Cellulose最新文献

{"title":"Towards zero-wastewaters treatment: biogenic composite for targeted dye congo red adsorption","authors":"Sanaa K. Gebreel,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Zayed,&nbsp;M. Abdel Rafea,&nbsp;Nazir Mustapha,&nbsp;Magdi E. A. Zaki,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. Roshdy,&nbsp;Menna G. Kholief,&nbsp;Fathy M. Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06698-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06698-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employed analysis of variance (ANOVA) within the framework of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the adsorption of Congo red dye using a novel nanocomposite adsorbent. Bp/CNTs@CS, synthesized by integrating carbon nanotubes and chitosan onto banana peel-derived activated carbon. The adsorbent was thoroughly characterized using FTIR, BET, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. The SEM image demonstrates a scaffold-like structure with layered layers, indicating that the carbon nanotubes and chitosan were successfully incorporated into the activated carbon matrix, whereas, FTIR findings confirm the successful integration of CNTs and Cs into activated carbon, leading to the formation of the Bp-CNTs@Cs hybrid material. The adsorption data aligned well with a quadratic regression model (p &lt; 0.05), validating its predictive strength. Optimal conditions (15.302 mg/L dye concentration, 84.75 min contact time, pH 3.4, and 23.84 mg adsorbent dosage) resulted in a 95.254% removal efficiency. Adsorption performance decreased at pH above 3, while longer contact time and higher dosage improved efficiency. The process followed the Temkin isotherm, indicating a linear decline in adsorption heat and pseudo-second-order kinetics, confirming chemisorption as the primary mechanism. The nanocomposite achieved a maximum dye uptake of 98.993 mg/g, with an adsorption energy &gt; 0.008 J/mol, and thermodynamic analysis confirmed the process to be spontaneous and endothermic. Under ideal conditions (temperature: 25 ± 5 °C; pH: 3.0), a batch-mode scale-up design shows that adding an estimated 52 g of Bp/CNTs@CS nanocomposite can result in a 95% CR dye removal for 50.0 L of wastewater sample. The adsorbent maintained high efficiency across five regeneration cycles. Mechanistic studies revealed that adsorption was governed by electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and physical entrapment within the porous structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 13","pages":"8015 - 8046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic flame-retardant effects of SiO2 sol and intumescent flame retardant in wood flour-polypropylene composites","authors":"Chunfan Xu,&nbsp;Wangxing Lu,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Ru Zhou,&nbsp;Min Hao,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06714-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06714-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are widely used green materials composed of a polymer matrix with wood as a filler. However, due to the flammable nature of the substrates used in WPC, there is a fire hazard associated with their use. To address this, this study developed WPCs by adding SiO₂ sol and an intumescent flame retardant (IFR), which included ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and double pentaerythritol. This approach aimed to investigate their combined effects on thermal stability and flame retardancy. FTIR and laser particle size analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of SiO₂ sol and its adhesion to wood flour. The WPC with addition of both SiO₂ sol and IFR exhibited excellent flame-retardant performance, with a limiting oxygen index of 39.0%, a UL 94 V-0 rating, and a char residue of 28.1%. Cone calorimeter tests showed that the char layer expanded to approximately 4 cm, significantly reducing the total heat release and heat release rate. The formation of a silicon-containing char layer from SiO₂ sol, coupled with an intumescent char layer from the cellulose-IFR reaction, created a composite multi-layered structure that effectively insulated against heat. These findings suggest that the developed WPCs exhibit enhanced flame retardancy, offering potential for application in fire-safe building materials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8471 - 8486"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, properties and comparative analysis of gum Salai guggal based semi-IPNs for enhancing plant growth and soil conditioning applications","authors":"Amit Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06702-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06702-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, an effective approach was used for the fabrication of stimuli-responsive semi-IPNs based on gum <i>Salai guggal</i> under different reaction conditions, i.e., In-air, microwave, and gamma radiations. The synthesized semi-IPN Sg-cl-polyAAm-Gm increases the moisture retention period of sand, clay, and mixture of both the soils upto 48, 56, and 52 days, respectively. Further, the semi-PNs showed swelling in alkaline and shrinking in acidic pH solutions. Therefore, the pH-responsive pulsatile swelling behavior suggested that the semi-IPNs can be effectively utilized to enhance the moisture level in the soil. The semi-IPN Sg-cl-poly(AAm)-MW fabricated under microwave reaction conditions showed 91.49% weight loss after 70 days through vermi-composting method of biodegradation. FTIR and SEM analysis depicted the possible stages of biodegradations through bio-composting, soil burial, and the vermi-composting methods of biodegradation. The soil carrying degraded semi-IPNs increases the shoot length, root length, fresh and dry plant weight in case of <i>Vigna unguiculata subsp,</i> and for <i>Cicer arietinum</i> plant species. Further, the semi-IPN matrices showed sustained release of urea and provided an alternate solution to overcome the excessive wastage of agrochemicals for moving towards sustainable agriculture practices.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 13","pages":"7877 - 7894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergetic ultrasound-swollen treatment modulates the impact of molecular structure and dissolution performance of cellulose in NMMO solution","authors":"Yuqian Guo,&nbsp;Yun Cheng,&nbsp;Leilei Hou,&nbsp;Linghua Chen,&nbsp;Jiaolong Zhang,&nbsp;Yumeng Zhao,&nbsp;Haiming Li,&nbsp;Hongjie Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06723-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06723-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considering the environmental requirements and economic sustainable development, it is crucial to adopt an environmentally friendly and effective pre-treatment to improve the dissolution efficiency of cellulose in aqueous N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solution by disrupting the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds of cellulose for the development of the lyocell fiber industry. Herein, a facile strategy of synergetic ultrasound-swollen treatment was developed to shorten the swelling and dissolution time to make a homogeneous cellulose solution. The novelty of this work lies in that the synergetic ultrasound-swollen treatment could effectively disrupt the molecular chains of cellulose, increase the pore volume and specific surface area, and accelerate the dissolution of cellulose in aqueous NMMO solution. The substantial decrease (55.76%) of number-average molecular weight implied the cleavage of molecular chains. The remarkable increase of specific surface area (about 5 times) and short dissolution time proved the effective synergetic effect of ultrasonic cavitation and swelling of NMMO solution. Therefore, the synergetic ultrasound-swollen treatment not only accelerated the diffusion of the NMMO solution into the crystalline regions of cellulose to disrupt molecular chains, but also enlarged the specific surface area and improved the dissolution efficiency.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8151 - 8168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ZIF-8/CMC composites loaded with eugenol for sustained antimicrobial activity","authors":"Rosa Hernández-López,&nbsp;José Ángel Cuellar-Sánchez,&nbsp;Aurelio López-Malo,&nbsp;Nelly Ramírez-Corona,&nbsp;Ricardo Navarro-Amador","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06718-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06718-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Past efforts to synthesize antimicrobial materials have relied on the antibacterial effects of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, proving costly and raising concerns about unexplored health implications. In this study, a Zn-based metal organic framework (ZIF-8) was synthesized hydrothermally (at 18 °C and 75 °C). This ZIF-8 was characterized using various techniques, including SEM, EDS, Raman, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, before being incorporated into a cellulose matrix along with eugenol to modify the composite’s antimicrobial properties. The effect of ZIF-8 loading on the cellulose composite’s properties was studied, varying concentrations of zinc salt during synthesis. ZIF-8 was successfully embedded onto the cellulose surface, with dense coverage of ZIF-8 particles. The results demonstrated that eugenol’s incorporation into the ZIF-8-cellulose composite significantly enhanced its antimicrobial properties. Optimized composites (with 3% eugenol and 13.13% Zn(NO₃)₂ loading during MOF synthesis) produced inhibition halos of 29.97 mm against <i>E. coli</i> and 27.59 mm against <i>S. aureus</i>. MIC values for <i>S. aureus</i> were 64 µg/mL (with or without eugenol). For <i>E. coli</i>, the MIC was 128 µg/mL without eugenol, decreasing to 64 µg/mL with eugenol. The MBC for the composite without eugenol was 1024 µg/mL for both bacteria, dramatically dropping to 128 µg/mL with eugenol. Eugenol release showed a rapid initial burst followed by sustained, diffusion-controlled kinetics. This effect was attributed to the synergistic action of eugenol and the ZnO moieties present in the ZIF-8 structure and the cellulose matrix. The study highlights the potential of ZIF-8-based composite materials for various antimicrobial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8371 - 8393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durability of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) modified wood under outdoor soil burial test","authors":"Mahmut A. Ermeydan,&nbsp;Eylem D. Tomak","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06720-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06720-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research explores the chemical modification of spruce wood to maintain its resistance and durability properties under soil conditions through ring-opening polymerization using both fresh and re-used ε-caprolactone solutions at concentrations of 70% and 100%. Durability of the modified wood was evaluated over 24 months through soil burial tests, and degradation was assessed via mass loss measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. In addition, compression strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity were determined after the soil burial test. Mass loss of 70% PCL modified samples and controls during the 24 months in soil was higher than that of 100% PCL modified samples due to fungi and termite attacks. SEM analysis revealed the presence of fungal hyphae in both the control and 70% PCL-modified samples, indicating that fungal degradation was more pronounced in these groups. Specifically, the middle lamella in these samples exhibited greater structural breakdown compared to the 100% PCL-modified samples, which showed higher resistance to fungal attack. 100% PCL modified samples were highly resistant to the termite attacks, with a slight visible sign of feeding by the termites in MOR and MOE samples, whilst the controls and some samples of 70% PCL modified samples were destroyed by termites. Parallel to findings on mass losses, strength losses were remarkably lower in 100% PCL modified samples than in controls and 70% PCL modified samples, even after termite attack. The results clearly showed that 100% PCL modification protects wood against soil degrading organisms; however, the re-use of ε-caprolactone solution more than three times negatively affected the success of the modification process and reduced the properties of modified wood.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8455 - 8469"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of henequen bagasse via cellulose extraction: influence of the extraction method on the properties of cellulose-reinforced composite films","authors":"I. Y. Forero-Sandoval,&nbsp;S. Duarte-Aranda,&nbsp;G. Canche-Escamilla","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06715-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06715-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The valorization of agricultural waste is essential for promoting sustainability, economic growth, and environmental mitigation. In this study, henequen bagasse a waste of the henequen agroindustry was utilized as a lignocellulosic material for cellulose extraction and use it in obtaining cellulose–acrylic composite films. Two methods were employed for cellulose obtaining: the alkaline hydrothermal process (AHTP) and the alkaline extraction process (AEP). The resulting cellulose pulp was analyzed in terms of yield, particle size, crystallinity, and morphology. The results indicated that the AEP method yielded a higher efficiency (43%) and aspect ratio (<span>(L/D = 73)</span>), whereas the AHTP method yielded 37% with an aspect ratio of 55. In terms of crystallinity, the AHTP method produced cellulose with 63% crystallinity, exhibiting a cellulose I structure, while the AEP method resulted in 44% crystallinity with a partial conversion from cellulose I to cellulose II. Composites were prepared dispersing cellulose in a commercial acrylic base latex (AF). Thermogravimetric analysis curves showed a single-step degradation at approximately 377 °C for cellulose and 400 °C for AF. The inclusion of cellulose did not affect the thermal stability of AF. Finally, the effect of cellulose incorporation on the mechanical properties of the reinforced material was evaluated. The highest elastic modulus (111 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (6 MPa) were obtained for the composite reinforced with AHTP-derived cellulose at 10 wt%. However, a significant reduction in elongation at break was observed, decreasing from 435 to 77%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8343 - 8357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly all-biomass pipes with high toughness, low internal stress, and self-degradation for sustainable agricultural irrigation","authors":"Yujie Ding,&nbsp;Xun Zhang,&nbsp;Jing Zhou,&nbsp;Tingting Yang,&nbsp;Xiaotong Fu,&nbsp;Chenlu Jiao,&nbsp;Dongdong Ye","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06722-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06722-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The extensive use of plastic pipes has brought about severe environmental pollution and posed risks to human health, thereby giving rise to an urgent need for the development of environmentally friendly alternatives. Herein, a tough, eco-friendly, and biodegradable cellulose pipe (BCP) is reported. The preparation involved dissolving and casting cellulose into membranes, followed by bonding, and shaping the membranes through sodium alginate to create cellulose pipes. Owing to its highly ordered molecular structure and low-density characteristics, the as-prepared BCP exhibited a specific modulus of 24.65 MPa cm³ g⁻¹, which surpassed that of commercial plastic-based pipes, such as ABS, PA, and PE. Furthermore, the BCP demonstrated high deformation adaptability, effectively maintaining water flow performance in complex environments and thus enhancing agricultural productivity. Notably, the BCP can be completely degraded within 49 days, meeting the requirements for practical use. This excellent biodegradability makes the pipe fabricated from natural plant-based materials an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic pipes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8359 - 8369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrolytic degradation of PLA nanocomposites: impact of cellulose nanocrystal surface chemistry and dispersion state","authors":"Xiangdong Hua,&nbsp;Taixiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yihang Duan,&nbsp;Xueping Liu,&nbsp;Hao Wu,&nbsp;Yongxin Duan,&nbsp;Jianming Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06717-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06717-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are promising biodegradable fillers for poly(lactic acid) (PLA), but their influence on PLA degradation, particularly the relationship between the surface chemistry and dispersion of CNCs and hydrolytic degradation behavior, remains incompletely understood. Herein, we systematically investigate the hydrolysis of PLA composites incorporating unmodified and polymer-grafted CNCs. Results show that polymer grafting enhances the hydrophobicity of CNCs and improves their dispersion within the PLA matrix. Unexpectedly, unmodified CNCs exhibit negligible impact on PLA hydrolysis, whereas grafted CNCs accelerate hydrolytic degradation regardless of whether they are modified with hydrolysis-resistant poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or hydrolysis-sensitive poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). Morphological observation and X-ray diffraction/scattering analysis reveal that PLA and its composites follow a bulk erosion mechanism during hydrolysis. On one hand, the well-dispersed CNCs create additional pathways for hydrolytic media to penetrate the material interior. On the other hand, the grafted PVAc enriched at the interfaces undergoes preferential hydrolysis, thereby further amplifying the promoting effect of CNCs on PLA degradation. This research sheds light on the hydrolytic degradation behavior of PLA/biomass-filler composites and provides fundamental insights for designing PLA composites with tailored degradation profiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8135 - 8149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of plasma surface activation on bond strength and mechanical performance of flax/epoxy composites","authors":"Wing-yu Chan,&nbsp;King-cheong Lam,&nbsp;Sun-pui Ng,&nbsp;Chi-wai Kan,&nbsp;Chun-wah Leung,&nbsp;Wang-kin Chiu","doi":"10.1007/s10570-025-06711-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-025-06711-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is a sustainable surface treatment technique that has gained traction for its ability to activate and coat various materials. This research focuses on the treatment of flax fabrics using both dry air and argon APP, investigating the resultant effects on their wettability and physical and chemical structures. The evaluation methods employed include contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Following the treatment, flax/epoxy composites were fabricated utilizing the vacuum-assisted resin infusion method, a process known for its efficiency in composite manufacturing. To assess the mechanical properties of the composite samples, comprehensive tensile and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were conducted. The results from the contact angle tests indicated a significant improvement in the wettability of all APP-treated fibers compared to their untreated counterparts, attributed to alterations in surface morphology on the fiber surfaces and the formation of oxygen functional bonding. EDX analysis revealed an increase in oxygen content on the treated fibers, enhancing the fiber-resin interfacial bonding. By comparing the Young’s modulus of untreated flax fiber composite (0.89 GPa), it significantly increases by 121.29% for dry air APP-treated fiber and 96.58% for argon APP-treated fiber. For the shear modulus of flax fiber composite, it increases 41.97% for argon gas APP-treated fiber (9.37 MPa), and 15.45% for APP with argon treated fiber (7.62 MPa). The tensile and ILSS test outcomes demonstrated that APP treatment enhances both the tensile properties and bond strength of the flax/epoxy composites, suggesting its potential for advancing composite material performance in various applications. This study highlights the efficacy of APP as a transformative approach in material science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"32 14","pages":"8263 - 8281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}