Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第2页

Flame heights and charring in a particleboard cavity under varying cavity widths and sample heights 在不同的空腔宽度和样品高度下，刨花板空腔中的火焰高度和炭化

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104440

Dheeraj Dilip Karyaparambil , Trond Nordvik , Sveinung Erland , Patrick van Hees , Nieves Fernandez-Anez , Vidar Frette , Bjarne Christian Hagen

{"title":"Flame heights and charring in a particleboard cavity under varying cavity widths and sample heights","authors":"Dheeraj Dilip Karyaparambil , Trond Nordvik , Sveinung Erland , Patrick van Hees , Nieves Fernandez-Anez , Vidar Frette , Bjarne Christian Hagen","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flame spread through ventilation cavities in timber facades is a serious fire safety concern in tall buildings. In this study, flame behaviour inside a particleboard cavity, resembling the ventilation cavity in a façade system, was investigated. Experiments were conducted with particleboard on one side and an inert panel on the other, across six cavity widths ranging from 10 cm to 25 cm. Variations in flame height, mass loss, temperature along the cavity height and gas velocity above the cavity were quantified. These quantities were found to increase as cavity width decreased. 3D scans of the sample surface were conducted after the experiment to quantify the charred volume. Deeper charring was observed with narrower cavities. Most of the charring was found to occur from ∼15 cm to ∼60 cm above the base of the sample. Flame heights for particleboard samples showed a significant variation during each experimental run, while those for inert samples remained more stable. A significant change in flame and char behaviour was observed when the cavity width was reduced from 15 cm to 10 cm. Additionally, flame heights, gas velocity, maximum char depth and char volume increased when the particleboard sample height was increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-extinction of wood plate: Effect of fuel thickness and flame spread orientation 木板自熄：燃料厚度和火焰蔓延方向的影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104437

Yili Hu , Supan Wang , Xiu Yu , Yanhui Liu , Xinyan Huang

{"title":"Self-extinction of wood plate: Effect of fuel thickness and flame spread orientation","authors":"Yili Hu , Supan Wang , Xiu Yu , Yanhui Liu , Xinyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flame spread behaviour is a key element in evaluating material fire hazards, and studying the flame spread on wood helps understand the fire safety of timber structures. This work tests the flame spread on wood plates with thicknesses ranging from 1.0 mm to 30.0 mm under different irradiations and both upward and downward spread modes. Various flame spread phenomena are observed, including (1) flame spread without fuel burnout, (2) flame spread with fuel burnout, and (3) self-extinction. The flame tends to self-extinguish on wood, as the sample thickness increases or the flame spread changes from upward to downward. Minimum flame spread rate is found to be ∼0.03 cm/s for the upward flame spread, below which self-extinction occurs. Without external radiation, the self-extinction limit in terms of the maximum wood sample thickness for upward flame spread on one surface is quantified to be about 7.5 mm. As the irradiation increases, self-extinction becomes more difficult, because of the enhanced heating in both preheating and burning regions. For irradiation larger than 15 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, the surface flame spread significantly increases and gradually transitions from the surface ignition process to the gas-phase flame propagation, so self-extinction no longer occurs. This work quantifies the self-extinction limits of wood flame spread as a function of sample thickness, irradiation, and spread orientation, which helps to improve fire resilience for future timber buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the use of surrogate gases in fire toxicity calculations 关于替代气体在火灾毒性计算中的应用

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104435

Simo Hostikka, Antti Linna

{"title":"On the use of surrogate gases in fire toxicity calculations","authors":"Simo Hostikka, Antti Linna","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering analyses of fire toxicity are often limited to the production, transport, and incapacitating effects of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, despite the availability of a broader range of gases in the Purser's formulation for the fractional effective dose (FED). In this work, we show how the effect of a wide set of gases can be assigned to two alternative surrogate gases, CO or CO<sub>2</sub>, combined with an effective yield of HCN. We validated the methods by measuring the yields of asphyxiant and irritant gases for five fuels, and by carrying out CFD predictions of FED using full and reduced sets of gas species. Results indicate that ignoring the full list of gases can lead to a severe underestimation of FED, with errors ranging between −12 % and −77 %. Two surrogate methods provided much more accurate predictions, with relative uncertainties between −2.2 % and +11 % for the CO + HCN -method, and −6.6 % and +1.5 % for the CO<sub>2</sub>+HCN -method. In comparison to a simulation using the full set of toxic gases, the proposed surrogate methods provide significantly simplified user input and computational savings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Laboratory-scale screening of intumescent coatings 实验室规模的膨胀涂层筛选

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104436

Emil O. Lidman Olsson , Beril Oğuz , Mohamadali Mirzaei , Peter Arendt Jensen , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer

{"title":"Laboratory-scale screening of intumescent coatings","authors":"Emil O. Lidman Olsson , Beril Oğuz , Mohamadali Mirzaei , Peter Arendt Jensen , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intumescent coatings are used to improve the fire resistance of constructional steel. Fire resistance of intumescent coatings is normally assessed in large test furnaces, which is expensive and time-consuming. In the coating development phase, fast, cheap, and reliable test methods are needed to identify suitable coating formulations. In this work, a laboratory-scale screening test method, utilizing a small electric furnace, was developed. Temperature and heat flux measurements were performed to verify that the furnace conditions were similar to those in full-scale test furnaces. A simple heat transfer model was used to predict the coating performance over a wide range of steel section factors and coating thicknesses. To evaluate the method, 11 commercial coatings, from 6 coating manufacturers, were tested. Samples consisted of 3 mm thick steel panels with a coating thickness in the range of 0.7–3 mm. For coatings with a low to medium expansion factor (<50), the predicted performance agreed well with results based on full-scale fire resistance tests for circular hollow sections. For coatings with a high expansion factor (>50), the performance was typically overpredicted, likely because the method cannot foresee problems related to crack formation in the char caused by the curvature of circular hollow sections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geometric and radiative characteristics of different flame patterns in fire whirl using 3D flame reconstruction 三维火焰重建火焰漩涡中不同火焰形态的几何和辐射特征

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104434

Zhihui Liu , Jiao Lei , Pengcheng Huang , Hui Yu , Linhe Zhang

{"title":"Geometric and radiative characteristics of different flame patterns in fire whirl using 3D flame reconstruction","authors":"Zhihui Liu , Jiao Lei , Pengcheng Huang , Hui Yu , Linhe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental study on the geometric and radiative characteristics of the different flame patterns in fire whirl within a wide range of the imposed circulations (Γ) based on the 3D visual hull reconstruction algorithm. The results showed that with increasing Γ, the mean flame volume decreases steadily for the weak and conical fire whirls, and increases significantly for the cylindrical fire whirl. In contrast to the weak and conical fire whirl, the centerline flame temperature and the external radiative heat flux of the cylindrical fire whirl decrease and increase steadily with Γ, respectively. The calculated mean flame emissivity and radiation fraction, based on 3D flame model, are found to decrease steadily with increasing Γ for the weak and conical fire whirls, and increase monotonically for the cylindrical fire whirls, with the maximum flame emissivity of 0.251 and the maximum radiation fraction of 0.703, 2.46 times and 2.79 times of the free buoyant flame, respectively. This indicates that the thermal hazard of cylindrical fire whirls is enhanced significantly compared to the other flame patterns. The variation of the soot volume fraction with Γ was elucidated physically according to the turbulent mixing concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantitative review of experimental tests and theoretical models of flashover occurrence in compartment fires 舱室火灾中闪络发生的实验试验和理论模型的定量综述

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104432

Mohammad Javad Moradi, Hamzeh Hajiloo

{"title":"Quantitative review of experimental tests and theoretical models of flashover occurrence in compartment fires","authors":"Mohammad Javad Moradi, Hamzeh Hajiloo","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In performance-based fire design (PBFD), flashover is the rapid transition from a growing to a fully developed fire. In this study, a comprehensive literature review and analysis of 93 large-scale compartment fire experiments were conducted to identify the key factors that affect the HRR required for flashover (Q<sub>FO</sub>). For each fire test, key parameters were documented, including fuel load, fuel type, compartment configuration, ventilation properties, boundary characteristics, and the heat release rate (HRR)-time curve. The impact of each parameter on Q<sub>FO</sub> was assessed through comparison with experimental data. It was shown that there are direct correlations between these parameters and Q<sub>FO</sub>. Moreover, available analytical models to predict Q<sub>FO</sub> were compared against the compiled experimental results. Based on experimental data, an equation was proposed to estimate Q<sub>FO</sub> by considering the effect of fuel load, opening factor, boundary characteristics, and compartment shape. These parameters, not previously used all together in other models, resulted in improved accuracy, with the proposed model achieving a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.46 and an R<sup>2</sup> value of 86 %, outperforming other theoretical models. The average time to flashover onset, calculated using the proposed equation based on 8800 different scenarios of the same compartment as a case study, varies from 1 min for an ultra-fast fire to 11 min for a slow-growing fire, indicating the need for a fire safety strategy that accounts for different parameters influencing flashover.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influences of typical forest vegetation combustion processes on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps 典型森林植被燃烧过程对钢丝气隙击穿特性及机理的影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431

Guowei Chen , Fei You , Siyi Chen , Yun Zhang , Xiangchao Li , Zhenhua Wang , Xinyan Huang , Zhijie Shen , Zonglin Fu , Guanqun Zhu , Zhixun Wang

{"title":"Influences of typical forest vegetation combustion processes on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps","authors":"Guowei Chen , Fei You , Siyi Chen , Yun Zhang , Xiangchao Li , Zhenhua Wang , Xinyan Huang , Zhijie Shen , Zonglin Fu , Guanqun Zhu , Zhixun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide, high voltage transmission lines have been suffering from frequent tripping accidents caused by wildfires. To further investigates the impacts of wildfire on breakdown characteristics and mechanisms of wire-wire air gaps, three typical forest vegetation samples were used as simulated fire sources in this work. Two segments of aluminum conductors steel reinforced (ACSR) were used as electrodes. The main flame characteristics, mass loss rate (MLR), and heat release rate (HRR) of the vegetation, main discharge breakdown characteristics of the wire-wire gap distances (5.0–25.0 cm) with fire, and the arc evolution processes under flame conditions were measured and analyzed. Results show that fir has the highest combustion intensity. In both flame zones, the wire-wire air gaps of fir are all the most prone to discharge breakdowns, except for a 5 cm gap in oscillating flame zone. Eucalyptus always shows a medium difficulty. The mean breakdown field strengths of eucalyptus, thatch and fir in continuous and oscillating flame zones decrease sequentially by 78.02 %–84.67 % and 46.51 %–53.67 % respectively compared to that in pure air. Mechanism analyses indicate that high temperatures, ionized particles, thermal convection, radiation, flame zones and electric field interactions are the primary driving forces, reducing gap insulation, and ultimately leading to breakdown.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a fire protection network (FPN) model using open top combustible containers 使用开顶可燃容器的防火网络（FPN）模型的评估

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104433

Dong Han, James White, Yibing Xin

引用次数: 0

Experimental observation of the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct at different velocities and with different Lewis and Zeldovich numbers 不同速度、不同Lewis数和Zeldovich数下火焰在密闭管道中熄灭距离的实验观察

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429

Carlos H. Lauermann , Guilherme R. Cardoso , Manuel A.K. Nzinga , Thamy C. Hayashi , Felipe R. Centeno , Andrés Z. Mendiburu

{"title":"Experimental observation of the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct at different velocities and with different Lewis and Zeldovich numbers","authors":"Carlos H. Lauermann , Guilherme R. Cardoso , Manuel A.K. Nzinga , Thamy C. Hayashi , Felipe R. Centeno , Andrés Z. Mendiburu","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigation of the quenching distance is important for the design of flame arresters. The quenching process is related to the coupled effects of heat and mass transfer in reactive flows. The aim of this work is to experimentally determine the quenching distance of flames propagating in a closed duct. The mixtures involve natural gas, hydrogen, helium and air to obtain Lewis and Zeldovich numbers from 0.6 to 1.36 and from 4.24 to 8.45, respectively. In addition, obstacles were placed inside the duct to evaluate the effect of flame propagation velocity on the quenching distance via the Peclet number. The quenching distance was measured as the distance between two horizontal plates that does not allow the flame to continue propagating. The results show that mixtures with Lewis numbers less than one and low values of Zeldovich have the smallest quenching distances. Conversely, mixtures with Lewis numbers greater than one or high Zeldovich values have higher quenching distances. When mass diffusion dominates over heat diffusion, the flame temperature is higher. In addition, the negative exponential dependence of the heat release is controlled by the Zeldovich number. This explains the experimental results. In the experiments where the flame velocity was increased by obstacles, the mixtures with high Zeldovich number increased their quenching distance, whereas the opposite was observed for mixtures with low Zeldovich. The Peclet numbers determined show that advection dominates over heat diffusion. The critical Peclet numbers calculated on the basis of laminar flame velocity were always less than 35.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Upward flame spread of flame-retardant cables with different ATH contents: Ignition, swelling, melting and flowing 不同ATH含量阻燃电缆的向上火焰蔓延：着火、膨胀、熔化、流动

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428

Qian Fang , Xiongjun Liu , Ye Yang , Xiao Han , Qiyuan Xie

{"title":"Upward flame spread of flame-retardant cables with different ATH contents: Ignition, swelling, melting and flowing","authors":"Qian Fang , Xiongjun Liu , Ye Yang , Xiao Han , Qiyuan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the specific ignition and upward burning behaviors of flame retardant (FR) cables, series of experiments were conducted for FR-cables with mass fractions of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) of 58 %, 61 %, 64 %, 67 %, 70 % and 73 %, respectively. The results show that all studied FR-cables can be ignited by a coil heater delivering a heat flux of approximately 29 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, with the longest ignition delays for the samples containing the highest ATH content. Compared to FR-cables with 67 % and 70 % ATH contents, the melting and downward flowing are more pronounced for the samples of 58 %, 61 % and 64 % ATH, resulting in stronger burning with longer flame length and width. The upward flame spread velocities for all FR-cable samples are in the range of 1.2–1.6 mm/s and slightly smaller for cables with higher ATH contents. Specifically, the strong downward flowing of the melting liquid in the burning zone obviously slows down their upward flame spread. Dimensionless pyrolysis depth and flowing length are introduced to quantitatively describe the unique burning behaviors of FR-cables and a corresponding new flame spread model is developed based on energy conservation. The good agreement between the experimental and calculated data suggests its effectiveness and reasonability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0