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Influences of typical forest vegetation combustion processes on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps 典型森林植被燃烧过程对钢丝气隙击穿特性及机理的影响
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431
Guowei Chen , Fei You , Siyi Chen , Yun Zhang , Xiangchao Li , Zhenhua Wang , Xinyan Huang , Zhijie Shen , Zonglin Fu , Guanqun Zhu , Zhixun Wang
{"title":"Influences of typical forest vegetation combustion processes on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps","authors":"Guowei Chen ,&nbsp;Fei You ,&nbsp;Siyi Chen ,&nbsp;Yun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangchao Li ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang ,&nbsp;Zhijie Shen ,&nbsp;Zonglin Fu ,&nbsp;Guanqun Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhixun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide, high voltage transmission lines have been suffering from frequent tripping accidents caused by wildfires. To further investigates the impacts of wildfire on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps, three typical forest vegetation samples were used as simulated fire sources in this work. Two segments of aluminum conductors steel reinforced (ACSR) were used as electrodes. The main flame characteristics, mass loss rate (MLR), and heat release rate (HRR) of the vegetation, main discharge breakdown characteristics of the wire-wire gap distances (5.0–25.0 cm) with fire, and the arc evolution processes under flame conditions were measured and analyzed. Results show that fir has the highest combustion intensity. In both flame zones, the wire-wire air gaps of fir are all the most prone to discharge breakdowns, except for a 5 cm gap in oscillating flame zone. Eucalyptus always shows a medium difficulty. The mean breakdown field strengths of eucalyptus, thatch and fir in continuous and oscillating flame zones decrease sequentially by 78.02 %–84.67 % and 46.51 %–53.67 % respectively compared to that in pure air. Mechanism analyses indicate that high temperatures, ionized particles, thermal convection, radiation, flame zones and electric field interactions are the primary driving forces, reducing gap insulation, and ultimately leading to breakdown.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of a fire protection network (FPN) model using open top combustible containers 使用开顶可燃容器的防火网络(FPN)模型的评估
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104433
Dong Han, James White, Yibing Xin
{"title":"Evaluation of a fire protection network (FPN) model using open top combustible containers","authors":"Dong Han,&nbsp;James White,&nbsp;Yibing Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many situations, large-scale fire tests are the only way to validate sprinkler protection design. However, testing capability may sometimes be hindered by laboratory limitations. To explore potential strategies to overcome these limitations, a fire protection network (FPN) model was developed to provide an alternative solution for the above situations, by supplementing limited test observations with model predictions to reach a conclusive result, without repeating the same test or requiring additional tests. The FPN model is a network model that treats various burning surfaces as different types of fuel nodes. Simplified fire spread sub-models are proposed using effective parameters, whose values are taken either from the literature or via optimization against fire tests. The FPN model shows a reasonable agreement against observations from a large-scale fire test, which demonstrates its potential to predict the sprinkler demand for scenarios beyond laboratory limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental observation of the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct at different velocities and with different Lewis and Zeldovich numbers 不同速度、不同Lewis数和Zeldovich数下火焰在密闭管道中熄灭距离的实验观察
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429
Carlos H. Lauermann , Guilherme R. Cardoso , Manuel A.K. Nzinga , Thamy C. Hayashi , Felipe R. Centeno , Andrés Z. Mendiburu
{"title":"Experimental observation of the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct at different velocities and with different Lewis and Zeldovich numbers","authors":"Carlos H. Lauermann ,&nbsp;Guilherme R. Cardoso ,&nbsp;Manuel A.K. Nzinga ,&nbsp;Thamy C. Hayashi ,&nbsp;Felipe R. Centeno ,&nbsp;Andrés Z. Mendiburu","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigation of the quenching distance is important for the design of flame arresters. The quenching process is related to the coupled effects of heat and mass transfer in reactive flows. The aim of this work is to experimentally determine the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct. The mixtures involve natural gas, hydrogen, helium and air to obtain Lewis and Zeldovich numbers from 0.6 to 1.36 and from 4.24 to 8.45, respectively. In addition, obstacles were placed inside the duct to evaluate the effect of flame propagation velocity on the quenching distance via the Peclet number. The quenching distance was measured as the distance between two horizontal plates that does not allow the flame to continue propagating. The results show that mixtures with Lewis numbers less than one and low values of Zeldovich have the smallest quenching distances. Conversely, mixtures with Lewis numbers greater than one or high Zeldovich values have higher quenching distances. When mass diffusion dominates over heat diffusion, the flame temperature is higher. In addition, the negative exponential dependence of the heat release is controlled by the Zeldovich number. This explains the experimental results. In the experiments where the flame velocity was increased by obstacles, the mixtures with high Zeldovich number increased their quenching distance, whereas the opposite was observed for mixtures with low Zeldovich. The Peclet numbers determined show that advection dominates over heat diffusion. The critical Peclet numbers calculated on the basis of laminar flame velocity were always less than 35.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Upward flame spread of flame-retardant cables with different ATH contents: Ignition, swelling, melting and flowing 不同ATH含量阻燃电缆的向上火焰蔓延:着火、膨胀、熔化、流动
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428
Qian Fang , Xiongjun Liu , Ye Yang , Xiao Han , Qiyuan Xie
{"title":"Upward flame spread of flame-retardant cables with different ATH contents: Ignition, swelling, melting and flowing","authors":"Qian Fang ,&nbsp;Xiongjun Liu ,&nbsp;Ye Yang ,&nbsp;Xiao Han ,&nbsp;Qiyuan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the specific ignition and upward burning behaviors of flame retardant (FR) cables, series of experiments were conducted for FR-cables with mass fractions of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) of 58 %, 61 %, 64 %, 67 %, 70 % and 73 %, respectively. The results show that all studied FR-cables can be ignited by a coil heater delivering a heat flux of approximately 29 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, with the longest ignition delays for the samples containing the highest ATH content. Compared to FR-cables with 67 % and 70 % ATH contents, the melting and downward flowing are more pronounced for the samples of 58 %, 61 % and 64 % ATH, resulting in stronger burning with longer flame length and width. The upward flame spread velocities for all FR-cable samples are in the range of 1.2–1.6 mm/s and slightly smaller for cables with higher ATH contents. Specifically, the strong downward flowing of the melting liquid in the burning zone obviously slows down their upward flame spread. Dimensionless pyrolysis depth and flowing length are introduced to quantitatively describe the unique burning behaviors of FR-cables and a corresponding new flame spread model is developed based on energy conservation. The good agreement between the experimental and calculated data suggests its effectiveness and reasonability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The influence of forced flow on opposed flame spread 强迫流动对对立火焰蔓延的影响
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104426
David Morrisset , Rory M. Hadden , Angus Law
{"title":"The influence of forced flow on opposed flame spread","authors":"David Morrisset ,&nbsp;Rory M. Hadden ,&nbsp;Angus Law","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opposed flow flame spread under forced flow conditions has been the subject of many studies in the flammability literature. Previous studies have presented findings such as the transition between a thermal and kinetic regime through the Damköhler number (<em>Da</em>). While <em>Da</em> scaling has been successfully used to observe the increasing influence of finite rate kinetics in the gas phase, this characterization lacks explicit measurements of the solid and gas-phase heat transfer under various flow conditions. Experiments were conducted using a range of forced flow rates (0–3 m/s) and oxygen concentrations (21–40%) to quantify the thermal conditions in the solid ahead of the flame front. Solid-phase temperature measurements provide the thermal profile, and heat transfer conditions through the solid, ahead of the flame front. These measurements are paired with CH∗ chemiluminescence measurements to explicitly define the flame structure and position relative to the fuel surface. The combination of these measurements provide novel insight into opposed flow flame spread, illustrating the increasing influence of solid-phase heat transfer at high flow rates in air (21% O<sub>2</sub>) and the increasing influence of gas-phase heat transfer in the thermal regime for oxygen rich environments (e.g., 40% O<sub>2</sub>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Generative artificial intelligence for fire scenario analysis in complex building design layouts 生成式人工智能在复杂建筑设计布局中的火灾场景分析
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427
Shandy Rianto , Yanfu Zeng , Xinyan Huang , Xinzheng Lu
{"title":"Generative artificial intelligence for fire scenario analysis in complex building design layouts","authors":"Shandy Rianto ,&nbsp;Yanfu Zeng ,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang ,&nbsp;Xinzheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance-based fire safety design requires thoroughly evaluating building fire scenarios to ensure comprehensive fire safety. However, conventional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) fire simulations are computationally intensive and time-consuming, limiting the number of scenarios that can be practically analyzed. This study addresses these challenges by using generative artificial intelligence (AI) to predict fire scenes in realistic multi-room building layouts, characterized by complex shapes and intricate wall partitions. Three generative AI models for image generation are employed for this purpose: GAN-based pix2pix and pix2pixHD, as well as the diffusion model. These models were trained on an extensive dataset of CFD fire simulations to generate near-ceiling smoke movement and temperature distribution outcomes. When tested on new unseen building layouts, these models demonstrated remarkable accuracy and provided near real-time assessments. The diffusion model achieved the highest accuracy (&gt;94 %) while requiring the more computational time. The high performance of these models highlights the potential of using generative AI to enhance fire safety engineering by enabling faster and more comprehensive fire risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pyrolysis front tracking using the spectral fluorescence signature of PMMA 基于PMMA光谱荧光特征的热解前沿跟踪
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104425
David Morrisset , Anthony O. Ojo , Cameron MacLeod , Brian Peterson , Rory M. Hadden
{"title":"Pyrolysis front tracking using the spectral fluorescence signature of PMMA","authors":"David Morrisset ,&nbsp;Anthony O. Ojo ,&nbsp;Cameron MacLeod ,&nbsp;Brian Peterson ,&nbsp;Rory M. Hadden","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to track the progression of a pyrolysis front on a solid fuel is essential in many applications such as the study of flame spread. Tracking the pyrolysis front in cases such as upwards flame spread becomes increasingly difficult due to the obstruction of the luminous flame. This work identifies the occurrence of light-induced fluorescence in the pyrolysis region of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) during flame spread and demonstrates its use in explicitly identifying the pyrolysis front. PMMA fluorescence is achieved through excitation using 266 nm, 395 nm, and 450 nm light (both coherent laser and LED sources). The fluorescence response was characterized through UV–VIS spectroscopy. Pyrolyzed PMMA excited with 266 or 395 nm light provided a fluorescence signature with a strong peak at ∼532 nm and a half width of ∼160 nm. The ability to visualize and track the pyrolysis region is demonstrated for both downwards and upwards flame spread. For downward spread, the onset of fluorescence was found to occur within 1 mm of the leading edge of the flame. Upward flame spread experiments demonstrated that pyrolysis fluorescence can be detected through the obscuration of the luminous flame, allowing for pyrolysis front tracking while simultaneously tracking the flame front through chemiluminescence imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Circular RC columns wrapped with PBO-FRCM and CFRP strengthening systems in a standard fire 标准火灾中包裹PBO-FRCM和CFRP加固体系的圆形RC柱
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104424
Salem Khalaf , Farid Abed , Ahmed El Refai , Naeim Roshan , Hamzeh Hajiloo
{"title":"Circular RC columns wrapped with PBO-FRCM and CFRP strengthening systems in a standard fire","authors":"Salem Khalaf ,&nbsp;Farid Abed ,&nbsp;Ahmed El Refai ,&nbsp;Naeim Roshan ,&nbsp;Hamzeh Hajiloo","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems remains a concern. For an FRP strengthening system to be considered effective during a fire, its fire performance must be defined using adequate fire protection. Without proper fire protection, FRP loses effectiveness early in a fire event. Four circular columns (800 mm in length) were exposed to ASTM <span><span>E119</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> standard fire for 180 min with a sustained load equal to 13 % of their capacity. Carbon FRP wraps and FRCM with poly benzo isoxazole (PBO) grids were used for strengthening the columns. Two types of fire protection systems examined including spray applied fire-resistant material (SFRM) and intumescent paint (IP) coatings. Results showed significantly lower temperatures in columns wrapped with FRCM compared to the one wrapped with CFRP sheets. The SFRM-insulated column demonstrated superior performance, maintaining concrete core temperatures below 130 °C throughout the entire fire exposure period. A key observation was the quick ignition of the CFRP beneath the IP coating, which caused a rapid temperature increase, localized concrete spalling due to the mismatch in thermal expansion between the CFRP sheets and concrete, and early exposure of the steel reinforcement. It is recommended to apply the IP coating carefully over combustible materials like FRP, as its fire protection capability may diminish within the first 30 min of the fire test. While SFRM performed well, combining FRCM with SFRM offers a more effective approach to enhancing the fire resistance of RC columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Structural behavior of timber columns in wood crib compartment fire tests 木槽室防火试验中木柱的结构性能
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104413
Silvio Renard , Fabienne Robert , Jean-Marc Franssen , Jochen Zehfuß , Robert McNamee , Patrick Bamonte , Thomas Gernay
{"title":"Structural behavior of timber columns in wood crib compartment fire tests","authors":"Silvio Renard ,&nbsp;Fabienne Robert ,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Franssen ,&nbsp;Jochen Zehfuß ,&nbsp;Robert McNamee ,&nbsp;Patrick Bamonte ,&nbsp;Thomas Gernay","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timber framing is increasingly used as a load-bearing structural system in mid-rise and high-rise buildings. While extensive data exists from standard furnace tests, there is a lack of data on the fire performance of loaded timber members in full-scale compartment fires. Compartment fire tests are crucial to investigate a structure's performance under conditions where the fire is let to grow naturally with the fuel and oxygen present in the room and then let to cool down as the fuel burns out. This paper presents the findings from six fire tests performed on glue laminated timber columns in a custom-built compartment. Wood cribs are used as fuel. The columns, 3680 mm long with a 280 × 280 mm<sup>2</sup> section, are subjected to constant axial loading during the whole fire duration. Column design and loading are based on a 60-min fire resistance. The tests vary in opening factor, fire load, and wood crib size. Column failure was observed in the six tests, with failure times ranging from 35 to 71 min. In four of the tests, failure occurred after the gas temperature had started to cool down. Comparisons with tests on similar columns made in a fire resistance furnace allow comparing charring rates observed in standard conditions and in natural fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of fire propagation modelling on structural elements temperature of steel racks 火灾传播模型对钢架结构元件温度的影响
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104412
Margherita Autiero, Donatella de Silva, Emidio Nigro
{"title":"Effect of fire propagation modelling on structural elements temperature of steel racks","authors":"Margherita Autiero,&nbsp;Donatella de Silva,&nbsp;Emidio Nigro","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automated Rack-Supported Warehouses (ARSWs) are a particular type of steel racks that combine the structural efficiency of steel construction with automated machines for handling stored products.</div><div>This work addressed the fire development in ARSW, by investigating the fire modelling which can be used in a multi-depth ARSW structure, by adopting zone models, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ones. Since the traveling fire plays a key role in these peculiar structures, a simplified “multi-cells” fire model that allows vertical and horizontal propagation, is proposed.</div><div>Starting from the results of an extensive experimental campaign, available in the literature, conducted on steel racks, criteria to evaluate the vertical and horizontal propagation times are provided. Finally, the criteria of the simplified fire model were also compared with the results of advanced CFD analyses, in which the traveling fire was naturally considered, showing a good agreement. This proposed “multi-cells” zone model provides a useful tool for both design and assessment of the fire behaviour of ARSW structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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