advancing the replacement of 2D models and in vivo assays, promoting the development of more effective biomimetic systems for biomedical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8419 - 8433"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of optoelectronic parameters of methylcellulose (MC) based green polymer composite via zinc metal complexes: structural and optical properties","authors":"Dyari M. Mamand,&nbsp;Sarkawt A. Hussen,&nbsp;Shujahadeen B. Aziz","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06738-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06738-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study followed green methodology to deliver polymer composites based on methylcellulose (MC) with enhanced optoelectronic properties. Ligands of green tea dye were used successfully to produce zinc metal complexes (Zn-MC). The FTIR established that bands associated with anions of the zinc salt were disappeared in Zn-MC product. The FTIR results of the composite films indicate good interaction among host polymer and the added Zn-MC particles. The XRD pattern revealed the amorphous behavior of the prepared Zn-MC. The humps appeared in the XRD pattern of MC host polymer, dropped in intensity and broadened with increasing Zn-MC concentration. The optical band gap was determined based on UV–vis investigation using various models. The band gap values in all models are close to each other. The optical band gap was found to be 6 eV for pure MC polymer and reduced to 1.6 eV upon adding 36 mL of suspended Zn-MC. Using the Drude-Lorentz oscillator model, specific parameters associated with microscopic properties such as relaxation time (<i>τ</i>)<i>,</i> carrier concentration (<i>N/m*</i>), and optical mobility (<span>(mu_{opt})</span>₎ were calculated. The parameters determined from the W-D model were used to calculate the optical moments (the <i>M</i>₋₁ and <i>M</i>₋₃). The average wavelength of inter-band oscillators (<span>(lambda_{0})</span>), and the average strength of oscillators (<span>(S_{o})</span>) were determined with the help of refractive index. It was found that when <span>(lambda_{0})</span> increases with increasing Zn-MC, it simultaneously causes <span>(S_{o})</span> to decrease. The Urbach energy rises with increasing metal complex concentration. The optical conductivity results revealed that increasing of Zn-MC causes a direct increase in optical conductivity. The phase velocity (<span>(v_{p})</span>) and group velocity (<span>(v_{g})</span>) as two key physical parameters related to refractive index were studied. The Magneto-Optical constant known as the Verdet factor (<span>(Vleft( lambda right))</span>), which characterizes the volume of Faraday rotation per unit of magnetic field and thickness in a single pass was studied. The non-linear refractive index <span>(n_{2})</span> was found to increase in the doped films compared to the clean MC sample. The Kirchhoff functions, which consist of film surface resistance and thermal emission, were determined. The first <span>(chi^{left( 1 right)})</span>), and third <span>(chi^{left( 3 right)})</span> order non-linear optical parameters also studied for the MC solid composites.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8309 - 8342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in nitrated nanocellulose: from structural insights to energetic applications","authors":"Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree,&nbsp;Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim,&nbsp;Alinda Samsuri,&nbsp;Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06724-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06724-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review explores the structural and chemical properties of nitrated nanocellulose, highlighting its transformative potential in energetic applications. Derived from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), nitrated nanocellulose combines the inherent advantages of nanocellulose such as mechanical strength, large surface area, and biodegradability with enhanced energetic properties achieved through nitration. The impact of nitrated nanocellulose in energetic materials extends to its ability to contribute to greener, more sustainable energy solutions by reducing reliance on traditional petrochemical-based components. The review delves into various nitration techniques, including mixed acid and catalytic systems, which convert nanocellulose into nitrocellulose with tailored properties. These nitrated forms exhibit improved mechanical stability, reduced sensitivity to external stimuli, and enhanced safety profiles, making them promising candidates for applications in explosives, propellants, and energy storage. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, emphasizing the need for further exploration of synthesis methods, and integration into advanced energetic systems to fully unlock the transformative potential of nitrated nanocellulose in materials science and energetic technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8047 - 8099"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06724-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of alpha-tocopherol-loaded bovine serum albumin nanostructures and their impregnation on cellulose fabric for potential biomedical application","authors":"Sadia Latif,&nbsp;Zulfiqar Ali Raza,&nbsp;Mina Hafeez,&nbsp;Tazeen Riaz,&nbsp;Rashid Masood","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06673-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06673-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employed the desolvation method to encapsulate alpha-tocopherol encapsulation in the bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs). Alpha-tocopherol is an effective antioxidant; however, it is poorly stable in oxidizing environments. It was expected that the stability of alpha-tocopherol could be improved when capped in suitable micellar structures. BSA is a bio-compatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material and can be used to encapsulate alpha-tocopherol to increase its stability and acquire a controlled release. The BSA-encapsulated alpha-tocopherol-loaded NPs were applied to cellulose fabric. The BSA nanoparticles (BNPs) and alpha-tocopherol loaded-BNPs were characterized using UV–vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared and stability analyses. The results demonstrated the spherical morphology of NPs, as observed under the SEM machine. The unloaded BNPs expressed the <i>z</i>-average size of 92 ± 5 nm, which became 95 ± 5–194 ± 5 depending on alpha-tocopherol loading. The FTIR analysis confirmed the successful impregnation of alpha-tocopherol in the BNPs. The alpha-tocopherol-loaded BNPs expressed up to 68 ± 4% release at the pH of 7.4. The alpha-tocopherol encapsulated in BNPs in the presence of rhamnolipid surfactant expressed in a controlled release in the buffer media. The tensile strength and elongation at the break values of untreated fabric were observed as 63 ± 3 MPa and 18 ± 1%, which increased to 92 ± 5 MPa and 25 ± 1%, respectively, on treatment with alpha-tocopherol-loaded BNPs at 200 mg/g. The alpha-tocopherol-loaded BNP-treated cellulose fabric exhibited more finish release (66 ± 3%) at 7.4 whereas limited (23 ± 2–25 ± 2%) in the pH range 5.4–6.4, i.e., the finish stability and release were pH-sensitive. Overall, the study focused on the development of sustainable drug delivery systems using renewable materials, like BSA as the shell matrix, alpha-tocopherol as an antioxidant, rhamnolipid as biosurfactant, cellulose as the substrate and citric acid as an eco-friendly cross-linker. The hence-produced cellulose fabric treated with alpha-tocopherol-loaded BSA inclusions expressed exceptional antioxidant activity and comfort properties. It thus can offer numerous benefits in the healthcare sector in skin care, eczema, and cosmetotextiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8547 - 8565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose nanocrystals/polydimethylsiloxane hybrid membranes for air dehydration at elevated temperatures","authors":"Nasim Alikhani,&nbsp;Ling Li,&nbsp;Jinwu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06707-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06707-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane for enhanced water vapor separation at elevated temperatures. CNCs/PDMS membranes were fabricated via a casting method and characterized for their permeability, selectivity, and thermal stability. Water vapor permeability was measured using a Payne diffusion cell coupled with a Dynamic Vapor Sorption instrument, while nitrogen gas permeability was determined with a gas permeation cell. The results indicate that incorporating 2% CNCs increased water vapor permeability by 24.8%, 30.9%, and 11.2% at 25 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C, respectively, with a slight improvement in selectivity (up to 3.1%). However, increasing CNC concentration beyond 2% led to slight reductions in permeability, attributed to nanoparticle aggregation. The thermal dimensional stability of the optimized membranes improved, as evidenced by an 8.9% reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion. These findings suggest that CNC-reinforced PDMS membranes could be promising candidates for energy-efficient air dehydration applications, though further studies are needed to optimize CNC dispersion and long-term performance under industrial conditions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8221 - 8237"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyethyleneimine coated cellulose nanocrystals decorated with 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid as a pH-responsive nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery","authors":"Weimin Wan,&nbsp;Yuying Wang,&nbsp;Ziqi Li,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Jun Luo","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06684-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06684-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been used to deliver drugs, showing great potential in exploring new methods for cancer chemotherapy. Nevertheless, insolubility, low stability, and bioavailability of the potential bioactive compounds obstruct the development of bioactive formulations. Here, we constructed a pH-responsive nanocarrier that can actively target hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) to deliver insoluble drug curcumin (Cur). Firstly, the polyethyleneimine (PEI) was coated onto the surface of CNCs (CNCs@PEI), and then the 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid (BA) was grafted with the coated PEI (CNCs@PEI-BA). After that, Cur formed a borate structure with BA to load Cur (CNCs@PEI-BA-Cur) showed a high drug loading capacity of 15.74%. CNCs@PEI-BA-Cur actively target HCC, enter into lysosomes, and release Cur in response to the low pH value environment. Importantly, CNCs@PEI-BA-Cur released 10.7-folds of Cur in acidic environments (pH = 5.4) more than in neutral environments (pH = 7.2). Furthermore, the nanocarrier showed efficient active targeting of HCC and increased intracellular Cur concentrations, which allowed for the effective killing of HCC in 2D cell and 3D hepatoma cell microsphere models in vitro. In conclusion, this targeted and pH-responsive nanocarrier was expected to enhance the therapeutic of insoluble drugs for HCC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 13","pages":"7895 - 7909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual detection of nitrite via the multicolor cellulose-based rare-earth fluorescent materials","authors":"Jiqiang Wan,&nbsp;Guozheng Li,&nbsp;Zongxi Liu,&nbsp;Zhangyan Chen,&nbsp;Xiaohua Ma,&nbsp;Zhenglei Jia,&nbsp;Haiying Tian,&nbsp;Jialiang Zhang,&nbsp;Ping Lu,&nbsp;Mingqi Gao,&nbsp;Zonghua Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06719-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06719-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Excessive nitrite has posed serious threats to the environment, human beings, and public security. In this work, multicolor cellulose-based fluorescent probes were prepared from the cellulose-based polymeric sensitizer and rare-earth metal ions for nitrite detection. The sensitizer contained two typical groups: terpyridine and quaternary ammonium. Terpyridine sensitized rare-earth metal ions, while quaternary ammonium granted good water solubility and intrinsic blue fluorescence to the cellulose-based fluorescent materials. The emission spectra of the fluorescent materials can be finely regulated by adjusting the concentration of rare-earth metal ions, resulting in different luminescent materials with blue, green, red and white fluorescence. This is a feature unattainable with conventional single-signal probes. A colorimetric approach based on the intrinsic blue fluorescence of quaternary ammonium and the sensitized rare-earth metal ions was established to detect nitrite in different modes. The materials exhibited exceptional performance, including a low detection limit of 12.4 μM (surpassing the WHO guideline of 65.22 μM for nitrite in drinking water) and high selectivity among 13 anions. With their exceptional specificity, low limit of detection, and convenient operation, these ratiometric probes show great potential for applications in food safety assessment, drinking water quality monitoring, and environmental monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8395 - 8408"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of brewers' spent grain type on the structure and performance of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites","authors":"Aleksander Hejna,&nbsp;Hubert Cieśliński,&nbsp;Katarzyna Skórczewska,&nbsp;Paulina Kosmela,&nbsp;Joanna Aniśko-Michalak,&nbsp;Adam Piasecki,&nbsp;Mateusz Barczewski","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06704-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06704-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A drive towards sustainability of wood-polymer composites (WPCs) should assume maximizing the resource efficiency, hence exploiting all benefits yielding from the application of wood or other plant-based materials. It encourages using recycled raw materials from the food or agricultural sector. The brewing industry, with its inclusiveness and few geographical limitations, poses as an excellent source of fillers for WPCs. However, the diversity of beer styles yields a vast range of generated by-products, affecting the properties of final composites. Herein, the presented study investigated the unprecedented number of 22 different variants of brewers' spent grain (BSG) yielding from the production of various beer styles as fillers for poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites. A strong correlation between the appearance (mainly lightness and hue) of BSG and resulting WPCs has been revealed. The increasing WPCs' browning index, affected by the products of non-enzymatic browning reactions, correlated with their surface wettability (an increase from 82 to 90°) and reduced the interfacial hydrophilicity gap. The thermal damage caused by the malting of barley, wheat, or rye reduced the final WPCs' tensile strength (from 9.3 to even 8.1 MPa) and thermal stability (from 247.1 to even 229.7 °C). On the other hand, oxidative stability was significantly stimulated, which was expressed by a 12 °C increase in oxidation onset temperature. None of the analyzed WPCs showed antimicrobial activity during disk diffusion assay tests. Reported findings enable adjustment of the performance of the final WPC by the proper selection of introduced BSG filler, providing auspicious insights into the potential applications, such as packaging materials, food containers, or cosmetic accessories like brushes, combs, or toothbrushes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8283 - 8307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06704-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}