Cellulose最新文献

{"title":"Eco-friendly aqueous fabrication of cellulose/ZIF-8 biocomposite beads for Pb2+ elimination: process optimization and adsorptive efficiency assessment","authors":"Siroos Iravani Mohammadabadi,&nbsp;Mostafa Vatani","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07218-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07218-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A green, scalable, and fully aqueous synthesis of ZIF-8 was developed, achieving a 90% yield of phase-pure nanocrystals (average size ≈ 110 nm) without organic solvents or high-energy input. By employing citric acid as a Zn²⁺ modulator and triethylamine as a deprotonating/nucleation agent, premature precipitation was effectively suppressed, resulting in highly crystalline ZIF-8 with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 498 m²/g and a micropore volume of 0.62 cm³/g. These nanocrystals were subsequently encapsulated (1 wt.%) within barley-straw-derived cellulose beads cross-linked with sodium alginate, pectin, and CaCl₂, yielding mechanically robust, spherical biocomposite beads (2–3 mm diameter). Despite polymer encapsulation reducing the accessible surface area to 2.33 m²/g and shifting porosity from micro- to mesoporous (average pore diameter 20.92 nm), the beads exhibited an exceptional Pb²⁺ adsorption capacity of 319 mg/g (batch mode, pH 5, 328 K, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g/L), outperforming most reported cellulose- and MOF-based adsorbents. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm, confirming chemisorption on heterogeneous sites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses verified coordination of Pb²⁺ with carboxylate, hydroxy, and imidazolate nitrogen groups. In fixed-bed column tests, a total uptake of 268.65 mg/g was achieved, while the beads retained over 95.9% removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles with 0.01 M HNO₃. Structural, textural, and chemical stability of the regenerated beads after five adsorption–desorption cycles was further confirmed by BET surface area analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FTIR. This work presents a sustainable, industrially viable route for producing high-performance, regenerable MOF–biopolymer hybrid adsorbents for heavy metal remediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7395 - 7426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopolymer composites with nanocellulose in piezoelectric sensors: a review of applications, challenges and ways to overcome challenges","authors":"A. H. M. Firdaus,&nbsp;Abdul Habib,&nbsp;Azrol Jailani,&nbsp;S. M. Sapuan,&nbsp;Vasi Uddin Siddiqui,&nbsp;A. Atiqah,&nbsp;E. S. Zainudin","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07196-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07196-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanocellulose-based biopolymer nanocomposites have emerged as promising materials for next-generation piezoelectric sensors due to their biodegradability, flexibility, and superior mechanical properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of nanocellulose biopolymer composites, specifically exploring their significant potential and status in piezoelectric sensor applications. The review begins with a general overview of nanocellulose biopolymer composites, setting the foundational understanding, and subsequently delves into the fundamental principles of piezoelectricity as it pertains to these materials. A dedicated section highlights diverse applications where nanocellulose biopolymer composites are being utilized as piezoelectric sensors. Furthermore, the prevailing challenges encountered in the development and practical implementation of these sensors are critically discussed, followed by an exploration of various strategies and approaches to mitigate these limitations. This review article serves as an extensive source of information and provides a foundation for future research seeking to harness the potential of nanocellulose biopolymer nanocomposites in piezoelectric sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"6935 - 6977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring efficient TiO2 integration onto eucalyptus pulp-derived cellulose nanocrystals: a comparative investigation of synthesis methods and photocatalytic performance","authors":"Nutsupa Pimsawat,&nbsp;Somnuk Theerakulpisut,&nbsp;Ravin Narain,&nbsp;Khanita Kamwilaisak","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07212-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07212-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explored the facile synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from eucalyptus pulp through an in situ hydrolysis process conducted at low temperatures. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the properties of materials synthesized via three distinct methods: one-pot reaction, double reaction, and physical mixing. The one-pot reaction yielded CNCs with a notably high crystallinity index of 88.5%, whereas the double reaction resulted in decreased crystallinity from 84.9% to 60.8%. Notably, the anatase phase of TiO₂ formed on the CNC surface in both one-pot and double reactions without subsequent calcination. Additionally, these synthesis routes produced a hierarchical raspberry-like morphology in the TiO₂-CNC nanocomposites. The photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using TiO₂-CNC catalysts under both UV and visible light irradiation, with assessment of dye removal efficiency and catalyst reusability over three consecutive cycles. TiO₂-CNC composites synthesized via one-pot and double reactions demonstrated comparable photocatalytic activity, achieving approximately 77–84% removal efficiency under both UV and visible light. In contrast, the mixing method exhibited high efficiency (95%) under UV light but yielded less than 60% dye removal under visible light after 150 min of irradiation. Furthermore, the one-pot reaction produced the highest catalyst recovery rate, exceeding 80%. These findings demonstrate that TiO₂-CNC nanocomposites prepared via the one-pot reaction offer significant advantages, including synthetic simplicity, reduced chemical consumption, and enhanced catalyst stability for sustainable photocatalytic applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7229 - 7255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regenerated cellulose – zinc oxide nanocomposite filaments obtained from the dissolution of cotton waste in ionic liquid/cosolvents","authors":"Aline F. Knihs,&nbsp;Bruna Porto,&nbsp;Miguel A. Granato,&nbsp;Rita de Cassia S. C. Valle,&nbsp;Andrea C. K. Bierhalz","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07217-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07217-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cotton waste from textile processes is often disposed of in landfills, resulting in environmental and resource losses. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop regenerated cellulose filaments from textile waste, processed in systems composed of ionic liquid (IL) in combination with different proportions of the cosolvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Furthermore, the reinforcement of the filaments with different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was evaluated. The cotton was dispersed in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) for 2.5 h at 110 °C, with the addition of DMSO or DMF at 15%, 30%, and 50% (g cosolvent/g IL). The resulting filaments were characterized for degree of polymerization (DP), morphology, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The optimized condition was obtained with 30% DMSO, resulting in the highest DP values and best mechanical performance. The incorporation of ZnO was confirmed by XRD and FTIR analyses, promoting significant improvements in mechanical properties, up to 15%. However, the 20% ZnO concentration showed a tendency towards agglomeration, reducing the reinforcement efficiency. Thermal analysis indicated variations associated with the inorganic content, but no substantial gain in thermal stability. Among the conditions tested, the filament with 10% ZnO presented the best balance between mechanical performance, ZnO-cellulose interaction, and thermal stability. The regenerated filaments show potential for technical textiles and biodegradable composites, combining enhanced mechanical performance and sustainable reuse of textile waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7211 - 7227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-026-07217-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional superhydrophobic polyester/cotton fabric with photocatalytic degradation, photothermal de-icing, and oil–water separation","authors":"Hong Chen,&nbsp;Yan Cao,&nbsp;Shuqi Wang,&nbsp;Xilin Wang,&nbsp;Yong Hu,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Chen,&nbsp;Yong Liu,&nbsp;Yuhong Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07222-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07222-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasingly severe environmental pollution, developing multifunctional fabrics integrating photocatalysis, oil–water separation, and photothermal anti-icing properties has become a significant challenge. In this study, a photothermal superhydrophobic fabric was successfully fabricated via a simple impregnation method, with polyester/cotton woven fabric (PTCO) as the substrate and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), dopamine hydrochloride (DA), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as raw materials. This work aimed to overcome the limitations of weak photothermal response and slow heating rate in traditional superhydrophobic fabrics while enhancing their functional versatility and application potential. The prepared PDA-ZnO@PDMS@PTCO exhibited a water contact angle of 160.3 ± 1.6° and demonstrated excellent stability. Owing to the photocatalytic property of ZnO, the modified PTCO achieved degradation rates of 97.1 ± 1.8% for methylene blue and 95.8 ± 1.2% for rhodamine B solutions. Furthermore, modifying ZnO with PDA endowed it with efficient photothermal performance. Under xenon lamp irradiation for 300 s, the surface temperature increased from 22.6 to 99.8 ℃, melting 1 cm³ of ice within 146 s. Moreover, it exhibited high separation efficiency (96.3 ± 0.3–98.5 ± 0.2%) for six kinds of oil–water mixtures. The PDA-ZnO@PDMS@PTCO with photothermal and photocatalytic properties provides a promising approach for marine oil pollution treatment.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7515 - 7533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biorefinery applied to the synthesis and characterization of bioactive wound dressings based on cellulose nanofibrils and various plant extracts","authors":"Débora Duarte Ribes,&nbsp;Kelvin Techera Barbosa,&nbsp;Murilo Oliveira da Luz,&nbsp;Cristiane da Silva Fonseca,&nbsp;Rafael de Avila Delucis,&nbsp;Andrey Pereira Acosta,&nbsp;Evandro Piva,&nbsp;Rafael Beltrame","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07224-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07224-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study focuses on the development of membranes composed of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and chitosan (CS), combined with various plant oils, with a primary emphasis on biomedical applications, particularly as bioactive wound dressings. After oil incorporation, structural changes in the membranes were discovered through SEM scanning. Crystallinity was measured with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and functional groups were identified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical strength of the membranes was characterized through tensile tests using a universal testing machine, and the antibacterial activity was determined by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) in vitro biological assays. It was discovered that the incorporation of essential oils resulted in increased porosity, changes in crystallinity patterns, and modifications in the functional groups of the polymeric matrix. In particular, membranes containing <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> and <i>Anethum graveolens</i> oils exhibited notable improvements in mechanical properties and antibacterial activity. The membrane containing <i>A. graveolens</i> essential oil demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, with an approximately 99.3% reduction in CFU/cm² compared with the control, followed by membranes containing <i>T. vulgaris</i> (~ 93.3% reduction), <i>L. nobilis</i> (~ 88.9% reduction), <i>O. vulgare</i> (~ 84.4% reduction), and <i>M. frondosus</i> (~ 50.0% reduction), attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as carvacrol, thymol, and <i>p</i>-cymene. Structural, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties combine to suggest that these membranes are a promising approach for developing sustainable and effective bioactive wound dressings. Further research, including in vivo tests, is necessary for clinical application to validate their efficacy and safety.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7379 - 7393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-026-07224-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-source Rietveld refinement for cellulose crystallinity using a laboratory powder X-ray diffractometer: a hands-on tutorial","authors":"Sunghyun Nam,&nbsp;Alfred D. French,&nbsp;Md Nayeem Hasan Kashem","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07136-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07136-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate measurement of cellulose crystallinity is essential for understanding fiber development, optimizing processing conditions, and improving material performance. However, the structural complexity of cellulose fibers presents significant challenges in determining crystallinity, or more precisely, the ratio of two discrete crystalline and amorphous model phases. As a result, many studies rely on empirical methods to estimate a crystallinity index (CrI). This study presents a cellulose-specific workflow for quantifying crystallinity from one-dimensional X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data using Rietveld refinement implemented in the open-source software MAUD. The step-by-step procedure—demonstrated using cotton fiber and tailored for non-specialists—guides users through refinement of ten key parameters, including a scale factor, background, unit cell geometry, crystallite size, preferred orientation, and phase composition, in four sequential refinement steps. The final refinement yielded strong agreement between calculated and observed diffraction patterns and demonstrated the utility of one-dimensional full-pattern analysis in a workflow to quantify cellulose crystallinity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7017 - 7033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-026-07136-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the potential of zero-angle depolarized dynamic light scattering for rapid determination of solvent-dispersed cellulose nanocrystals","authors":"Natalie Glover,&nbsp;Evan B. Moore,&nbsp;Monneh W. Diggs,&nbsp;Ingeborg Schmidt-Krey,&nbsp;Victor Breedveld,&nbsp;Paul S. Russo","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07207-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07207-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the use of cellulose nanocrystals has grown, so has the need to characterize their sizes and the degree to which they are dispersed. Quick and reliable assessment of an individual batch would improve quality control, of great interest to producers, vendors, and users. While current techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and asymmetric field flow fractionation enjoy high particle resolution, they are expensive and slow. This report concerns the potential of zero-angle depolarized dynamic light scattering as a low-cost, rapid, and straightforward method for cellulose nanocrystal length measurements. The technique proves more effective than traditional dynamic light scattering when it comes to differentiating between two separate cellulose nanocrystal samples in the important case where the difference resides not so much in the particle dimensions as in the state of dispersion. This much is evident from the raw data—i.e., without assumptions. When reasonable assumptions about the shape, hydrodynamics and optical nature of the nanocrystals are applied, zero-angle depolarized dynamic light scattering can reproducibly provide qualitative length distributions for billions of particles simultaneously. Pushing ahead to semiquantitative analysis remains a challenge, and full characterization of length, width and shape distributions still lies in the realm of particle-imaging forms of microscopy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"6927 - 6933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-026-07207-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photothermal Janus bacterial cellulose membranes with interfacial evaporation for solar-driven seawater desalination","authors":"Yujia Du,&nbsp;Xin Huang,&nbsp;Chenchen Xu,&nbsp;Wenli Wang,&nbsp;Zixiang Li,&nbsp;Xin Xia,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Zhiyong Li,&nbsp;Xuebin Hou,&nbsp;Huimin Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07210-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07210-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Efficient solar-driven membrane distillation (SDMD) systems are essential for sustainable seawater desalination. Herein, a biomass-derived Janus bilayer nanofiber membrane is fabricated via a one-step in situ biosynthesis strategy, in which a hydrophilic bacterial cellulose (BC) layer is directly grown on a hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) substrate, forming a well-integrated asymmetric bilayer structure without additional binders. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), together with trace amounts of Au and Ag nanoparticles, are incorporated into the BC network to enhance the photothermal response. The interconnected BC nanofibers enable efficient water transport and interfacial heating, while the PP layer provides vapor-permeable, liquid-blocking support for directional vapor transfer and salt resistance. Under simulated solar irradiation (1 sun, 1 kW m⁻²) with a 3.5 wt% NaCl feed solution, the membrane exhibits an enhanced vapor flux of 1.57 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with an estimated solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of approximately 91%, based on steady-state evaporation measurements. The permeate conductivity remains as low as approximately 2.5 μS cm⁻¹, confirming effective desalination. Moreover, the membrane demonstrates stable operational desalination performance over ten consecutive 10 h cycles, retaining over 80% of its initial vapor flux. This work highlights in situ grown bacterial cellulose as an effective structural and functional platform for constructing Janus photothermal membranes, emphasizing the importance of membrane architecture and interfacial integration in solar-driven desalination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7131 - 7146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose drying method selection based on structure and property changes","authors":"Qing Wang,&nbsp;Zhenfei Han,&nbsp;Zhixiao Mao,&nbsp;Xue Wan,&nbsp;Jinxiang Hua,&nbsp;Yongmei Zeng,&nbsp;Jinguang Hu,&nbsp;Fei Shen","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07206-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07206-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structural and functional integrity of cellulose and its derivatives are highly susceptible to the dehydration process. This study comprehensively evaluates six representative drying methods: TBA freeze-drying (T), supercritical CO₂-drying (S), freeze-drying (F), vacuum-drying (V), oven-drying (O), and microwave-drying (M) on high-purity bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels. Multimodal characterization reveals non-thermal methods (T, S, F) maintain macroscopic dimensions similar to the original BC hydrogels and preserve microscopically visible fibrous network structures with interconnected voids, while circumventing severe capillary stress-induced collapse; they retain relatively low crystallinity (53.5–65.6%) with randomly oriented crystallites. Thermal drying methods (V, O, M) induce structural collapse, pore shrinkage, and extensive cellulose chain scission due to interfacial tension and thermal degradation, accompanied by significantly elevated crystallinity (87.2–90.3%) and pronounced preferred orientation of (100) lattice planes. TBA freeze-drying yields dried BC with the highest specific surface area (79.31 m²/g) and most uniform pores, while freeze-drying best preserves DP (1146). Microwave drying causes catastrophic DP loss (to 291) and minimal rehydration capacity. The impact on downstream performance is demonstrated through regenerated cellulose fibers (RCFs): RCFs from TBA freeze-dried BC exhibit the highest tensile strength (252 MPa), while those from freeze-dried BC show superior toughness (50.7 MJ/m³). This work underscores the profound impact of drying methods on BC’s properties and offers practical guidance for selecting appropriate drying strategies based on application-specific requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 12","pages":"7035 - 7052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}