Fire Safety Journal最新文献

{"title":"Modeling of the gravitational deposition of firebrands subject to a turbulent jet flow","authors":"Patrick Damiani,&nbsp;Aditya Mankame,&nbsp;Babak Shotorban","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deposition of firebrands carried by horizontal round jet flow was investigated using Lagrangian tracking and large-eddy simulation with a version of FDS modified by our group to include new features for additional Lagrangian models (e.g., Mankame &amp; Shotorban, 2021). The simulations were configured to replicate previous VUFP firebrand generator experiments (Wadhwani et al., 2017), where firebrands were carried by airflow through a pipe and the resulting jet flow, before deposited on the ground. Validation of jet flow simulation was performed by comparing jet spread rate and velocity decay constant against previous experimental and theoretical values for free jet flows. Firebrands were released from the jet exit. Both drag and gravitational forces were found to play significant roles in firebrand motion, with drag reversal observed when firebrands exited the jet flow—initially accelerating and later impeding forward motion. Quantitative analysis using particle time constants and terminal velocities indicated that small-scale turbulence had a negligible effect on the firebrand trajectories, explaining the observed smoothness of the trajectories. The firebrand simulations were assessed for the considered Lagrangian models by comparing the probability density functions of the deposited firebrands’ coordinates against those reported in previous experimental and simulation studies (Wadhwani et al., 2017).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the proposed wildfire curves for housing design protection","authors":"Cesare Fiorini ,&nbsp;Mario Arruda ,&nbsp;Hélder D. Craveiro ,&nbsp;Aldina Santiago ,&nbsp;Fernando Branco","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need to protect structures from the hazards of wildfires remains an area requiring further investigation. In this context, this study focuses on the analysis of a novel approach for defining and implementing standardized wildfire curves (WC) for the fire safety design of dwellings at the wildland-urban interface (WUI). The primary objective is to introduce the proposed WC and evaluate its representativeness in comparison to real cases documented in the literature, thereby validating its applicability. Emphasis is placed on the development of realistic standard fire time-temperature curves for natural fuels such as trees, shrubs, and litter. An extensive literature review was conducted to collect the most relevant time-temperature datasets, spanning experimental research from the 1960s to the most recent studies in 2023. These datasets were obtained using thermocouple devices positioned at various heights within the fuel bed. The study incorporates data from field tests, laboratory experiments, and real-life wildfire incidents in Portugal and other countries. Additionally, the authors present temperature curves acquired <em>in situ</em> from wildfires they monitored. Furthermore, a case study involving an external wall composed of classical construction materials commonly used in Portugal is numerically analyzed using the proposed WC. The heat transfer analysis examines the temperature distribution and internal heat flux. The results indicate that the WC effectively represents the scenario in which the highest internal temperatures within a dwelling are observed, highlighting its potential applicability in fire safety design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical assessment of castellated stainless steel columns under axial compression and high temperatures","authors":"Eric Guilherme Mendes ,&nbsp;Alexandre Rossi ,&nbsp;Renato Silva Nicoletti ,&nbsp;Adriano Silva de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Paulo Vila Real ,&nbsp;Carlos Humberto Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes castellated stainless steel columns under compression and high temperatures, carrying out a parametric study with 2520 analyses. The results indicate the EN 1993-1-1:2022 [1] standard provides good predictions for carbon steel but underestimates the bearing capacity of stainless steel at room temperature. In fire conditions, EN 1993-1-2:2005 [2] was shown to be insufficient to capture the initial loss of strength of stainless steel, especially in the first phases of thermal exposure, where the resistance capacity dropped by about 10 % in 15 min, compared with a drop of 6 % for carbon steel. After 30 min of exposure, both materials stabilized their resistance capacity, reaching about 80 % and 85 % of the original resistance for stainless and carbon steel, respectively. Longer exposure times to fire produced higher analytical and numerical load capacity ratio values. This study reinforces the need to develop more accurate normative models and adjust current standards to better evaluate the behavior of these structures under compression and fire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiative properties of firefighter helmets: Effect of color and soot deposition on thermal performance","authors":"A. Collin ,&nbsp;Z. Acem ,&nbsp;M. Suzanne ,&nbsp;F. Testa ,&nbsp;G. Baulin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the thermal radiative properties of firefighter helmets, focusing on the influence of helmet color and soot deposition on their performance. Firefighters’ helmets, often chrome plated for reflectivity or colored for functional visibility, play a critical role in protecting against radiant heat during operations. Through infrared spectrum measurements, this work analyzes the directional-hemispherical reflectivity and absorptivity of various helmets, assessing factors such as helmet color and surface conditions. Results indicate that chrome plated helmets reflect most of the radiative heat (average reflectivity of 83% at 1000 K) providing superior thermal protection. In contrast, colored helmets show reduced reflectivity, ranging from 3% to 14%, resulting in increased radiative absorption. Helmets, covered by soot and combustion products), demonstrate a reflectivity drop to approximately 36% for a chrome plated helmet, highlighting the importance of regular cleaning to maintain thermal protection. These findings advance the understanding of thermal performance differences among helmet types, contributing to improved firefighter safety and offering insights into future helmet design considerations. All experimental data collected in this study are available in an open-access database for further uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual load-bearing capacity of large-scale prestressed concrete roof slabs after fire exposure","authors":"Chuanguo Fu ,&nbsp;Yunxing Wang ,&nbsp;Guoxi He ,&nbsp;Gaojian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104407","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Large-scale prestressed concrete (PC) roof-slabs are fundamental structural components extensively used in industrial construction. These slabs have large spans and thin profiles, rendering them susceptible to substantial degradation in load-bearing capacity when exposed to high-temperature fires. Currently, there is a lack of experimental research data on the performance deterioration of such large-scale slabs under high-temperature fire conditions. This highlights the significance of conducting experimental investigations into the fire resistance properties of large-scale PC slabs from theoretical and practical perspectives. In this study, 11 large-scale PC slab specimens were manufactured, with three slabs designated as reference specimens for comparison at ambient temperature. Leveraging a large-scale fire simulation test system, the remaining eight PC slabs were subjected to post-fire residual load-bearing performance tests, considering variations in fire exposure duration and cooling methods. The temperature field distribution during the heating and cooling processes, the deflection deformation characteristics, and the crack distribution patterns after cooling of the PC slabs were observed and analyzed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted to assess the impact of different fire exposure durations and cooling methods on the degradation of the overall load-bearing performance of slabs. Post-fire static loading tests showed that the slabs retained good overall load-bearing performance after fire exposure. The slabs exhibited the structural characteristics of integrated slab and rib behavior, with the primary rib remaining the key load-bearing component. The overall load-bearing capacity of the slabs after a fire primarily depends on the residual load-bearing capacity of the primary and secondary ribs. Compared to slabs under ambient conditions, the overall flexural stiffness and ultimate load-bearing capacity of the fire-exposed slabs showed varying degrees of reduction. The slabs subjected to natural cooling after different fire exposure durations (30, 45, 60 and 75 min) experienced reductions in ultimate load-bearing capacity by 1.5, 2.3, 4.4, and 15 %, respectively, compared to ambient-condition slabs. For slabs cooled with water, the reductions were 2.8, 6.0, 7.4, and 12.4 %, respectively. The flexural stiffness of slabs cooled naturally after fire exposure was lower than that of slabs cooled with water. The experimental results indicated that large-scale PC slabs exposed to fire for equivalent standard heating times of 24, 39, and 50 min experienced less than 8 % reduction in overall post-fire load-bearing capacity. Therefore, from a load-bearing capacity perspective, large-scale slabs of this type exposed to standard heating for up to 50 min still maintain good load-bearing performance. The findings of this study provide valuable reference data for fire-resistant design, post-fire assessment, and reinforcement of l","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD analysis of performance-based explosion protection design for battery energy storage systems (BESS)","authors":"Damilare Olugbemide ,&nbsp;Noah Ryder","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104406","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study evaluates three explosion protection designs for a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) unit as part of a Hazard Mitigation Analysis (HMA). This is done in accordance with the requirements for explosion protection in NFPA 855, &lt;em&gt;Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems&lt;/em&gt;. The BESS unit is a lithium-ion-based stationary energy storage system with nominal internal dimensions of 3.1 m (L) x 2.1 m (W) x 2.4 m (H) and a free air volume of 6.1 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. It has four racks composed of eight modules each. Two commercially available cells—EVE and CATL—are used in the analysis to highlight the differences between cell compositions and the implications for explosion pressure and flame propagation. The analysis is performed using the FLACS (Flame Acceleration Simulator) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool developed by Gexcon.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The three designs considered are natural ventilation, combustible concentration reduction, and standard deflagration venting. For the natural ventilation method, the installed ventilation panel is designed to open at 60&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; (to the horizontal plane) on activation by a gas sensor located in the BESS unit. The sensor triggers the ventilation panel actuator when the concentration of the released gas inside the unit has reached a pre-determined level. The analysis determines whether the natural ventilation provided by the vent opening is sufficient to maintain the gas concentration within the unit at or below 25 % of the lower flammability limit (LFL), thereby preventing an explosion in the unit. The combustible concentration reduction method is one of the standard methods of deflagration prevention for equipment handling combustible materials discussed in NFPA 69, &lt;em&gt;Standard on Explosion Prevention System&lt;/em&gt;. NFPA 69 requires that the mechanical ventilation provided for the unit should be sufficient to maintain the gas concentration within it at or below 25 % of the LFL. The third and final design is standard deflagration venting as specified in NFPA 68, &lt;em&gt;Standard Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting&lt;/em&gt;. A single vent panel is provided to relieve explosion pressure in the unit. It is designed to activate at a static pressure (P&lt;sub&gt;stat&lt;/sub&gt;) of 0.05 bar-g. The analysis determines whether the vent size is adequate to safely vent the unit and prevent its structural failure in the event of a deflagration. Results of large-scale testing show that for typical BESS units, panels, fasteners, and other components may begin to fail at about 0.07–0.14 bar-g. Thus, this pressure range is used as the performance criterion for this analysis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The results of this analysis show that the second design option (the combustible concentration reduction method) provides the best outcome for explosion protection of the BESS unit. The other designs provide modest degrees of pressure relief, depending on several factors. Consequently, these design approaches ","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear impacts of fuel load on rate of spread and residence time in forest surface fires","authors":"Haiyan Wang,&nbsp;Junzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Cheng Fan,&nbsp;Hongbin Zhong,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Sixuan Huang,&nbsp;Mengen Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequent and extreme forest fires not only damage the environment but also pose a serious threat to firefighting personnel. Understanding the rate of spread (ROS) is crucial for developing effective firefighting strategies. Surface fuel load serves as the foundation for forest combustion, yet its effect on the ROS of surface fires remains contentious. To investigate the impact of fuel load on surface fire ROS, this study uses pine needles as the fuel material, simulating the accumulation of surface combustibles in forests by increasing fuel load, while also examining fuel depth and packing ratio under each load condition. Using an experimental system capable of measuring the ROS at multiple points along the fire line, we evaluated the ROS of surface fires within a fuel load range of 0.4–3.0 kg/m². The effects of packing ratio and fuel depth on ROS under different load conditions were discussed, and the influence of fuel load on fire line residence time was also explored. The results indicate that increasing fuel load leads to higher packing ratios and greater fuel bed depth due to the compressibility and weight of the pine needles. Within the studied load range, ROS does not follow a simple linear trend; instead, it initially rises, then decreases, and finally shows a slow increase. This non-linear behavior arises from the combined, and at times opposing, effects of packing ratio and fuel depth on ROS. Additionally, as fuel load increases, the residence time of the fire line follows a pattern of slow increase, sharp rise, and gradual further increase. The growth in flame depth, driven by higher fuel loads, ultimately becomes the dominant factor in prolonging the residence time. These findings provide valuable experimental data to enhance the understanding of forest surface fire dynamics and fuel load effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental impact of sprinklers and gravity smoke vents interaction — Review and probabilistic modelling approach","authors":"Wojciech Kowalski,&nbsp;Adam Krasuski,&nbsp;Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the event of a fire in a typical industrial building, the systems deployed first are sprinklers and gravity smoke vents. Scientists and experts have not reached a firm consensus on the advantages or disadvantages of using sprinklers and gravity smoke vents together. While life-safety and property protection aspects have been already investigated, the environmental impact of these interactions has not yet been considered in research. This study identified and meticulously analysed several environmental issues related to the cooperation of these FPSs. A probabilistic model was then developed to efficiently assess emissions of selected pollutants from fires. The focus was on priority pollutants in terms of climate, toxicity and carcinogenicity. Various cost-optimization and monetization techniques were assessed to propose an appropriate method for evaluating the environmental impact of FPSs. A generic warehouse case study was conducted, comparing 24 different storage and FPS configurations. The applicability of the proposed approach was confirmed; however, the case study results indicates that the interference between sprinklers and gravity smoke vents is relatively insignificant compared to other factors. Additionally, four configurations of sprinklers and vents application were analysed. Sprinklers only have the lowest impact on environment for generic warehouse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of laps on the behaviour of a composite slab under membrane action in fire","authors":"Moe Horie ,&nbsp;Takeo Hirashima ,&nbsp;Haruka Kanada ,&nbsp;Yusuke Shintani ,&nbsp;Kei Kimura","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane action increases the load-bearing capacity of a two-way slab due to increased deflection. The composite slab must transfer enough tensile forces at the laps of reinforcements to ensure adequate load-bearing capacity under membrane action. This study conducted load-bearing fire tests on a large-scale floor system consisting of steel beams and a composite slab with welded wire mesh of guaranteed welded point strength in order to investigate the transfer of tensile forces within the laps under the membrane action. The lap length of meshes was the wire spacing plus 50 mm (150 mm), shorter than the 250 mm specified by 1992-1-1. Two specimens were subjected to loads that were tested with either 2 or 2.67 times the predicted load based on yield line theory. The floor system of the test specimens resisted the load not only during the 216-min heating phase but also during the cooling phase, despite experiencing the integrity failure. The temperature of the welded wire mesh exceeded 600 °C, and the maximum vertical deflection was 1/11 of the short span. The wires outside the lap failed, and the laps transferred sufficient tensile forces until the wires yielded. Therefore, the lap length of the wire spacing plus 50 mm (150 mm) was adequate for transferring tensile forces. The test results indicated that the load-bearing capacity of the floor system based on ECCS was conservative, considering the strength degradation of the welded wire mesh at high temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The performance of hot-dip galvanized composite beams made of high and higher strength steel in standard fire resistance tests","authors":"Maria-Mirabela Firan ,&nbsp;Justus Frenz ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Annika Kapfhammer ,&nbsp;Luke Bisby ,&nbsp;Jochen Zehfuß ,&nbsp;Martin Mensinger","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lower emissivity of hot-dip galvanized steel sections as compared with non-galvanized steel, particularly at temperatures below 500 °C, results in slower heating when exposed to fire, thus enabling fire resistance ratings of R30 for compact cross-sections without additional passive fire protection. Using galvanized high and higher-strength steels allows R30 fire resistance to be achieved in composite beams more efficiently and cost-effectively. These ideas are investigated experimentally and via numerical analyses in this paper.</div><div>Large-scale standard fire resistance tests are presented to evaluate the performance of hot-dip galvanized composite beams under thermal and mechanical loads. The tests include a variety of beam geometries and depths, using steel grades S460M and S690QL. Single-symmetrical beams were designed with a reduced top flange thicknesses and compact bottom flanges to optimize overall depth and improve thermal response during fire testing. The temperature-dependent material properties of the S460M and S690QL steels is characterised, including steady state and transient tensile tests on both steels, and the results are compared with those given in DIN EN 1993-1-2. Hot-dip galvanized secondary beams with different connection types were connected in the middle of the beams during the large scale fire resistance tests so as to investigate temperatures experienced by differing connection details. The collected test data are used to validate and verify finite element models for such composite beams when exposed to standard fire exposures, alongside further parametric studies examining elements such as cross sectional geometry of the composite beam, the degree of shear connection, and the overall length of the beams. The outcomes of these studies contribute to the determination of the minimum required degree of stud shear connection for hot-dip galvanized composite beams in standard fire scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}