Fire Safety Journal最新文献

{"title":"Fire tests of CFS stud walls with openings for combustible service pipes","authors":"Son Tung Vy ,&nbsp;Edward Steau ,&nbsp;Mahen Mahendran","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold-formed steel (CFS) stud walls are widely used in residential and commercial buildings in many countries. In many such walls, service pipes made of combustible materials are located through suitable service openings to minimise the total length and cost of service pipes. In this study, the effects of such wall openings on the performance of CFS stud walls exposed to fire were investigated. Firstly, two fire tests were conducted on non-load bearing CFS stud walls with service openings and with or without cavity insulation. The results from these two fire tests were then compared with those obtained for CFS stud walls without service openings. These comparisons provided a good understanding of the effects of service openings on the temperatures of wall components when exposed to fire, and importantly the fire resistance of CFS stud walls. Finally, some design recommendations are given based on the fire test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing boilover behaviours in thin-layer diesel pool fires: The critical roles of lip height and water layer thickness","authors":"Youwei Guo ,&nbsp;Guoqing Xiao ,&nbsp;Hongbo Deng ,&nbsp;Lingyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiliang Lei ,&nbsp;Yonggang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ignition of multi-component fuels spilled on water can trigger complex boilover phenomena, leading to severe combustion events that pose significant risks to nearby structures and disrupt energy utilization in chemical and process industries. This study systematically investigates the coupled effects of lip height and water layer thickness on the combustion characteristics of thin-layer diesel pool fires, spanning diameters from 7 cm (conduction-dominated) to 20 cm (radiation-dominated). Experimental results demonstrate that the mass burning rate of thin-layer pool fires decreases progressively with increasing lip height during steady-state combustion. Based on burning characteristics, boilover phenomena are classified into three distinct regimes: single boilover, multiple boilover, and no boilover. Notably, the intensity of boilover in fires with a 3 cm water layer is nearly four times greater than in those with a 1 cm water layer, driven by elevated superheated water temperatures exceeding 130 °C. Through dimensionless analysis, a modified correlation is developed to characterize boilover intensity under varying lip heights and water layer thicknesses. Additionally, a comprehensive instability analysis at the oil/water interface is conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing different boilover behaviours. These findings offer new insights into the burning behaviour of thin-layer boilover fires, contributing to enhanced fire risk assessment and prevention strategies in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerically accurate mathematical framework for simulations of firebrand transport in landscape-scale fire spread models","authors":"Yiren Qin,&nbsp;Arnaud Trouvé","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We consider in the present study an evaluation of the numerical accuracy of the dominant approach used to model the transport of firebrands in landscape-scale fire spread simulators. The approach is based on a prescribed statistical distribution for downwind ember flight distance combined with a model for flight time. The present study assumes instantaneous ignition of spot fires following landing of firebrands on the ground, a simplification that is not realistic but one that allows performing simple verification tests for which an exact solution is available. The present study considers both a Eulerian version and a discrete particle (called Lagrangian) version of the firebrand transport model. The results of the verification tests show that the firebrand models are “numerically accurate” or “converged”, i.e., are insensitive to changes in numerical parameters provided that a set of conditions are satisfied. It is found that in the Eulerian firebrand model, numerical accuracy is controlled by the wind-based Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number, whereas in the Lagrangian firebrand model, numerical accuracy is controlled by both the CFL number and the generation rate of computational particles. These results provide a solid mathematical foundation for simulations of firebrand transport in landscape-scale fire spread simulators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoke control using natural ventilation shafts in a tunnel during construction under the effect of geothermal condition","authors":"Maozhen Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxian Fei ,&nbsp;Dia Luan ,&nbsp;Yunhe Tong ,&nbsp;Ao Jiao ,&nbsp;Jiayi Ha ,&nbsp;Yuhao Li ,&nbsp;Chuangang Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An increasing number of tunnels experiencing geothermal hazards are being constructed in the western regions of China. During construction, tunnels have a confined structure, and shafts are typically installed to facilitate transportation and enhance ventilation. Once a fire occurs in these tunnels, their management faces the added challenges posed by geothermal hazards. To investigate the performance of natural smoke exhaust from the construction shaft under the influence of geothermal conditions, a series of fire tests in a 1/20 scale model tunnel have been conducted. Results indicate that the hot air and initial temperature field generated by geothermal conditions reduce heat loss during smoke movement. The smoke temperature and smoke layer thickness behind the shaft decrease significantly with increasing shaft height, while both increase with an increase in geothermal temperature. The smoke movement patterns within the shaft are affected by the geothermal temperature. Specifically, the boundary layer separation is intensified, while the plug-holing is mitigated as the geothermal temperature increases. The mass flow rate exhausted from the shaft increases with both increasing shaft height and geothermal temperature, and a dimensionless model is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of mixed smoke. The heat exhaust efficiency of the shaft initially increases and then decreases with shaft height due to the plug-holing phenomenon, while it reduces with increasing geothermal temperature for a given shaft height.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on the suppression of shielded fires by water mist sprays in a compartment","authors":"Khalid Moinuddin ,&nbsp;HM Iqbal Mahmud ,&nbsp;Paul Joseph ,&nbsp;Grant Gamble ,&nbsp;Brigitta Suendermann ,&nbsp;Cameron Wilkinson ,&nbsp;James Bossard","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effectiveness of water mist systems in extinguishing shielded fires aboard marine vessels. Experiments were conducted in a standard ISO 9705 room, modified to simulate a scaled-down version of a ship engine room. A series of ten benchmark experiments were conducted varying the size of the fuel tray, ventilation in the room, presence of obstruction and its size, and suppression of the fire. Heptane was used as fuel and water mist nozzles were employed for fire suppression. The heat release rate, temperature, thermal radiation and oxygen concentration were measured during the experiments. The results showed that the water mist spray of 22 lpm extinguished a reasonably large fire of 570 kW quickly, even when the fire was shielded with a 1.4 × 1.4 m obstruction. After activation of the spray the concentration of oxygen also reduced to below combustion requirements. Key findings highlight the capability of water mist in suppressing shielded fires effectively, despite the complexities introduced by obstructions. The water mist showed an outstanding ability to reduce heat release rate, lower radiation and temperature levels, and decrease oxygen concentrations to below combustible levels, effectively extinguishing fires in compliance with established pass/fail criteria for maritime fire suppression. The data of these experiments can serve as a benchmark for validating numerical and analytical fire models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time semi-occluded fire detection and evacuation route generation: Leveraging instance segmentation for damage estimation","authors":"Rudresh Shirwaikar,&nbsp;Ashish Narvekar,&nbsp;Alister Hosamani,&nbsp;Kristopher Fernandes,&nbsp;Kajal Tak,&nbsp;Vaibhavi Parab","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disasters, such as building fires, pose substantial hazards to both human existence and ecological integrity. Existing methods sometimes fail to detect fires, especially semi-occluded fires. Simultaneously, there is a lack of methodologies to identify optimal evacuation routes and exit points during fire emergencies. Existing smoke alarms trigger too late, causing significant damage. Current methods also struggle to accurately depict instances of fire damage, requiring manual on-site assessments to estimate the extent of the destruction caused by fires. By using YOLOv8 to identify the fire and the Double Verification algorithm to assess the colour percentages within potential fire regions, the results show the effectiveness of our approach for semi-occluded fire detection. The YOLOv8 model, with a high confidence threshold (&gt;50 %), could not detect the semi-occluded fires. The same YOLOv8 model with the lower threshold (&gt;25 %) had improved detection but increased false positives. Our model, with lower confidence (&gt;25 %) and double verification, outperformed, detecting semi-occluded fires with high precision and fewer false positives. Our model emerges as the effective choice, demonstrating superior accuracy (0.73) and F1 score (0.81) compared to the first two YOLOv8 models. In conclusion, the integration of our double verification algorithm with YOLOv8 notably improves detecting semi-occluded fires, achieving an 81 % detection rate. The safest path algorithm plays a vital role in generating a path that aids in the safe evacuation of individuals by identifying the safest exit routes. Employing instance segmentation techniques enables us to identify objects in a picture vulnerable to fire damage, facilitating a cost estimation process for further application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient horizontal flame spread under non-steady concurrent airflow","authors":"Pablo E. Pinto ,&nbsp;Xiuqi Xi ,&nbsp;Alana Miska ,&nbsp;Maria Thomsen ,&nbsp;James L. Urban","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transient horizontal flame spread over thin black cast polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets under non-steady airflow profiles is examined experimentally. The horizontal flame spread behavior is examined through measurements of the pyrolysis front progression and the heated length (measured as the flame extension length) ahead of the pyrolysis front. The magnitude and frequency of the heated length were found to change directly with the frequency and magnitude of the transient component of the non-steady airflow. The transient response of the flame spread rate was less direct, but peak instantaneous flame spread rate values were three to six times greater than the time-averaged values. The presence of a non-steady inlet flow component was found to result in time-averaged flame spread rates up to 20% higher compared to steady-flow cases without the non-steady airflow component. Dimensional analysis with the Richardson number is performed to characterize the importance of natural convection and forced convection. Nearly all cases are found to be in mixed convection regime with some cases in natural convection regime for a portion of the flow profile. An empirical correlation, involving the Richardson number, is used to compare the flame spread rate by accounting for the heat transfer to the unburned fuel. Similar trends are observed between the measured and predicted flame spread rates. The results indicate that the more pronounced transient flame spread rate observed under oscillatory flow, compared to steady flow, can be understood by analyzing the convection regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of the Fire Safety at Home programme on four fire safety behaviours among older adults","authors":"Margo Karemaker ,&nbsp;Gill A. Ten Hoor ,&nbsp;René R. Hagen ,&nbsp;Carine H.M. van Schie ,&nbsp;Robert A.C. Ruiter","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Older adults face an increased risk of injury or fatality in domestic home fires, emphasizing the need to focus on promoting fire safety behaviours within this demographic group. Therefore, the Fire Safety at Home programme was developed.</div><div>In the effect evaluation, 433 participants (&gt;65 years) participated. Participants in the intervention group received a systematically developed fire safety programme, while the control group received a fire safety programme as is given by the Dutch fire service. Outcome measures assessed four fire safety behaviours (i.e., staying in the kitchen while cooking, not connecting power strips to each other, charging electronic devices, and cleaning the dryer lint filter after every cycle) and key behavioural determinants (attitude, self-efficacy, and risk perception). A measure of behavioural intention was added as a proxy indicator of future fire safety behaviours.</div><div>Where improvements over time were found for all behaviours in both groups (control- and intervention-group), compared to the control group, the new intervention yielded significant improvement in three out of the four fire safety behaviours. Additionally, the intervention positively influenced the social cognitive determinants attitude and risk perception.</div><div>Based on this study, it can be concluded that effectively instigating changes in fire safety behaviour among older adults can be achieved by specifically and intensively targeting these specific behaviours and their determinants in an intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the mechanical behavior of the elementary components of masonry walls at high temperature","authors":"Mahmoud Aboudalle ,&nbsp;Fekri Meftah ,&nbsp;Quang Huy Nguyen ,&nbsp;Bérengère T.T.H. Le ,&nbsp;Mustapha Sari","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting the behavior of masonry structures under fire exposure and anticipating their fire resistance are critical for brick manufacturers. The fire performance of masonry walls depends on the behavior of components like bricks and mortars, both traditional and thin-layer, at high temperatures. Understanding this requires studying masonry from the material scale to full-scale walls. This paper examines the mechanical properties of terracotta and masonry mortar at high temperatures. It also investigates the compressive and tensile responses of masonry pairs, and the shear response of masonry triplets with fired brick and masonry mortars. The findings show that fired clay’s flexural and compressive strengths increase with temperature, while the Young’s modulus slightly decreases. Conversely, the flexural and compressive strengths of masonry mortar, along with the Young’s modulus, decrease significantly, losing nearly 80% around 700 °C. The compressive strength of masonry pairs follows the brick’s trend with temperature. However, both pairs and mortar show a similar decrease in tensile strength as temperature rises. The shear strength of masonry triplets declines to about 40% of its initial value at 600 °C. These results are crucial for developing nonlinear numerical simulations to understand hollow brick masonry walls during fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143142494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) framework including finite-rate kinetics and non-prescribed radiation applied to a methanol pool fire","authors":"Ahmed M.K. Abdalhamid,&nbsp;Cécile Devaud,&nbsp;Elizabeth Weckman","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this paper is to assess the new developments of Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) framework with improved radiation modeling in large eddy simulation applied to a medium-scale methanol pool fire. Tabulated detailed chemistry is included. Radiation is treated in two ways. The first is the optically thin approximation neglecting absorption. The second is through solution of the radiative transfer equation to account for absorption. The weighted-sum of gray-gases model is included in both cases and turbulence–radiation interactions are accounted for. Predictions of the time-averaged and root mean square temperature and velocity profiles, are compared with the experimental measurements at several locations. On the centerline, time-averaged temperature predictions agree well with the experiments except close to the pool where the temperatures are underpredicted. The predicted radial profiles are close to the experiments. The centerline species concentrations show a general agreement in trends, but there are some discrepancies especially towards the downstream regions of the fire. Sources of discrepancy are discussed. Overall, the different treatments of radiation show comparable predictions, but larger benefits of the current CSE framework are expected for more complex scenarios.</div><div><strong>Novelty and Significance Statement</strong></div><div>The novelty of the present study is the development of a combined turbulent combustion modeling framework, Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE), including detailed chemical kinetics with advanced radiation models through solution of the radiative transfer equation. In this paper, absorption effects are included in the radiative fluxes, the optically thin assumption is discussed and turbulence–radiation interactions are accounted for. Inclusion of these coupled thermo-chemical–physical phenomena within CSE and using conditional averages in the context of pool fire simulation is a significant contribution. A rigorous validation is performed for a well-documented medium-scale methanol pool fire. This study lays the foundations for more complex fire scenarios of different scales, fuels and conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143142496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}