Fire Safety Journal最新文献

Numerical investigation of the influence of thermal runaway modelling on car park fire hazard and application to a Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide battery 热失控模型对停车场火灾危险影响的数值研究及对锰氧化物锂离子电池的应用

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104284

Pierre-Alexandre Barré , Pierre Carlotti , Augustin Guibaud

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the influence of thermal runaway modelling on car park fire hazard and application to a Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide battery","authors":"Pierre-Alexandre Barré , Pierre Carlotti , Augustin Guibaud","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents numerical simulations of a Nissan LEAF 2011 electric car fire inside a concrete parking facility. Variations in the thermo-chemical properties of thermal runaway are analysed, and the way they affect the heat received by the concrete structure and a nearby parked vehicle is evaluated. Three key parameters are identified: the composition of the gas flowing through the pressure vent, the associated flow rate, and the peak heat release rate. These parameters are established independently, and the model is closed by adjusting the stoichiometry of the combustion reaction of the vented gas. Four simulations are conducted to capture the uncertainty. The net heat flux and surface temperature on the concrete and on a neighbouring parked car are monitored during each simulation. The study includes a sensitivity analysis of the impact of input variables on the net heat fluxes and surface temperatures, and investigations are carried out to understand the role of internal heat release. Variations in the gaseous mixture composition, heat release rate, and internal heat release have little impact on the resulting thermal conditions around the burning car because the combustion of the polymers in the passenger cabin drives the total heat release rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of air consumption and moving speed by firefighters during full-scale search & rescue experiments in a tunnel 隧道内全面搜救实验中消防员的耗气量和移动速度分析

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104290

K. Lambert , B. Merci

{"title":"Analysis of air consumption and moving speed by firefighters during full-scale search & rescue experiments in a tunnel","authors":"K. Lambert , B. Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments were carried out in a 420 m long dead-end tunnel to assess air consumption and movement speed. The operation consisted of a 417 m walk to locate and rescue a victim. Seven teams of 5 blindfolded firefighters were sent into the tunnel with a single-bottle SCBA, a stretcher and a mobility cane. 14 firefighters (i.e., 44 %) had to use ‘reserve air’. Hence it is not considered safe to carry out such an operation. However, all the crews noticed the sign that they used half of the available air in their bottle, so it is possible to start the S&R operation in a tunnel and safely return at the 175 bar mark. The average time to completion was 35.2 min. All crews became better at using the cane, leading to a higher average movement speed (0.50 m/s) out of the tunnel than into the tunnel (0.39 m/s). The average air consumption per walking meter was 2.20 L/m going in and 1.33 L/m going out. The average air consumption rate was 49.9L/min going into the tunnel and 38.9 L/min going out of the tunnel. It is shown that speed plays an important role. Faster firefighters have a lower total air consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical simulation of fire spread in a large-scale open CLT compartment 大规模开放式 CLT 隔室火灾蔓延的数值模拟

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104289

Lei Jiang , Andreas Sæter Bøe , Tian Li

{"title":"Numerical simulation of fire spread in a large-scale open CLT compartment","authors":"Lei Jiang , Andreas Sæter Bøe , Tian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent experiments have shown that exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) can have a significant effect on the fire dynamics of large compartments. A simulation with the Fire Dynamic Simulator has been conducted to better understand the fire behaviour of open-plan compartments with exposed CLT. The simulation was set up to replicate a large-scale experiment, FRIC-02, with exposed CLT on the back wall and ceiling. The compartment was 95 m<sup>2</sup> (18.8 m × 5.0 m × 2.5 m), with one long wall open (opening factor 0.18 m<sup>1/2</sup>). A continuous wood crib was used as the variable fuel load.</div><div>The characteristic results of FRIC-02 with a rapid fire development and non-symmetrical external flames were successfully reproduced. With the wind coming diagonally from behind, as in FRIC-02, the external flames emerged mainly out of one window. The flames covered the entire window height, which effectively inhibited the inflow of air through that window. The imbalance in air supply also created large temperature differences throughout the compartment. With no implementation of wind, external flames and temperatures were more symmetrical. Despite a good match to FRIC-02, the method still has several limitations, including the adaption of the burning rate to the feedback from surroundings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Soot modeling in the numerical simulation of buoyant diffusion flames and fires—A review 浮力扩散火焰和火灾数值模拟中的烟尘建模--综述

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104279

Shahrooz Motaghian, Tarek Beji

引用次数: 0

Experimental study to assess the impact of different connection types on the fire resistance of composite concrete-topped CLT slabs 评估不同连接类型对复合混凝土顶 CLT 板耐火性影响的实验研究

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104288

Lingzhu Chen , Mingqian Wang , Qingfeng Xu , Kent A. Harries , Xi Chen , Shun Xiao

{"title":"Experimental study to assess the impact of different connection types on the fire resistance of composite concrete-topped CLT slabs","authors":"Lingzhu Chen , Mingqian Wang , Qingfeng Xu , Kent A. Harries , Xi Chen , Shun Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of fire resistance of composite concrete-topped cross-laminated timber (CT-CLT) slabs exposed to fire at their soffit. Six composite CT-CLT slabs and one untopped CLT slab were tested under ISO 834 standard fire exposure while subject to an applied load equal to 20 % of the slab ultimate capacity. Test variables included the type and configuration of shear connection between the topping and CLT. Large bending deflections were observed as the slabs reached their fire resistance. Although the untopped CLT slab exhibited a fire resistance of only 16 min, all CT-CLT exhibited fire resistance greater than 1 h. The improved behavior is attributed to the stiffer CT-CLT behavior. CT-CLT slabs exhibited delamination of the lowermost layer of the CLT following through-layer charring. Observed charring rates were approximately 46 mm/h. Observed charring depths were well-predicted by existing design standard-recommended equations. Importantly, the interface between the concrete topping and CLT remained close to 30 °C and never exceeded 65 °C in any test. This is a promising result for employing adhesive systems to affect composite behavior between the topping and CLT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric cooktop fire incidents in Finland 芬兰的电灶火灾事故

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104283

Laura Kuurne , Tarja Ojala , Marjaleena Aatamila

{"title":"Electric cooktop fire incidents in Finland","authors":"Laura Kuurne , Tarja Ojala , Marjaleena Aatamila","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cooking related fires contribute to one-fourth of residential building fires in Finland. However, their prevalence is often underestimated in statistics due to underreporting when individuals manage situations without fire service assistance. Despite their significance, cooktop fires remain inadequately studied, impeding our understanding of residential fire safety and the advancement of effective prevention measures. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of electric cooktop safety in Finland. It explores factors undermining safety, analyses materials contributing to hazards, assesses financial damages, and scrutinizes typical cooktop fire scenarios and prevention methods. Utilizing data from statistics (2016–2022), Safety Investigation Authority reports (1998–2022), media reviews (1.7.2020–30.6.2023), and insurance data (2017–2020), supplemented by two survey studies, this research identifies consistent causative factors across multiple data sources. Common factors include excessive items left on cooktops, unattended cooking, and unintentional activation of cooktops. Approximately three-quarters of cooktop fires go unreported to fire services, suggesting a significantly higher prevalence than recorded in statistics. Moreover, minimal use of stove safety devices exacerbates the issue. According to insurance company data, the costs caused by cooktop fires are significantly higher than those reported in official statistics. Implementing existing technology is crucial for reducing the frequency and consequences of these fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digitized fuel load survey in commercial and university office buildings for fire safety assessment 用于消防安全评估的商业和大学办公楼数字化燃料负荷调查

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104287

Yifei Ding, Wai Kit Cheung, Yuxin Zhang, Xinyan Huang

{"title":"Digitized fuel load survey in commercial and university office buildings for fire safety assessment","authors":"Yifei Ding, Wai Kit Cheung, Yuxin Zhang, Xinyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fuel load significantly affects fire development in compartments, and its design value derives from the statistical results of numerous surveys. This work enhances the fuel load database by employing a digitized survey method to assess 27 university and commercial offices in Hong Kong and Mainland, China. The results revealed significant differences in fuel load densities: university offices averaged 382 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (SD: 297 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>) and commercial offices averaged 1804 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (SD: 1319 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>). Moreover, it proposed an online questionnaire method to overcome onsite access limitations. Furthermore, it identified higher fuel load densities in commercial offices due to higher paper-made content and greater occupancy density than university offices. The fuel load of university offices was lower than that in previous surveys and design codes, while commercial fuel load was higher. Notably, there is an increasing tendency of fuel load density and plastic combustible composition over the years. Additionally, it considers that Gompertz distribution better fits cumulative probabilities of fuel load density data with a small sample size. Overall, it provides a valuable database for future fire scenario design, fire codes edition, and fire safety assessment and discusses future collaboration with AI applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104287"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bench-scale thermomechanical assessment of carbon fibre reinforced polymer C-channels 碳纤维增强聚合物 C 型通道的台架规模热力学评估

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104285

Tim J. Aspinall , Emmajane L. Erskine , Kevin A. Denham , Derek C. Taylor , Rory M. Hadden

{"title":"Bench-scale thermomechanical assessment of carbon fibre reinforced polymer C-channels","authors":"Tim J. Aspinall , Emmajane L. Erskine , Kevin A. Denham , Derek C. Taylor , Rory M. Hadden","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the thermomechanical response of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) C-channels using a bench-scale apparatus that combines mechanical loading and radiant thermal exposure. The study aims to assess the behaviour of pre-loaded CFRP C-channels, representative of aircraft sub-structures when subjected to fire conditions. Woven prepreg CFRP C-channels were tested under cantilever point load deflection while exposed to varying heat fluxes. Key aspects examined during the study include failure times, displacement, temperature distribution, and failure modes. The findings reveal that heated, pre-loaded C-channels experience distinct phases of physico-chemical decomposition and mechanical degradation. The mechanical degradation includes upward shear buckling of the horizontal flanges and vertical web, along with outward buckling of the vertical web towards the heat source. The study shows that thermal decomposition and mechanical degradation occur simultaneously, influenced by heat flux intensity. Higher heat fluxes accelerate decomposition and reduce load-bearing capacity, while lower fluxes slow degradation. Displacement data indicates that heat flux intensity significantly affects structural response. Temperature measurements show higher fluxes lead to elevated temperatures and steeper gradients, impacting failure times and modes. Increased temperatures correlate with shorter failure times, and variability in failure times decreases as heat flux rises. These insights are significant for understanding the thermomechanical response of C-channels in aircraft sub-structures. The knowledge obtained can contribute to developing more robust and safer aircraft designs, particularly for components exposed to fire conditions, enabling engineers to establish more precise safety margins for CFRP structures, potentially preventing catastrophic failures and thereby enhancing overall aircraft safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How do passengers’ psychological conditions and behavioral conditions change in metro fire evacuation: An online questionnaire-based experiment 地铁火灾疏散中乘客的心理状况和行为状况如何变化：基于在线问卷的实验

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104281

Jianyao Tu, Bozhezi Peng, Liwei Bai, Yi Zhang

引用次数: 0

Post-fire residual mechanical properties of Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses 不同预拉伸应力下 Q460GJ 钢的火烧后残余力学性能

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104280

Siqi Li , Aibing Li , Weiyong Wang , Shan-Shan Huang

{"title":"Post-fire residual mechanical properties of Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses","authors":"Siqi Li , Aibing Li , Weiyong Wang , Shan-Shan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies on the post-fire mechanical properties of steel were conducted with unstressed state, without considering the influence of pre-stress which subjected to structures in reality. In this article, the post-fire residual mechanical properties of Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses were studied. The stress-strain curve, elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and fracture elongation of Q460GJ steel after different elevated temperatures heating are analyzed in detail. The experimental results are compared with that of Q460 steel and S460 steel in the existing literatures. At last, the predictive equations of post-fire mechanical properties of Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses are established. Q460GJ steel still maintains good ductility after elevated temperature heating, which increases the possibility of reuse of Q460GJ steel element after fire. The Q460GJ steel has better post-fire ductility than that of Q460 and S460 steels. The predictive equations for the post-fire residual mechanical properties for Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses were proposed. The variation coefficients of yield strength for Q460GJ steel under different pre-tensile stresses after 20 min different elevated temperatures heating were within 0.065. The findings should have a great significance to providing theoretical support for design of reusing or restoring steel building after fire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0