Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第3页

Fire resistance of existing steel structures with aged intumescent coating based on an in situ test method 基于原位试验方法的老化膨胀涂层既有钢结构耐火性能研究

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104380

Richard Fürst, Dustin Häßler, Ludwig Stelzner, Sascha Hothan

{"title":"Fire resistance of existing steel structures with aged intumescent coating based on an in situ test method","authors":"Richard Fürst, Dustin Häßler, Ludwig Stelzner, Sascha Hothan","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intumescent coatings are commonly used in civil engineering to increase the fire resistance of steel structures. Exposed to fire, the intumescent coating reacts and forms a thermal protective char around the steel member. Thus, the heating of the steel is significantly slowed down and the fire resistance can be improved. Information regarding the scope of application and the durability of intumescent coatings are given in national approvals or European Technical Assessment documents. Due to the environmental conditions, intumescent coatings are subjected to ageing effects, which can reduce the durability and their thermal protection performance. To predict the durability for several years, during the approval procedure the behaviour of intumescent coatings is predominantly extrapolated based on accelerated artificial ageing. The established German and European assessment procedures to test and assess durability assume a working life of at least 10 years. Additional evidence may be required for longer periods. However, at present there is no method of verifying the thermal performance of existing structural members on site. For this reason, BAM is conducting the research project \"INSIST\" [1] to develop a minimally invasive in situ test method to determine the fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coating. The investigation includes the development of a mobile prototype furnace. The paper describes the test setup, the developed prototype furnace, and the results of the performed test programme on uncoated and coated steel specimens. Based on this, recommendations for the test procedure are given.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting the transient burning of non-charring materials using physics-informed neural networks 利用物理信息神经网络预测非炭化材料的瞬态燃烧

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104379

Mohamad Mahdi Mozafari Parsa, Amir Mahdi Tahsini

{"title":"Predicting the transient burning of non-charring materials using physics-informed neural networks","authors":"Mohamad Mahdi Mozafari Parsa, Amir Mahdi Tahsini","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the application of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for predicting transient burning rates in Non-Charring materials. By integrating physical principles with deep learning models, PINNs provide an efficient solution, requiring significantly fewer data points compared to traditional numerical methods. For instance, solving the problem numerically with 2000 spatial mesh points would require approximately 131 million data points, whereas the PINNs model used in this study reduced the data points to less than 60,000, while maintaining less than 2 % error in predictive accuracy. The results demonstrate that PINNs can effectively capture transient phenomena, such as burning rate overshoot and undershoot caused by abrupt changes in convective heat flux, offering critical insights into the behavior of materials under varying thermal conditions. The study also highlights opportunities for further improvements in model accuracy and stability, particularly in cases with sparse or noisy data. This methodology holds potential for broader applications, including pyrolysis analysis, combustion processes, and fluid dynamics, showcasing the flexibility and computational efficiency of PINNs in addressing complex dynamic problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of discharged pressure for fire extinguishing agent performance (HFC-125) considering fire accident in the aviation 航空火灾事故中排放压力对灭火剂（HFC-125）性能的影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104378

Junsung Kim , Hyeongjin Ahn , Jiwon Park , Jeonghyun Song , Minsung Choi , Warn Gyu Park , Cheolung Cheong , Gyungmin Choi , Yeseul Park

{"title":"Effect of discharged pressure for fire extinguishing agent performance (HFC-125) considering fire accident in the aviation","authors":"Junsung Kim , Hyeongjin Ahn , Jiwon Park , Jeonghyun Song , Minsung Choi , Warn Gyu Park , Cheolung Cheong , Gyungmin Choi , Yeseul Park","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>HFC-125 (fire extinguishing agent) affects the charged pressure inside the vessel depending on the ambient temperature. Aviation fire extinguishing systems are exposed to ambient temperatures ranging from −50 °C to 200 °C. In this study, experiments were conducted at changing charged pressure, high ambient temperature, and low ambient temperature under the assumption that the pressure inside the vessel changes depending on the ambient temperature. The charged pressure range is 3.61 MPa–4.90 MPa. It was confirmed that as the charged pressure increased, the discharge time decreased from 2.19 s to 1.67 s and pressure recovery occurred. The charged pressure range where pressure recovery occurs was predicted to be 2.63 MPa–5.12 MPa. The pressure recovery showed the largest pressure difference at 4.21 MPa of charged pressure. In the high temperature experiments, the ambient temperatures were 56 °C and 76 °C, and chalked flow occurred above 56 °C. This means that the discharge rate is constant above 56 °C. In low temperature experiments, HFC-125 was lowered to below −30 °C and discharged at −14 °C and −18.8 °C. The low temperature experiment results showed that pressure recovery did not occur at low temperatures due to unsaturation of dissolved nitrogen. Additionally, oscillations also occurred, resulting in discontinuous discharge rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of real-scale transformer fire test technology and evaluation of a solid aerosol-based fire suppression system 变压器实景火灾试验技术的发展及固体气溶胶灭火系统的评估

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104376

Jong-Geon Lee , Hyun-Ho Choi

{"title":"Development of real-scale transformer fire test technology and evaluation of a solid aerosol-based fire suppression system","authors":"Jong-Geon Lee , Hyun-Ho Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transformer fires pose significant risks to both infrastructure and human safety, and various technologies have been researched to mitigate these hazards. However, research on real-scale transformer fires remains limited due to a lack of failure data and the complexity of accurately simulating such fires. In this study, real-scale transformer fire simulation technology was further developed, and solid aerosol-based fire suppression systems were evaluated. The analysis included identifying the sources of transformer fires, studying their propagation patterns, and categorizing fire types. A testbed was constructed to simulate various fire conditions using the investigation results and a real-scale 154 kV transformer. The testbed was designed to simulate different types of transformer fires, including bushing, top, bottom, and wall fires, closely imposing real-case scenarios. Utilizing the constructed facility, fire scenarios caused by bushing insulation breakdowns were simulated, and the size of the fire source was analyzed to replicate actual fire conditions as accurately as possible. Additionally, the performance of the environmentally friendly and efficient solid aerosol-based fire suppression system was evaluated. The results demonstrated that, unlike conventional fire suppression methods, the solid aerosol system could effectively suppress transformer fires in partially opened environment with 3.2 % of opening ratio, successfully extinguishing the fire within approximately 2 min after ignition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characteristics of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) formed in 2-propanol 在2-丙醇中生成的三过氧化三丙酮（TATP）的特性

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104370

Geir P. Novik , Marianne Bolsønes , Ragnhild Ueland , Dennis Christensen

{"title":"Characteristics of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) formed in 2-propanol","authors":"Geir P. Novik , Marianne Bolsønes , Ragnhild Ueland , Dennis Christensen","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There have been several reports of explosions occurring as a result of handling aged 2-propanol. Several of these explosions have resulted in injuries. In some of these incidents, the formation of an explosive substance most commonly named TATP (triacetone triperoxide; 3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane) has been identified. Upon standing in the presence of air, it is known that 2-propanol under certain circumstances is inclined to form TATP; however, few studies have been carried out to determine its properties. Following a recent explosion in Norway involving 2-propanol, a noticeably large amount of a substance with a crystalline structure was discovered at the site of the accident. This substance was identified as TATP. The substance was analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and its sensitivity to friction was studied using the standardised BAM friction test. The study shows that TATP can be formed naturally in 2-propanol in the presence of air, and that its characteristics are similar to that of the traditionally laboratory synthesised substance. This implies that handling ageing 2-propanol containers could be associated with severe danger, as TATP formed in 2-propanol is found to be highly sensitive to external stimuli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Charring design model for light timber frame assemblies with load-bearing I-joists 承载工字梁的轻型木结构构件的炭化设计模型

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104369

Katrin Nele Mäger , Alar Just

{"title":"Charring design model for light timber frame assemblies with load-bearing I-joists","authors":"Katrin Nele Mäger , Alar Just","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As factory-manufactured, ultra-light and highly optimised products for load-bearing frame structures, wooden I-joists provide an extended range of applications for light timber frame assemblies. The fire resistance of such wooden structural products may be the deciding factor limiting their wider use. Moreover, the current European design standard for timber structures in fire does not include guidance for I-joists.</div><div>The development of charring coefficients is based on six model-scale furnace fire tests and an extensive series of thermal simulations. The results of fire tests and finite element simulations were compared. Thermal simulations were on the safe side.</div><div>The charred cross-section areas obtained from thermal simulations were analysed. Charring coefficients were developed in accordance with the current draft of FprEN 1995-1-2. The charring coefficients were developed so that their combination would capture the simulation results as accurately as possible, therefore creating a conservative result compared to furnace tests.</div><div>The charring coefficients proposed within this paper were validated against the model-scale fire tests. The new set of coefficients appropriately captures the available test data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire response of steel frames retrofitted against progressive collapse 针对渐进式倒塌进行改造的钢框架的火灾响应

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104371

Luca Possidente , Fabio Freddi , Nicola Tondini

{"title":"Fire response of steel frames retrofitted against progressive collapse","authors":"Luca Possidente , Fabio Freddi , Nicola Tondini","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large share of the existing building stock was built before the implementation of design standards against progressive collapse and is in need for retrofitting. Retrofit measures are typically designed with a threat-independent approach, involving the removal of one or more structural elements. This approach has been widely applied to deal with events such as impacts or blasts (short-duration events), but may not be adequate for fire scenarios (long-duration events) due to peculiar phenomena such as restrained thermal expansion and degradation of mechanical properties. This is particularly relevant for steel structures, which are sensitive to thermal attack and are typically designed as low-redundant systems, and used in large industrial or strategic buildings. This paper investigates the fire response of a 9-storey steel moment-resisting frame before and after progressive collapse retrofitting. Three retrofit measures designed considering the removal of the central ground storey column are investigated, including a bracing system, a roof-truss, and the concrete encasement of critical columns. Parametric fires, different compartment scenarios, and various loading levels are considered. The retrofit measures are shown to improve the fire response of the structure by preventing or delaying collapse. Finally, the effectiveness and suitability of the measures in different circumstances are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the impact of testing conditions on intumescent coatings' fire performance: A comparison of laboratory-scale and industrial-scale experiments 评估测试条件对膨胀涂料防火性能的影响：实验室规模实验与工业规模实验的比较

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104367

Beril Oğuz , Emil O.L. Olsson , James Robson , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of testing conditions on intumescent coatings' fire performance: A comparison of laboratory-scale and industrial-scale experiments","authors":"Beril Oğuz , Emil O.L. Olsson , James Robson , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel is extensively utilized in construction but loses mechanical strength at elevated temperatures, posing a risk of structural failure during fires. Fire protection measures, such as intumescent coatings, are essential to ensure safe evacuation times. Regulatory standards necessitate fire testing of materials using defined fire curves in industrial furnaces, which are energy-intensive, costly, and time-consuming. To mitigate these issues, laboratory-scale (lab-scale) methods are employed to reduce costs and enhance efficiency. However, lab-scale tests, typically conducted on flat plate samples, may not accurately represent conditions in industrial furnaces. Therefore, it is imperative to systematically assess the discrepancies in intumescent coating performance between lab-scale and industrial-scale environments. This study aims to examine the influence of various testing conditions on the fire performance of intumescent coatings by comparing results from lab-scale and industrial-scale tests with two different fire scenarios, namely the hydrocarbon and cellulosic fire curves. It is shown that lab-scale flat plates closely resemble the exterior of H-columns and hollow structures. Additionally, a good agreement in expansion ratios between the exterior of H-column and hollow structures was achieved in the lab-scale tests. Replicating the thermal conditions and higher coating expansions inside the H-column web is however more challenging with flat plate lab-scale experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the influence of layer number and initial ignition location on burning characteristic of multi-layer cable fire 层数和初始点火位置对多层电缆火灾燃烧特性影响的实验研究

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104368

Jie Chen , Shengze Qin , Xiaolong Zhao , Yunhe Tong , Minghao Fan

{"title":"Experimental study on the influence of layer number and initial ignition location on burning characteristic of multi-layer cable fire","authors":"Jie Chen , Shengze Qin , Xiaolong Zhao , Yunhe Tong , Minghao Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of multi-layer cable fire tests were conducted to explore the effects of cable layer number and initial ignition location on the burning characteristics and propagation behavior. Characteristic parameters, such as flame morphological characteristics, flame spread behavior, temperature profile and heat release rate (HRR) were determined. Flame height and HRR was significantly increased with the increase of cable layer number. Within the current limited experimental range, maximum flame height and HRR of multi-layer cable fire scenario reached 640 cm and 1380 kW, respectively. Also, initial ignition location had obvious effect on multi-layer cable fire propagation pattern. In cable fire scenarios, flame spread exhibits upward, downward, and horizontal directions when ignition initiates at lower or upper layers. However, mid-layer ignition introduces a critical thermal melt droplet-driven propagation mechanism. Molten droplets are classified into four morphological types, and their accumulation may lead to pool-like fires. This work was performed to deepen our fundamental understanding of the combustion characteristics of large-scale multi-layer cable fires and provide some reference for related fire safety issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategies for fire-fighting in underventilated compartments: Reducing the likelihood and severity of a potential backdraught 在通风不良的车厢里灭火的策略：减少潜在回风的可能性和严重性

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104365

A.H. Majdalani , R. Carvel , I. Calderón , W. Jahn

{"title":"Strategies for fire-fighting in underventilated compartments: Reducing the likelihood and severity of a potential backdraught","authors":"A.H. Majdalani , R. Carvel , I. Calderón , W. Jahn","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fires in underventilated compartments remain an unresolved problem for fire brigades. While some brigades have specific guidance in place regarding procedures for approaching and fighting such fires, this guidance is, for the most part, based on anecdotal evidence, having been instigated following historical incidents involving fire-fighter injuries or fatalities.</div><div>As fire-fighters open a door or window to an under-ventilated compartment fire, there is a risk of a sudden fire development that may come in the form of a rapid flare up or backdraught. A programme of reduced scale fire experiments was designed to obtain deeper insight into this phenomenon. The results of these experiments are presented showing the conditions under which changes in the ventilation conditions of an underventilated compartment were beneficial for firefighting activities and under which conditions this was detrimental.</div><div>This paper provides further scientific understanding of the fire dynamics in underventilated compartments when changes in ventilation conditions occur. The use of ventilation tactics, preceded by strict safety precautions and comprehensive tactical considerations, appears to be a practical solution that reduces the likelihood and severity of a potential backdraught. The results presented could be used to develop simple guidance, which may be used in fire brigade practice, to decide when and how to intervene in this kind of fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 104365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0