Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第9页

Predicting fabric flammability and skin burn injury risk in high oxygen concentration normoxic atmospheres 高氧常压环境下织物可燃性及皮肤烧伤风险预测

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104561

Lilly Etzenbach , Christina Liveretou , Jose Rivera , Madeleine Bardy , Carlos Fernandez-Pello , Michael Gollner , David Urban

{"title":"Predicting fabric flammability and skin burn injury risk in high oxygen concentration normoxic atmospheres","authors":"Lilly Etzenbach , Christina Liveretou , Jose Rivera , Madeleine Bardy , Carlos Fernandez-Pello , Michael Gollner , David Urban","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the number of manned space missions is set to rise significantly, it is critical to establish comprehensive safety standards adapted to Space Exploration Atmospheres, including for astronaut intravehicular clothing. Fabric flammability is typically tested under standard atmospheric conditions, and few studies consider the conditions characterizing future space facilities, such as reduced gravity, low flow velocities, low pressures, and elevated oxygen concentrations. This work evaluates the burn injury risk and time to second-degree burn induced by flame spread over textiles resting above an astronaut’s skin. Experiments were conducted under varying normoxic atmospheric conditions and sensor-to-fabric airgaps simulating the floating of garments under microgravity. Results demonstrate that while synthetic fabrics induce a low skin burn injury risk at standard atmospheric conditions, they pose a high risk at higher normoxic oxygen concentrations with hazardous burn patterns. At low oxygen concentrations, a large airgap reduces burn injury risk, but at higher oxygen concentrations, it has a minimal impact. Overall, wool and Nomex emerged with superior fire safety performance. Results were interpreted through thermochemistry to identify fabric properties associated with reduced burn injury risk. Together, the experimental results and the analysis presented provide novel insights to establish critical safety standards tailored to space environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acute lung injury in mice induced by halogenated olefins fire extinguishing agents: Role of chemical structure and gender differences 卤代烯烃灭火剂致小鼠急性肺损伤：化学结构和性别差异的作用

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104562

Fuyao Yao , Kaitao Wang , Jingwen Bai , Xiaoyang Yu , Ruowen Zong

{"title":"Acute lung injury in mice induced by halogenated olefins fire extinguishing agents: Role of chemical structure and gender differences","authors":"Fuyao Yao , Kaitao Wang , Jingwen Bai , Xiaoyang Yu , Ruowen Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halogenated olefin fire extinguishing agents, which are gaseous fire extinguishers, have been widely applied in fire protection due to their excellent fire suppression performance. However, current research has predominantly focused on their extinguishing efficiency, with limited attention given to their safety profiles or acute toxicity. This study conducted acute toxicity experiments in mice for four halogenated olefins fire extinguishing agents: 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP), 2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (xf), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (yf), and cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (mzz(Z)). Histopathological analysis of lung tissue and behavioral assessments revealed that all three types of halogenated olefins induced lung injury and respiratory distress in mice, but the severity of damage varied. 2-BTP and xf demonstrated higher acute toxicity, whereas yf and mzz(Z) exhibited relatively lower toxicity. Furthermore, all three classes of compounds were found to suppress body weight gain in mice, with 2-BTP having the most pronounced impact and yf and mzz(Z) showing milder effects. Although fluoro-bromo olefins like 2-BTP show superior fire suppression performance, they also present greater safety risks among halogenated olefins. Conversely, hydrofluoro olefins, despite their lower extinguishing efficiency, demonstrated a more favorable safety profile. This study provides new insights and guidance for the future development of fire extinguishing agents with low toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temperature measurements in sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames under different oxygen concentrations 不同氧浓度下煤烟浮力湍流非预混火焰的温度测量

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104555

Gang Xiong , Xingyu Ren , Dong Zeng , Robert Barlow , Yi Wang

{"title":"Temperature measurements in sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames under different oxygen concentrations","authors":"Gang Xiong , Xingyu Ren , Dong Zeng , Robert Barlow , Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, significant efforts at FM have been devoted to creating a comprehensive dataset for 15 kW sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames under different oxygen concentrations (OCs) to support fire model development and validation. The dataset includes global measurements of combustion efficiency and radiant fraction, as well as local measurements of flow velocity, soot volume fraction, and radiation intensity. This study addresses challenges in measuring transient temperatures in these sooty flames using thermocouples. A new method using a single thermocouple with 25 μm wire diameter and a pre-calibrated effective bead size was developed and validated against the dual-thermocouple method. Temperature measurements were completed for the 15 kW sooty flames under 20.9 %, 16.8 %, and 15.2 % OCs. Temperature statistics, including mean, root-mean-square of fluctuations, and probability density functions, were obtained in a two-dimensional plane across the flame centerline. This temperature data complements and extends the existing dataset for the 15 kW sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames, aiding in determining mass entrainment and the convective energy flow rates, and providing deeper insights into the fire dynamics and modeling. This enhanced dataset is a valuable resource for the development and validation of models on soot formation, thermal radiation, and flame extinction in fire simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards predictive engineering-type simulations of upward flame spread in SBI scenarios SBI情景下火焰向上蔓延的预测工程模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544

G. Maragkos, A. Snegirev, J. At Thabari, Y. Moorthamers, B. Merci

{"title":"Towards predictive engineering-type simulations of upward flame spread in SBI scenarios","authors":"G. Maragkos, A. Snegirev, J. At Thabari, Y. Moorthamers, B. Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large eddy simulations of upward flame spread using FireFOAM are presented. Aiming at advancing predictive fire modelling, the approach considers the use of dynamic models, with limited use of model constants, for turbulence, combustion, and radiation. Modelling of convective heat transfer is based on Newton’s law of cooling considering simplified correlations for natural convection. The thermal decomposition of the solid material is represented through a 1D pyrolysis model with optimized model-effective material properties. For validation purposes, medium-scale Single Burning Item (SBI) experiments are used, involving both inert materials (calcium silicate) and flammable walls involving both charring (MDF and plywood) and non-charring (PMMA) materials. Separate validations for the gas and solid phase are also presented. A detailed comparison between the CFD predictions and experimental data is performed, focusing on global parameters (i.e., HRR, mass loss rate, heat feedback) and local quantities (i.e., total heat fluxes). The modelling approach performs very well, with predictions being fairly grid-insensitive, showing relative differences in the predicted HRR of up to 47% between the simulations and the experiments. Convection contributes up to 30% of the total wall heat feedback, highlighting the importance of accurately modelling convection alongside radiation in early flame spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heat exposure from electric vehicle fires: Experimental results and analysis 电动汽车火灾的热暴露：实验结果和分析

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535

Parham Dehghani, Matthew DiDomizio, Nathaniel Sauer, Adam Barowy

{"title":"Heat exposure from electric vehicle fires: Experimental results and analysis","authors":"Parham Dehghani, Matthew DiDomizio, Nathaniel Sauer, Adam Barowy","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free-burning of a Tesla Model 3 and a Chevrolet Bolt was studied under controlled conditions. Heat release rates were estimated from mass loss measurements. Fire-induced heat flux distribution was captured using infrared thermography of high-emissivity plate sensors placed on each vehicle side, supplemented by eight Schmidt-Boelter radiometers. A point-source model (PSM) was used to estimate heat flux over the plate area, allowing comparison with the measured data using an approach that fire safety engineers readily employ.</div><div>Plate sensors revealed local peaks in heat flux that were not resolved by the radiometers due to their limited spatial coverage. When measured flame heights were used in the PSM, peak exposures were underpredicted by 1.4% (Bolt) and 18.3% (Tesla). However, when flame heights were estimated from heat release rates, a common assumption in engineering analyses, underpredictions increased to 64.5% (Bolt) and 53.1% (Tesla). Additionally, both plate and radiometer data were used to assess three battery jetting events that occurred before cabin involvement. Jetting-related heat flux peaks ranged from 7.9% to 100% of the global maximum measured during the free-burn, indicating their potentially significant contribution to heat exposure prior to full vehicle involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal runaway discrete propagation mechanisms and fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery modules with typical electrical structures 典型电结构锂离子电池模组热失控离散传播机制及着火特性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542

Yan Cui , Jianghong Liu , Beihua Cong , Weiguo Song , Mingming Qiu , Sumiao Yin

{"title":"Thermal runaway discrete propagation mechanisms and fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery modules with typical electrical structures","authors":"Yan Cui , Jianghong Liu , Beihua Cong , Weiguo Song , Mingming Qiu , Sumiao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conflagrations originating from the thermal instability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have posed a serious hazard to public safety. The fire dynamics of the system-level LIB pack with complex electrical topologies is still unclear. This paper focused on the phenomenon of thermal runaway (TR) discrete propagation, which spreads TR among the LIB pack leapingly, and conducted thermophysical experiments. Laboratory-scale LIB modules with typical electric structures were constructed to reveal the mechanisms and patterns of the phenomenon from the cell component level, as well as the fire behaviors and characteristics. The horizontally insulated calorimetric wind tunnel provided the LIB modules with forced air cooling. Results showed that smooth occurrence of TR discrete propagation required the overcharge current that facilitated the steady and concentrated growth of lithium dendrites and the overcharged battery interior that maintained the low temperature and gas pressure before the lithium dendrites pierced the separator. Under these experimental conditions, it occurred when the charge state of the battery remote from the heat source exceeded 135.56 %, with a minimum onset temperature of 64.6 °C. Its concomitant electricity transmission from external short circuits lowered the TR onset temperature of the LIB submodule and hastened the spread rate of TR. The heat release rate of the burning LIB module peaked at 35.612 kW, while each cell reached a total heat release of 107.468 kJ, and the duration of each flaming was not affected by TR discrete propagation. The results provide insight into the fire mechanisms and characteristics of the high LIB concentration scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Large-scale calorimetry time response characterization and correction 大规模量热法时间响应表征及校正

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531

Giovanni Di Cristina, Erik Johnsson, Eric Mueller, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Hamins

{"title":"Large-scale calorimetry time response characterization and correction","authors":"Giovanni Di Cristina, Erik Johnsson, Eric Mueller, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Hamins","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent fire experiments testing 4 m to 6 m tall Douglas fir trees pushed the limits of the time response of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) large fire calorimeter due to their fast fire growth. The fires obtained peak heat release rates from 7 MW to about 42 MW within 7 s to 10 s. The calorimetry system is dependent on multiple instruments each with their own time response. Calibration experiments with imposed square wave thermal pulses have characterized the system time constant as approximately 8 s. Consequently, the time response becomes a significant source of uncertainty in the transient results. Utilizing measurements from fast-responding mass load cell and far-field radiometers as models for the heat release rate (HRR) response, a methodology is developed to rescale the transient HRR to correct for the calorimetry system’s time response. The results from each correction method are compared to each other and the oxygen consumption HRR. Although both methods have different limitations, their respective results agree within 15% of each other, on average. This study provides insight on the accuracy and uncertainty of oxygen consumption calorimetry systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Various methods of flame extinguishing by CO2 hydrate 用二氧化碳水合物灭火的各种方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104567

S.Y. Misyura , V.S. Morozov , P.A. Strizhak

{"title":"Various methods of flame extinguishing by CO2 hydrate","authors":"S.Y. Misyura , V.S. Morozov , P.A. Strizhak","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extinguishing the flame of wooden samples by various means: CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate tablet, CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate powder, sand, NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, water spray, foam spray (water and SDS) was studied experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were performed both outdoors and in a closed chamber. The tablet and the CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate powder have shown the minimum sample weight for complete quenching. The novelty of the research lies in the use of shells with tablets to extinguish a fire in a closed room (chamber). Previous studies were carried out with the CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate powder. The presented work shows the advantages of using CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate tablets. Experiments were performed for different sample masses and in a wide range of closed chamber volumes. After the projectile throw into the chamber, three characteristic modes are realized: heating and dissociation of tablets, rupture of the shell and instantaneous release of CO<sub>2</sub>, and longer dissociation of CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate tablet. It is shown that extinguishing in the open air is realized mainly due to the heat of phase transitions. In a closed room, the predominant extinguishing effect is associated with very rapid release of CO<sub>2</sub> gas and rapid suppression of oxygen and oxidation reactions. The dissociation of a gas hydrate tablet, the tablet heating time until the shell break, and the maximum dissociation time of the tablet are simulated. A technique of multi-cycle quenching with a delay in the time of rupture of several shells is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CFD modeling of radiation emission/absorption and fuel evaporation in methanol pool fires 甲醇池火灾中辐射发射/吸收和燃料蒸发的CFD建模

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104557

Ning Ren, Xiaoyi Lu, Yi Wang

{"title":"CFD modeling of radiation emission/absorption and fuel evaporation in methanol pool fires","authors":"Ning Ren, Xiaoyi Lu, Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer in large-scale fires and plays a crucial role in driving fire growth. The interaction of radiation with turbulence and chemistry complicates first principles methods in fire modeling. Simple models like the constant radiant fraction model are often used. This model neglect radiation absorption and is not suitable in large-scale fires where the optical path length is long, such as in liquid fuel spill fires and compartment/façade fires. We use FireFOAM simulations to evaluate four alternatives to the constant radiant fraction model in 0.3- and 1.0-m diameter methanol pool fires: the gray-mean absorption emission model, two weighted sum of gray gases (WSGG) models (WSGG-gray and WSGG-banded), and the full spectrum <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-distribution (FSK) model. Unlike previous studies that fixed the fuel gasification rate at a virtual pool surface, our work uses a liquid fuel model to resolve thermal feedback from the flame and liquid fuel gasification, strictly testing the radiation models by enforcing combustion and pyrolysis feedback. The FSK and WSGG models significantly improve HRR predictions for larger pool fires compared to the constant radiant fraction model, while the gray-mean model overpredicts fire size in both cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of smoke control on caregivers' perception and behavioral responses during assisted evacuation at small-scale older people's welfare facilities: A non-interactive VR experiment with free navigation 小规模老年人福利设施辅助疏散过程中烟雾控制对看护者感知和行为反应的影响：自由导航非交互式VR实验

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104551

Yoshikazu Minegishi

{"title":"Impact of smoke control on caregivers' perception and behavioral responses during assisted evacuation at small-scale older people's welfare facilities: A non-interactive VR experiment with free navigation","authors":"Yoshikazu Minegishi","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the smoke control design that enables caregivers to conduct assisted evacuations of older residents in small-scale older people's welfare facilities. Caregivers' behavior during the assisted evacuation was examined using virtual reality, where movement within a spacious physical environment was synchronized with that in the virtual environment. Six fire and smoke control designs included a fire in a dayroom or private room of the residents and a combination of smoke vents and compartmentation by a door between the dayroom and the corridor. Forty fire safety professionals participated in two evacuation procedures: “Attend,” in which all the residents were guided outside (a more elaborate procedure), and “Refuge,” in which residents remained in their rooms (a relatively simpler procedure). When a fire occurred in the dayroom, 94 % of the participants completed the Attend procedures when smoke vents were open, and the door to the corridor was closed. When a fire occurred in the private room, the smoke propagated to the corridor; however, 64 % of the participants completed the Refuge procedures when the smoke vent and exit door were open and the door to the dayroom was closed. Insightful remarks were acquired through participants' comments, such as how they lost their sense of direction during the repetition of entering and exiting many rooms, and that they could not judge the smoke's lethality based on just its appearance. Effective smoke control measures are crucial for securing the safety of both residents and caregivers in small-scale older people's welfare facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0