Fire Safety Journal最新文献

Cracking quantification of wood exposed to constant heat fluxes 暴露在恒定热通量下的木材的开裂量化

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104546

Boris Aguilar , Pedro Reszka , Zoubir Acem , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Lucas Terrei

{"title":"Cracking quantification of wood exposed to constant heat fluxes","authors":"Boris Aguilar , Pedro Reszka , Zoubir Acem , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Lucas Terrei","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface cracking of wood when exposed to a heat source is one of the factors understudied by the fire community despite the fact that the cracks may guide the release of pyrolysis gases, inducing heterogeneity in the effusion of gas and therefore may affect ignition and extinction of flame at the material surface. This study aimed to develop a dynamic detection method for characterizing wood cracking during fire tests by providing quantities such as surface area, length, and number of cracks. Spruce samples were exposed to a wide range of heat fluxes during for at least 40 min using a vertical cone calorimeter. An infrared camera with a specific filter wavelength was used to track crack formation. A total of 74 experiments were carried out in air, and seven were carried out in an oxygen-free atmosphere to determine the cracking dynamics of the wood. The results show that the cracking rate and the number of cracks quickly reach to a constant value. The heat flux and the presence of oxygen are not dominant factors in wood’s dynamic cracking. This work provides quantitative data for readers interested in accounting for cracking and heterogeneous pyrolysis gas release on the surface of a sample.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards predictive engineering-type simulations of upward flame spread in SBI scenarios SBI情景下火焰向上蔓延的预测工程模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544

G. Maragkos, A. Snegirev, J. At Thabari, Y. Moorthamers, B. Merci

{"title":"Towards predictive engineering-type simulations of upward flame spread in SBI scenarios","authors":"G. Maragkos, A. Snegirev, J. At Thabari, Y. Moorthamers, B. Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large eddy simulations of upward flame spread using FireFOAM are presented. Aiming at advancing predictive fire modelling, the approach considers the use of dynamic models, with limited use of model constants, for turbulence, combustion, and radiation. Modelling of convective heat transfer is based on Newton’s law of cooling considering simplified correlations for natural convection. The thermal decomposition of the solid material is represented through a 1D pyrolysis model with optimized model-effective material properties. For validation purposes, medium-scale Single Burning Item (SBI) experiments are used, involving both inert materials (calcium silicate) and flammable walls involving both charring (MDF and plywood) and non-charring (PMMA) materials. Separate validations for the gas and solid phase are also presented. A detailed comparison between the CFD predictions and experimental data is performed, focusing on global parameters (i.e., HRR, mass loss rate, heat feedback) and local quantities (i.e., total heat fluxes). The modelling approach performs very well, with predictions being fairly grid-insensitive, showing relative differences in the predicted HRR of up to 47% between the simulations and the experiments. Convection contributes up to 30% of the total wall heat feedback, highlighting the importance of accurately modelling convection alongside radiation in early flame spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thresholds of surface fire transition to crown fire: Effects of wind speed and crown base height with fixed moisture content 地表火向树冠火过渡的阈值：固定含水率下风速和树冠底高的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104545

Mohamed Sharaf , Duncan Sutherland , Rahul Wadhwani , Khalid Moinuddin

{"title":"Thresholds of surface fire transition to crown fire: Effects of wind speed and crown base height with fixed moisture content","authors":"Mohamed Sharaf , Duncan Sutherland , Rahul Wadhwani , Khalid Moinuddin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest fires present significant global risks, leading to loss of life, community displacement, and extensive damage to property and the environment, with substantial economic and social consequences. Propagation of wildland fires can be divided into two categories: surface and crown fires. This study aims to identify threshold parameters that influence the transition from surface to crown fire, helping fire managers prevent manageable fires from escalating into uncontrollable crown fires. This study conducted pine forest simulations using the physics-based fire model Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to examine the effects of varying wind speeds and crown base heights on fire transition. The results identify that 80 % crown mass loss represents sustained crowning, while values between 65 % and 80 % correspond to intermediate crowning. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that wind speed and crown base height are crucial in reaching these threshold values. A reduction in crown base height substantially increases the likelihood of sustained crowning. However, the influence of wind speed on the surface fire transition varies with crown base height. These findings enhance understanding of surface fire transition and offer valuable insights for forest fire management and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study of fire propagation along a vertical wall in a lab scale setup 火灾沿垂直墙体传播的实验研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104540

F. Di Giorgio, C. Galizzi, M. Kühni

引用次数: 0

Downward opposed flame spread response to non-steady airflow 非定常气流下的反向火焰蔓延响应

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104543

Alana Miska , Pablo E. Pinto , Xiuqi Xi , Maria Thomsen , James L. Urban

引用次数: 0

Predicting the fire performance of intumescent fire-retardant coating with inert and oxidative reaction schemes 用惰性和氧化反应方案预测膨胀型防火涂料的防火性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104541

Liang Yi , Saiya Feng , Zhengyang Wang , Yan Ding , Yuhao Li

{"title":"Predicting the fire performance of intumescent fire-retardant coating with inert and oxidative reaction schemes","authors":"Liang Yi , Saiya Feng , Zhengyang Wang , Yan Ding , Yuhao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate evaluation of the performance of Intumescent fire-retardant coating (IFRC) is critical for predicting fire behavior in protected construction. In this work, the pyrolysis performance of IFRC is characterized in both N<sub>2</sub> and air. Comprehensive models based on ThermaKin are developed. A seven-step inert reaction and eight-step oxidative reaction schemes are proposed to describe the pyrolysis of IFRC in N<sub>2</sub> and air. The corresponding kinetic and thermodynamic model parameters are obtained by inversely analyzing the measurements. The obtained comprehensive models are used to simulate the experimental results of cone calorimeter. Both model simulations capture the trend of mass loss rate (<em>MLR</em>) curves. However, the simulation with oxidative reaction scheme presents a faster initial <em>MLR</em> increase rate, higher <em>MLR</em> peak (<em>MLR</em><sub>peak</sub>) and earlier time to <em>MLR</em><sub>peak</sub> with higher R<sup>2</sup> of 0.91, 0.95 and 0.85 (for the dry film thickness of 1.00 mm, 2.00 mm and 3.00 mm). This is due to the exothermic reactions in air accelerating the IFRC pyrolysis, while the endothermic reactions in N<sub>2</sub> decelerating the IFRC pyrolysis. The model with an oxidative reaction scheme can better predict the performance of IFRC in real-fire scenarios, which may contribute to the evaluation of IFRC in the construction fire design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104541"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Large-scale calorimetry time response characterization and correction 大规模量热法时间响应表征及校正

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531

Giovanni Di Cristina, Erik Johnsson, Eric Mueller, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Hamins

{"title":"Large-scale calorimetry time response characterization and correction","authors":"Giovanni Di Cristina, Erik Johnsson, Eric Mueller, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Hamins","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent fire experiments testing 4 m to 6 m tall Douglas fir trees pushed the limits of the time response of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) large fire calorimeter due to their fast fire growth. The fires obtained peak heat release rates from 7 MW to about 42 MW within 7 s to 10 s. The calorimetry system is dependent on multiple instruments each with their own time response. Calibration experiments with imposed square wave thermal pulses have characterized the system time constant as approximately 8 s. Consequently, the time response becomes a significant source of uncertainty in the transient results. Utilizing measurements from fast-responding mass load cell and far-field radiometers as models for the heat release rate (HRR) response, a methodology is developed to rescale the transient HRR to correct for the calorimetry system’s time response. The results from each correction method are compared to each other and the oxygen consumption HRR. Although both methods have different limitations, their respective results agree within 15% of each other, on average. This study provides insight on the accuracy and uncertainty of oxygen consumption calorimetry systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal runaway discrete propagation mechanisms and fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery modules with typical electrical structures 典型电结构锂离子电池模组热失控离散传播机制及着火特性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542

Yan Cui , Jianghong Liu , Beihua Cong , Weiguo Song , Mingming Qiu , Sumiao Yin

{"title":"Thermal runaway discrete propagation mechanisms and fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery modules with typical electrical structures","authors":"Yan Cui , Jianghong Liu , Beihua Cong , Weiguo Song , Mingming Qiu , Sumiao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conflagrations originating from the thermal instability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have posed a serious hazard to public safety. The fire dynamics of the system-level LIB pack with complex electrical topologies is still unclear. This paper focused on the phenomenon of thermal runaway (TR) discrete propagation, which spreads TR among the LIB pack leapingly, and conducted thermophysical experiments. Laboratory-scale LIB modules with typical electric structures were constructed to reveal the mechanisms and patterns of the phenomenon from the cell component level, as well as the fire behaviors and characteristics. The horizontally insulated calorimetric wind tunnel provided the LIB modules with forced air cooling. Results showed that smooth occurrence of TR discrete propagation required the overcharge current that facilitated the steady and concentrated growth of lithium dendrites and the overcharged battery interior that maintained the low temperature and gas pressure before the lithium dendrites pierced the separator. Under these experimental conditions, it occurred when the charge state of the battery remote from the heat source exceeded 135.56 %, with a minimum onset temperature of 64.6 °C. Its concomitant electricity transmission from external short circuits lowered the TR onset temperature of the LIB submodule and hastened the spread rate of TR. The heat release rate of the burning LIB module peaked at 35.612 kW, while each cell reached a total heat release of 107.468 kJ, and the duration of each flaming was not affected by TR discrete propagation. The results provide insight into the fire mechanisms and characteristics of the high LIB concentration scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heat exposure from electric vehicle fires: Experimental results and analysis 电动汽车火灾的热暴露：实验结果和分析

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535

Parham Dehghani, Matthew DiDomizio, Nathaniel Sauer, Adam Barowy

{"title":"Heat exposure from electric vehicle fires: Experimental results and analysis","authors":"Parham Dehghani, Matthew DiDomizio, Nathaniel Sauer, Adam Barowy","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free-burning of a Tesla Model 3 and a Chevrolet Bolt was studied under controlled conditions. Heat release rates were estimated from mass loss measurements. Fire-induced heat flux distribution was captured using infrared thermography of high-emissivity plate sensors placed on each vehicle side, supplemented by eight Schmidt-Boelter radiometers. A point-source model (PSM) was used to estimate heat flux over the plate area, allowing comparison with the measured data using an approach that fire safety engineers readily employ.</div><div>Plate sensors revealed local peaks in heat flux that were not resolved by the radiometers due to their limited spatial coverage. When measured flame heights were used in the PSM, peak exposures were underpredicted by 1.4% (Bolt) and 18.3% (Tesla). However, when flame heights were estimated from heat release rates, a common assumption in engineering analyses, underpredictions increased to 64.5% (Bolt) and 53.1% (Tesla). Additionally, both plate and radiometer data were used to assess three battery jetting events that occurred before cabin involvement. Jetting-related heat flux peaks ranged from 7.9% to 100% of the global maximum measured during the free-burn, indicating their potentially significant contribution to heat exposure prior to full vehicle involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of ghosting flames in an under-ventilated compartment 在不通风的隔间中产生鬼影火焰

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104533

Ryan Falkenstein-Smith , Katherine Hinnant , Aika Davis , Thomas Cleary

{"title":"Development of ghosting flames in an under-ventilated compartment","authors":"Ryan Falkenstein-Smith , Katherine Hinnant , Aika Davis , Thomas Cleary","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examines the transition of an enclosure fire to an under-ventilated scenario such that conditions are conducive to a ghosting flame within the enclosure. Ghosting flames were observed when flames generated from a burner using propane were lifted off the burner and sporadically occupied other regions of the compartment. All experiments were conducted within a reduced-scale enclosure with a varying width of either 2.0 cm, 4.0 cm, or 10.0 cm. Each opening configuration was subjected to a range of fire sizes within the enclosure to determine the conditions conducive to ghosting flame. The compartment was observed to transition to under-ventilated conditions, such that significant concentrations of hydrocarbons were generated within the enclosure when the global equivalence ratio in the upper region was equal to 1. Ghosting flames were observed when the measured global equivalence ratio in the upper compartment region reached 2.3 <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span> 0.2 and were found to continuously occur as the ratio continued to exceed that value steadily. This suggests that a ghosting flame phenomenon occurs when the rate at which fuel is introduced is more than a factor of ten relative to the airflow into the compartment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0