Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第4页

The use of machine learning for accidental dwelling fire prevention 机器学习在住宅意外火灾预防中的应用

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104510

M. Taylor , E. Dean , J. Fielding , R. Lyon , D. Reilly , H. Francis , V. Kwasnica

引用次数: 0

Integrated fire resistance analysis of concrete-filled steel tube columns under standard Fire: Design standards, simulations, and experimental validation 标准火灾下钢管混凝土柱的综合耐火分析：设计标准、模拟和实验验证

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104508

Van Lanh Le , Do Jin Jung , Chang-Hwan Lee , Min Jae Park

{"title":"Integrated fire resistance analysis of concrete-filled steel tube columns under standard Fire: Design standards, simulations, and experimental validation","authors":"Van Lanh Le , Do Jin Jung , Chang-Hwan Lee , Min Jae Park","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The applicability of Appendix 4 of the AISC 360-22 standard, which provides an equation for calculating the fire resistance rating (FR) of concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns, is limited by certain parameters. These restrictions reduce the flexibility of FR predictions for CFT columns, particularly for cases involving high slenderness ratios, large cross-sections, or high-strength concrete exceeding the prescribed limits. This study addressed these limitations by proposing a simplified predictive equation to extend the applicability of FR calculations to CFT columns with parameters beyond those specified in Appendix 4. The finite element method (FEM) was employed using ABAQUS software to simulate and analyze the fire performance of the CFT columns based on the ASTM E119-88 fire resistance test standard. The accuracy of the FEM model was validated by comparing it with experimental data from published studies. A comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted using 324 simulation cases. Based on the analyses, modification factors were introduced to enhance the FR formula in Appendix 4 of AISC 360-22, and a new equation with a more conservative approach was developed to predict the FR for cases in which the parameters were beyond the scope of the standard. A case study demonstrating the FR calculation for a CFT column was presented to illustrate the practical application of the proposed method. The extended applicability of the proposed new equation enables engineers to make more accurate FR predictions over a wider design range, thereby improving design efficiency and ensuring structural fire safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144911991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

O.I.C.-based design of steel rectangular hollow sections at high temperatures 高温条件下矩形钢空心截面o.i.c.设计

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104504

Mina Aleseyedan , Pablo Rico , Mariana Echeverri , Nicolas Boissonnade

{"title":"O.I.C.-based design of steel rectangular hollow sections at high temperatures","authors":"Mina Aleseyedan , Pablo Rico , Mariana Echeverri , Nicolas Boissonnade","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the fire resistance of hot-rolled rectangular and square hollow sections at the cross-sectional level. Advanced non-linear Finite Element models are developed and validated against 17 well-documented tests, covering Class 2 (plastic) and Class 4 (slender) tube sections under combined compression and bending from 20 °C to 700 °C. The strong correlation between numerical and experimental results confirms the accuracy of these models, which are then used to analyze cross-sectional fire behavior and resistance. Over 1400 non-linear simulations assess the influence of cross-sectional geometry, temperature, and loading conditions.</div><div>A novel design approach based on the Overall Interaction Concept (O.I.C.) is introduced, offering a simplified yet highly accurate method for design verification. Compared to Eurocode 3, A.I.S.C., and C.S.A.-S16 standards, which tend to be either overly conservative or unsafe, the O.I.C. method provides superior precision and reliability. Reliability analyses further demonstrate that the O.I.C. approach meets and exceeds the required safety levels, making it a more effective alternative for fire-resistant structural design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Elevated-temperature mechanical properties of high-strength structural steels over 500 MPa under transient state conditions 瞬态条件下500mpa以上高强度结构钢的高温力学性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104505

Jun Yan , Chao Zhang

{"title":"Elevated-temperature mechanical properties of high-strength structural steels over 500 MPa under transient state conditions","authors":"Jun Yan , Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of high-strength structural steel (HSSS) at elevated temperatures are critical for structural fire safety design and analysis. While most previous studies have used the steady-state test method because it requires less time and directly provides stress–strain curves, the transient-state method better simulates real fire scenarios where structural elements are preloaded before heating and creep effects may become significant. This paper presents an experimental investigation of Q550, Q690, and Q890 steels using transient-state test method. The mechanical properties of elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and stress-strain curve are measured and compared with steady-state test results. The results show notable differences between the two test methods: the reduction factors for mechanical properties obtained from steady-state tests are consistently higher than those from transient-state tests. Unified models for reduction factors of elastic modulus and yield strength of HSSSs are derived from curve fitting of the transient-state test data. Additionally, the applicability of existing models to predict the reduction factors has been investigated. Among the five existing models (EC3, ASCE Manual, NIST, AS 4100, and GB 51249), AS 4100 provides conservative predictions for yield strength, while GB 51249 offers conservative estimates for elastic modulus. The EC3 stress–strain model is shown to be applicable to HSSS at elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influences of chord pre-stress on CHS X-joints with high-strength-steel at various temperatures 不同温度下弦预应力对高强钢CHS x型节点的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104506

E. Ozyurt , Y.C. Wang

{"title":"Influences of chord pre-stress on CHS X-joints with high-strength-steel at various temperatures","authors":"E. Ozyurt , Y.C. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the influence of chord pre-stress on the behaviour and load resistance of Circular Hollow Section (CHS) X-joints with High Strength Steel (HSS) at various temperatures. This investigation uses a total number of seven hundred and four Finite Element simulation results to evaluate the level of accuracy of current Eurocode and CIDECT design guidelines in predicting the high-temperature resistance of these joints. The numerical simulations investigate the effects of changing brace-to-chord diameter (<em>β</em>), chord semi-diameter-to-thickness (<em>γ</em>), and brace-to-chord thickness (<em>τ</em>) ratios, as well as different prestressing levels (<em>n</em><sub><em>p</em></sub>) and temperatures (<em>θ</em>).</div><div>The <em>γ</em> and <em>τ</em> ratios have a limited effect on the normalised joint strength, but the <em>β</em> ratio, and the prestressing level are highly influential. At ambient temperature, the CIDECT design approach is a more suitable method for calculating the chord pre-stress reduction factors for S355 joints. For HSS X-joints, the constant modification coefficient of 0.80 is inadequate, and this paper has proposed a new modification coefficient as a function of the pre-stress level. At elevated temperatures, the ambient temperature resistance of CHS X-joints can be modified by the reduction factor of the Young's modulus for S355 steel and that of the yield stress for S960 steel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire Risk Assessment in railway tunnels based on human safety assessment criteria in Korea 基于韩国人的安全评价标准的铁路隧道火灾风险评价

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104507

Young-Eun Yoon, Young-Hoon Bae, Lee Seung-Chul

{"title":"Fire Risk Assessment in railway tunnels based on human safety assessment criteria in Korea","authors":"Young-Eun Yoon, Young-Hoon Bae, Lee Seung-Chul","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study critically examined the ASET/RSET(point) method currently applied in the Republic of Korea's railway tunnel fire safety guidelines and compared evaluation results through simulations that applied the ASET/RSET(map) method and various FED thresholds. The analysis revealed that the estimated number of fatalities varied significantly depending on the assessment method, confirming that the outcomes are highly sensitive to the selected evaluation criteria. While the ASET/RSET(point) method has the advantage of procedural simplicity, it may overestimate fatalities as it does not reflect spatial and behavioral complexities. In contrast, the ASET/RSET(map) method enables a more realistic and accurate assessment by simultaneously considering smoke propagation and evacuee distribution, making it more suitable for the structural characteristics of railway tunnels. This study also emphasizes the necessity of considering irritant gases. While a conservative analysis excluding such gases may still be valid under the FED <0.3 threshold, a more realistic evaluation that accounts for evacuation delays and behavioral impairments caused by sensory irritation suggests the potential appropriateness of applying a dual-criteria framework of FED <1.0 and FIC ≤ 3–5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical investigation of burning characteristics of Australian pine trees for wildfire modelling 澳大利亚松树燃烧特性的实验和数值研究用于野火模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104500

Siddharth Gupta , Mohamed Sharaf , Malavika Arun , Maurice Guerrierri , Khalid Moinuddin

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of burning characteristics of Australian pine trees for wildfire modelling","authors":"Siddharth Gupta , Mohamed Sharaf , Malavika Arun , Maurice Guerrierri , Khalid Moinuddin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crown fires, which spread rapidly and with high intensity, present a significant challenge in wildfire management, particularly in wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas. A fundamental aspect of understanding crown fire behaviour is the combustion dynamics of individual trees, which serve as building blocks for larger-scale fire spread. This study aims to investigate the burning characteristics of Australian pine trees through both experimental and numerical methods, focusing on heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate (MLR), total mass loss (ML), and heat flux. Experimental measurements were obtained by burning Australian pine trees under a 1.5 MW calorimeter hood, with key thermal parameters recorded. These results were compared to similar data from other tree species. A fully physics-based model was validated against experimental results. Two approaches for defining the heat of combustion in the physical simulations were explored: one based on reaction properties and the other on material properties. The study found that both approaches could effectively reproduce HRR, MLR, and ML, though discrepancies were noted in heat flux predictions due to assumptions regarding vegetation distribution. Notably, this research represents the first experimental-numerical comparison of HRR data for any tree combustion and provides a valuable contribution to understanding fire dynamics. The findings have important implications for enhancing wildfire prediction models and improving fire safety strategies in the WUI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decay and residual burning in mass timber enclosures 大量木材围护结构的腐烂和残余燃烧

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104502

Ahmed Ahmed Ali Awadallah , Rory M. Hadden , Angus Law

{"title":"Decay and residual burning in mass timber enclosures","authors":"Ahmed Ahmed Ali Awadallah , Rory M. Hadden , Angus Law","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of enclosure parameters (ventilation size/geometry, and thermal properties and thickness of boundaries) on the decay, residual burning and extinction when mass timber panels were present on the enclosure floor and ceiling. The experiments were designed to eliminate the occurrence of stochastic phenomena such as heat-induced delamination and encapsulation failure; they were also designed to control the decay of the non-timber fuel. A range of outcomes were observed including continued flaming, continued smouldering and complete extinction. The ventilation geometry and thermal properties of the non-timber enclosure boundaries were shown to significantly influence decay and residual burning. Energy losses were dominated by convection (85 %). Conduction comprised between 0.4 and 8.3 % of the total losses for most cases – although when steel linings were used, this increased to 32.4 %. Following a scaling analysis, the residual burning was shown to scale with a characteristic time scale (<span><math><mrow><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>ρ</mi><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></math></span>) while the decay rate scaled with the thermal resistance of the linings (<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>δ</mi></mrow></math></span>, where δ is the thickness of the lining). A correlation was observed between residual burning and ventilation factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Shear resistance of headed studs in modern profiled steel sheeting transverse to supporting beams under elevated temperature 高温下现代异型钢板顶螺柱横向支承梁的抗剪性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104499

Kurt Tutzer , Tohid Ghanbari-Ghazijahani , Mathias Kaul , Martin Mensinger

{"title":"Shear resistance of headed studs in modern profiled steel sheeting transverse to supporting beams under elevated temperature","authors":"Kurt Tutzer , Tohid Ghanbari-Ghazijahani , Mathias Kaul , Martin Mensinger","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The load-bearing behaviour of headed studs in modern-shaped trapezoidal sheets that span perpendicular to the beams axis has been the focus of several recent research activities. The results have led to new design approaches for the second generation of Eurocode EN 1994-1-1:2024 E [1]. However, these developments also raise key questions regarding the design of headed studs under elevated temperatures. This paper investigates whether the existing design procedures in EN 1994-1-2:2005 [2] are still applicable to modern trapezoidal sheets and how they can be combined with the new design approaches of EN 1994-1-1:2024 E [1]. To address these questions, 18 push-out tests were performed at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Three different modern profiled sheet geometries were tested, including central, paired and staggered arrangements of headed studs. The experimental results were compared with the analytical calculations of EN 1994-1-2:2005 [2] with regard to load capacity and temperature development. A proposal was made for combining the new formulations in EN 1994-1-1:2024 E [1] with the known temperature-dependent reduction factors from EN1994-1-2:2005 [2]. It has been shown that the proposed approach results in a more accurate estimation of the load capacity of head studs under elevated temperature and a closer prediction of the failure mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flammability and vertical flame spread for metal-polymer layered composites 金属-聚合物层状复合材料的可燃性和垂直火焰蔓延

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104501

Cameron E. MacLeod , N. Butterworth , Angus Law

{"title":"Flammability and vertical flame spread for metal-polymer layered composites","authors":"Cameron E. MacLeod , N. Butterworth , Angus Law","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flammability and vertical flame spread behaviours of metal-polymer composite panels were investigated experimentally. Experiments were performed on specially created composite products comprising alternate layers of polymer (polymethyl methacrylate) and metal. Where polymer layers were thick they behaved akin to homogeneous plastic. However, where the polymer layers were thinner, the influence of the metal began to affect both the ignition and burning behaviour – delaying onset of ignition, and increasing the heat release rate per unit area of plastic. As the polymer layers became thinner, it was found that the composite product began to act as one ‘bulk’ composite, which was highly influenced by its thermal boundary conditions. A classification framework was set out to conceptualise and classify these behaviours, based on the idea of ‘local’, ‘product’, and ‘system’ behaviours. These classifications were also found to be applicable for vertical flame spread where composites transitioned between different behaviours based on the applied heat flux and the heating time. It was found that the transition between behaviours could also be explained using existing flame spread theory. Overall the study found that the flammability and flame spread of metal-polymer composites was largely controlled by either local behaviours or system boundary conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0