CellulosePub Date : 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06638-0
Fariba Yeganeh, Michael A. Bilek, James A. Olson
{"title":"The production of high-bulk mechanical pulp sheets by fractionation and the addition of microfibrillated lignocellulose","authors":"Fariba Yeganeh, Michael A. Bilek, James A. Olson","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06638-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06638-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There has been a growing interest in broadening the application of mechanical pulp, particularly in the development of high-bulk sheets with a wide range of physical and optical properties. This study explores incorporating microfibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC) into fractionated and unfractionated bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) of spruce-pine-fir (SPF) to develop high-bulk, strengthened composite. MFLC was generated from BCTMP-aspen through low-consistency (LC) refining, and BCTMP-SPF fibers were fractionated using a Bauer-McNett fiber classifier. The properties of the resulting composite sheets were compared with those sheets prepared from SPF-LC refined pulp at different specific refining energies. The resulting handsheets and Dynamic Sheet Former sheets were analyzed for freeness, fiber length, fine percentage, curl index, bulk, tensile index, tensile energy absorption, stretch percentage and tear index. Additionally, the morphology of the sheets was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The findings showed that adding MFLC to BCTMP-SPF whole pulp and long fiber fractions presents a promising energy saving and green approach to increase sheets stretch, tensile and tear strength while preserving sheet bulk, potentially extending their application for packaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6793 - 6811"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06638-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06630-8
Gul Kaya, Pinar Belibagli, Sedef Acir, Sadin Ozdemir, Gulsah Tollu, Ruken Esra Demirdogen, Nadir Dizge, Kasim Ocakoglu
{"title":"Cellulose extraction from hemp fiber and carbonized nanocellulose production, characterization, antibiotic loading, and comparison of antibacterial properties","authors":"Gul Kaya, Pinar Belibagli, Sedef Acir, Sadin Ozdemir, Gulsah Tollu, Ruken Esra Demirdogen, Nadir Dizge, Kasim Ocakoglu","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06630-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06630-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focused on the extraction of cellulose from hemp fiber and production of carbonized nanocelluloses (CCN) from cellulose, characterization, antibiotic loading and investigation of antibacterial properties of cellulose and CCN. Cellulose with a diameter of approximately 4.5 μm was successfully extracted from the untreated hemp fiber that had an average diameter of approximately 10 μm. After the acid hydrolysis, the dried hemp fiber powders were subjected to preoxidation and carbonization and then CCN with a diameter of 34.7 nm was produced. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was selected as the model antibiotic for investigation of the antibacterial property of the cellulose and CCN. The optimum conditions for CIP loading onto cellulose and CCN were determined to be pH 7.00 for CIP concentrations of 5.0 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and the adsorbent dose was 1.0 g L<sup>−1</sup> with the loading efficiency of 85.05% and 90.80%, respectively. No chain break was observed with CCN up to 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, but a single chain break was observed for concentrations ≥ 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The antibacterial activity studies showed that although pristine cellulose and CCN had considerable antibacterial property their modification with CIP (C + CIP and CCN + CIP) increased their activity. At 50 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> concentrations, the antibiofilm effectiveness for CCN and cellulose were found to be 52.38% and 4.28%, respectively. The antibiofilm activity of CCN + CIP was also found to be higher than that of cellulose + CIP against both <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in the concentrations range studied and the antibiofilm activity was observed to be 94.74% and 86.62% for CCN + CIP and cellulose + CIP, respectively, at 50 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>. All these results showed that CIP could successfully be loaded onto carbonized nanocelluloses extracted from hemp fibers and they showed considerable antibacterial properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6551 - 6572"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06630-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Depolymerization of ethylene diamine-pretreated pulp samples","authors":"Gaoyuan Hou, Korawit Chitbanyong, Miyuki Takeuchi, Izumi Shibata, Akira Isogai","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06649-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06649-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is necessary to establish a common protocol for the complete dissolution of pulp, plant holocellulose, and cellulose in a solvent suitable for measuring their molar masses and molar mass distributions. Soaking pretreatment of wood chemical pulp, holocellulose, and bacterial, tunicate, or algal cellulose samples in ethylene diamine (EDA) for 4 days facilitates the complete dissolution of such samples in 8% LiCl/<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylacetamide. The molar mass parameters of the samples may then be obtained by size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection. However, when hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HBKP) samples were pretreated with EDA under an air atmosphere for 4 days, their degrees of polymerization (DPs) were clearly lower than those pretreated with EDA for 1 day. In contrast, bacterial cellulose or mercerized cotton lint cellulose had almost the same DP values between the EDA-pretreated sample for 1 and 4 days. When the HBKP was reduced with NaBH<sub>4</sub> before EDA pretreatment under an air atmosphere for 4 days, or soaked in EDA under an N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere for 4 days, the DP value became similar to that of the sample pretreated in EDA under an air atmosphere for 1 day. Thus, one of the above pretreatments is required for reliable and reproducible DP values for HBKPs. The obtained results indicate that the carbonyl groups present in the HBKP hemicellulose fractions participate in the depolymerization behavior by EDA pretreatment under an air atmosphere for 4 days.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 12","pages":"7003 - 7016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06649-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06623-7
Mohammad Shayan, Meen Sung Koo, Ragab Abouzeid, Yan Chen, Jaegyoung Gwon, Qinglin Wu
{"title":"Hybrid cellulose nanofibril/MXene/polydimethylsiloxane conductive composites for enhanced strain sensing","authors":"Mohammad Shayan, Meen Sung Koo, Ragab Abouzeid, Yan Chen, Jaegyoung Gwon, Qinglin Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06623-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06623-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fabrication of stretchable hybrid cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/MXene/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite sensors is a challenging task due to inherent incompatibility between hydrophilic CNFs and MXene, and hydrophobic PDMS. In this work, a porous CNF sponge embedded with MXene nanoflakes was created, which was then infiltrated with PDMS to form a flexible, stretchable nanocomposite film. The resultant CNF/MXene network within the PDMS matrix enhanced electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity, while the PDMS provided mechanical flexibility. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images revealed a well-integrated structure with good dispersion of MXene along CNFs, promoting strong interfacial interactions and mechanical stability. The sensor demonstrated consistent mechanical performance, with tensile strengths of 320 ± 19 kPa and 400 ± 24 kPa at 5% and 10% strains, respectively. Strain sensing tests revealed ΔR/R0 increased in the 0–17% strain range, with a higher gauge factor at increased strain levels, making it suitable for small workable strain ranges. Furthermore, thermal analysis showed that the incorporation of MXene accelerated thermal degradation, while the addition of PDMS enhanced the thermal stability of the composite, resulting in improved durability for long-term strain sensing applications. </p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6627 - 6640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06623-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-06-30DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06644-2
Johanna Castaño, Guillermo Reyes, Saddys Rodríguez-LLamazares, Constanza Sabando, Mauricio Sarabia, Mayra A. Mariño, Karina Oyarce, Alejandro Amoroso, Braulio Contreras-Trigo, Marcela Frizzo, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Nicolás Acuña R., Rojas Orlando J.
{"title":"Dual crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch/oxidized-cellulose nanofiber hydrogels with self-healing and antibacterial effects","authors":"Johanna Castaño, Guillermo Reyes, Saddys Rodríguez-LLamazares, Constanza Sabando, Mauricio Sarabia, Mayra A. Mariño, Karina Oyarce, Alejandro Amoroso, Braulio Contreras-Trigo, Marcela Frizzo, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Nicolás Acuña R., Rojas Orlando J.","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06644-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06644-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogels composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Pehuen Starch (PS), and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TO-CNF) were prepared by the use of a one-pot method that consisted of sonication and freeze-thawing cycles without intermediate separation. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) analyses confirmed that PVA/PS/TO-CNF hydrogels had dynamic behavior (reversible ester bonds and hydrogen bonds), resulting in homogeneous porous architectures. FTIR spectra highlighted chemical structure changes because of the dual cross-linking reaction. Along the same line, rheological measurements indicated a predominantly elastic nature and incremented storage modulus by 20–50%, promoted by the addition of 1 wt.% TO-CNF. Light optical microscopy revealed a fast self-healing behavior within 2 min post-incision, and thermal gravimetry (TGA) confirmed that the inclusion of borax improved thermal stability. Biocompatibility tests with MSCs and HepG2 cells showed non-toxicity, with 1:1 mass ratio PVA/PS-TOCNF hydrogels exhibiting superior dimensional stability, viable cell recovery rates (20–40%), and antimicrobial activity against <i>E. coli</i>. These results demonstrates the potential of biobased polymers (PS-TOCNF) to improve the properties of PVA/borax hydrogels for next-generation healthcare applications, offering a promising solution with competitive mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6607 - 6626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06644-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The old jeans in a new role","authors":"Małgorzata Cieślak, Ewa Witczak, Paweł Swaczyna, Izabela Jasińska, Alicja Nejman, Agnieszka Dałek","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06615-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06615-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to tackle textile waste effectively, it is essential to commit to substantial research efforts that are in line with the principles of the Circular Economy. Managing the waste of denim fabric is very important, as it is one of fundamental textile materials in the global apparel market. Our research has concentrated on developing methods for converting post-consumer denim trousers from selective clothing waste collection into new products for technical purposes. For their characterization we used advanced analytical techniques, i.e. SEM, FTIR-ATR, UV–VIS, DSC, TG/DTG, ICP-MS, GC–MS/MS. The analysis revealed that the denim waste, which consists mainly of cotton but also contains varying amounts of polyester and elastane fibers, is free from harmful chemical substances and can be recycled without prior cleaning. We developed new nonwoven fabrics and hard boards with different structures and tailored properties, such as acoustic, thermal, fire retardant, bioactive and electrical. We analyzed both the final products and the influence of process parameters on their properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6867 - 6889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06615-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06640-6
Aungkana Orsuwan, Rungsinee Sothornvit
{"title":"Natural deep eutectic solvent polyphenol and cellulose from jackfruit peel as binary bio-fillers in jackfruit seed flour/poly (vinyl alcohol)-based sustainable composite films","authors":"Aungkana Orsuwan, Rungsinee Sothornvit","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06640-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06640-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the use of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) polyphenolic extracts (E) and cellulose (C) from jackfruit peel as bio-fillers to enhance the properties of jackfruit seed flour/poly(vinyl alcohol) (JF/PVA)-based biocomposite films for food packaging. Nine composite samples (C0E0, C0E25, C0E50, C12.5E0, C12.5E25, C12.5E50, C25E0, C25E25, and C25E50) were prepared using solution casting. NADES demonstrated multiple roles, acting as a cross-linker, plasticizer, and particle size reducer. Lactic acid in NADES effectively cross-linked with PVA, leading to the C0E25 film exhibiting the highest hydrophobicity, water barrier properties, and thermal stability. The plasticizing effect of NADES reduced tensile strength and elastic modulus while increasing elongation at break. Additionally, increasing NADES content reduced the size of cellulose on the film surface. Hydrophilic cellulose, particularly in C25E0, enhanced mechanical properties and water uptake (223.96 ± 21.29%). Films with binary bio-fillers, especially C25E50, showed improved ultraviolet and visible light barrier properties, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. In olive oil packaging tests, high-antioxidant films (C0E50, C12.5E50, and C25E50) extended the shelf life of olive oil by 30 days compared to an open Petri dish and traditional PET/LDPE sachets. These findings highlight the potential of JF/PVA-based biocomposite films as sustainable alternatives for extending the shelf life of high-value food products like olive oil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6695 - 6715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06647-z
Sujie Yu, Christophe Pradille, Tatiana Budtova
{"title":"Mechanical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose aerogels and cryogels","authors":"Sujie Yu, Christophe Pradille, Tatiana Budtova","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06647-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06647-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lightweight and highly porous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aerogels were prepared from CMC solutions <i>via</i> non-solvent induced phase separation, followed by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> drying. Direct freeze-drying of CMC solutions was used to obtain “cryogels” for comparative analysis. The influence of CMC concentration and of drying method on the morphology, density, porosity and mechanical response of CMC aerogels and cryogels under uniaxial compression were evaluated. Two methods were used: direct data collection from the machine sensors and the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. It was demonstrated that DIC method is more precise; video-monitoring of the changes in sample shape and dimensions was also performed. Nominal stress–strain dependences were constructed, and compressive modulus, yield stress, absorbed energy and sample volume evolution under compression were analyzed as a function of density and material morphology. The elastic recovery of cryogels is slightly higher than that of aerogels at the similar density. The “equivalent” Poisson’s ratio (at 50% strain) was nearly zero for cryogels, while for aerogels it was non-zero and decreased with increasing density. The difference in the mechanical response of aerogels <i>vs</i> cryogels was attributed to their different morphology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 12","pages":"7173 - 7186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-025-06647-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06643-3
Xiangqing Li, Qianqian Luo, Zhitao Wang, Na Sun
{"title":"Robust bacterial cellulose/BNNS hybrid aerogel-based composite phase change materials with enhanced thermal performance for efficient thermal management","authors":"Xiangqing Li, Qianqian Luo, Zhitao Wang, Na Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06643-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06643-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phase change materials (PCMs) have great potential as thermal management materials for high power density devices due to their impressive heat storage capacity and temperature regulation capabilities. However, the shape-stable PCMs with high thermal conductivity while effectively preventing latent heat loss pose significant challenges for their application in energy storage and temperature control systems. Herein, a green, lightweight and robust three-dimensional interconnected bacterial cellulose/boron nitride nanosheet (BC/BNNS) aerogel skeleton was developed to encapsulate the PCMs of paraffin via a facile freeze-drying and vacuum impregnation route. Benefiting from the interconnected arrangement of BNNS in hybrid aerogels skeleton, the resultant BC/BNNS based composite PCMs not only exhibits a high latent heat of 203.58 J/g, but also achieves an enhancement of thermal conductivity from 0.21 to 1.16 W/m·K compared to pure paraffin. Furthermore, the obtained composite PCMs with desirable thermophysical properties have great potential for extraordinary thermal management in electronic devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 11","pages":"6593 - 6606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CellulosePub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06646-0
Zhenpeng Cao, Yuhao He, Kuanjun Fang, Yawei Song
{"title":"Multiple interactions constructed between cellulose chains and dye molecules via dye@polymer nanospheres for high-quality textile inkjet printing","authors":"Zhenpeng Cao, Yuhao He, Kuanjun Fang, Yawei Song","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06646-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06646-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lyocell fabric, which is made of regenerated cellulose fiber, has become an important choice for low-carbon eco-textile manufacture owing to its pollution-free spinning process and excellent comfort. However, lyocell fabrics are generally colored by reactive dyes, which can cause high discharge of colored wastewater due to the poor interaction between dye molecules and cellulose chains. In response to the above challenge, a novel type of dye@polymer nanospheres was successfully synthesized, forming multiple interactions with cellulose chains through both covalent bonds and electrostatic forces. Dye molecules were fixed on polymer nanosphere surface, then the composite nanospheres were applied in digital inkjet printing of lyocell fabrics. From the transmission electron microscope measurement, the dye@polymer nanospheres possessed good monodispersity and regular spherical structure with a uniform size of about 120 nm. The thermal stability and crystallinity of dye@polymer nanospheres were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The interaction between dye molecules and polymer nanospheres was determined through zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared measurement and X-ray photoelectron measurement. Stable electrostatic force was formed between anionic dye molecules and cationic nanosphere macromolecular chains, causing those dye molecules to adsorb on the nanospheres in an amorphous form. From the color performance measurement of dye@polymer nanosphere printed patterns, the pattern outline, dye utilization efficiency, color strength and fastness were obvious improved in comparison to conventional inkjet printing using dye-based inks. Therefore, the method has great potential to enhance dye utilization efficiency in lyocell coloration and promote the lyocell development in eco-textile manufacture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 12","pages":"7429 - 7443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}