Soot modeling in the numerical simulation of buoyant diffusion flames and fires—A review

In this paper, the major soot modeling approaches used in the numerical simulation of buoyant turbulent flames and fires are reviewed. In the context of soot modeling in fire dynamics simulations, the constraints are discussed and linked to the development of suitable soot models. Since soot models have always been developed and evaluated using laminar flames, the genesis of soot models used for turbulent buoyant flames is discussed in detail in the context of laminar flames at first. One of the important subjects of semi-empirical soot models is the calibration of constants. In this study, the calibration and possible re-calibration of soot modeling expressions in later studies are comprehensively investigated. Afterward, the recent studies on the numerical simulations of turbulent sooty buoyant flames are reviewed and the utilized sub-modeling approaches are discussed.