Fire Safety Journal最新文献

{"title":"The influence of forced flow on opposed flame spread","authors":"David Morrisset ,&nbsp;Rory M. Hadden ,&nbsp;Angus Law","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opposed flow flame spread under forced flow conditions has been the subject of many studies in the flammability literature. Previous studies have presented findings such as the transition between a thermal and kinetic regime through the Damköhler number (<em>Da</em>). While <em>Da</em> scaling has been successfully used to observe the increasing influence of finite rate kinetics in the gas phase, this characterization lacks explicit measurements of the solid and gas-phase heat transfer under various flow conditions. Experiments were conducted using a range of forced flow rates (0–3 m/s) and oxygen concentrations (21–40%) to quantify the thermal conditions in the solid ahead of the flame front. Solid-phase temperature measurements provide the thermal profile, and heat transfer conditions through the solid, ahead of the flame front. These measurements are paired with CH∗ chemiluminescence measurements to explicitly define the flame structure and position relative to the fuel surface. The combination of these measurements provide novel insight into opposed flow flame spread, illustrating the increasing influence of solid-phase heat transfer at high flow rates in air (21% O₂) and the increasing influence of gas-phase heat transfer in the thermal regime for oxygen rich environments (e.g., 40% O₂).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generative artificial intelligence for fire scenario analysis in complex building design layouts","authors":"Shandy Rianto ,&nbsp;Yanfu Zeng ,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang ,&nbsp;Xinzheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance-based fire safety design requires thoroughly evaluating building fire scenarios to ensure comprehensive fire safety. However, conventional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) fire simulations are computationally intensive and time-consuming, limiting the number of scenarios that can be practically analyzed. This study addresses these challenges by using generative artificial intelligence (AI) to predict fire scenes in realistic multi-room building layouts, characterized by complex shapes and intricate wall partitions. Three generative AI models for image generation are employed for this purpose: GAN-based pix2pix and pix2pixHD, as well as the diffusion model. These models were trained on an extensive dataset of CFD fire simulations to generate near-ceiling smoke movement and temperature distribution outcomes. When tested on new unseen building layouts, these models demonstrated remarkable accuracy and provided near real-time assessments. The diffusion model achieved the highest accuracy (&gt;94 %) while requiring the more computational time. The high performance of these models highlights the potential of using generative AI to enhance fire safety engineering by enabling faster and more comprehensive fire risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis front tracking using the spectral fluorescence signature of PMMA","authors":"David Morrisset ,&nbsp;Anthony O. Ojo ,&nbsp;Cameron MacLeod ,&nbsp;Brian Peterson ,&nbsp;Rory M. Hadden","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to track the progression of a pyrolysis front on a solid fuel is essential in many applications such as the study of flame spread. Tracking the pyrolysis front in cases such as upwards flame spread becomes increasingly difficult due to the obstruction of the luminous flame. This work identifies the occurrence of light-induced fluorescence in the pyrolysis region of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) during flame spread and demonstrates its use in explicitly identifying the pyrolysis front. PMMA fluorescence is achieved through excitation using 266 nm, 395 nm, and 450 nm light (both coherent laser and LED sources). The fluorescence response was characterized through UV–VIS spectroscopy. Pyrolyzed PMMA excited with 266 or 395 nm light provided a fluorescence signature with a strong peak at ∼532 nm and a half width of ∼160 nm. The ability to visualize and track the pyrolysis region is demonstrated for both downwards and upwards flame spread. For downward spread, the onset of fluorescence was found to occur within 1 mm of the leading edge of the flame. Upward flame spread experiments demonstrated that pyrolysis fluorescence can be detected through the obscuration of the luminous flame, allowing for pyrolysis front tracking while simultaneously tracking the flame front through chemiluminescence imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular RC columns wrapped with PBO-FRCM and CFRP strengthening systems in a standard fire","authors":"Salem Khalaf ,&nbsp;Farid Abed ,&nbsp;Ahmed El Refai ,&nbsp;Naeim Roshan ,&nbsp;Hamzeh Hajiloo","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems remains a concern. For an FRP strengthening system to be considered effective during a fire, its fire performance must be defined using adequate fire protection. Without proper fire protection, FRP loses effectiveness early in a fire event. Four circular columns (800 mm in length) were exposed to ASTM <span><span>E119</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> standard fire for 180 min with a sustained load equal to 13 % of their capacity. Carbon FRP wraps and FRCM with poly benzo isoxazole (PBO) grids were used for strengthening the columns. Two types of fire protection systems examined including spray applied fire-resistant material (SFRM) and intumescent paint (IP) coatings. Results showed significantly lower temperatures in columns wrapped with FRCM compared to the one wrapped with CFRP sheets. The SFRM-insulated column demonstrated superior performance, maintaining concrete core temperatures below 130 °C throughout the entire fire exposure period. A key observation was the quick ignition of the CFRP beneath the IP coating, which caused a rapid temperature increase, localized concrete spalling due to the mismatch in thermal expansion between the CFRP sheets and concrete, and early exposure of the steel reinforcement. It is recommended to apply the IP coating carefully over combustible materials like FRP, as its fire protection capability may diminish within the first 30 min of the fire test. While SFRM performed well, combining FRCM with SFRM offers a more effective approach to enhancing the fire resistance of RC columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural behavior of timber columns in wood crib compartment fire tests","authors":"Silvio Renard ,&nbsp;Fabienne Robert ,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Franssen ,&nbsp;Jochen Zehfuß ,&nbsp;Robert McNamee ,&nbsp;Patrick Bamonte ,&nbsp;Thomas Gernay","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timber framing is increasingly used as a load-bearing structural system in mid-rise and high-rise buildings. While extensive data exists from standard furnace tests, there is a lack of data on the fire performance of loaded timber members in full-scale compartment fires. Compartment fire tests are crucial to investigate a structure's performance under conditions where the fire is let to grow naturally with the fuel and oxygen present in the room and then let to cool down as the fuel burns out. This paper presents the findings from six fire tests performed on glue laminated timber columns in a custom-built compartment. Wood cribs are used as fuel. The columns, 3680 mm long with a 280 × 280 mm² section, are subjected to constant axial loading during the whole fire duration. Column design and loading are based on a 60-min fire resistance. The tests vary in opening factor, fire load, and wood crib size. Column failure was observed in the six tests, with failure times ranging from 35 to 71 min. In four of the tests, failure occurred after the gas temperature had started to cool down. Comparisons with tests on similar columns made in a fire resistance furnace allow comparing charring rates observed in standard conditions and in natural fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of fire propagation modelling on structural elements temperature of steel racks","authors":"Margherita Autiero,&nbsp;Donatella de Silva,&nbsp;Emidio Nigro","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automated Rack-Supported Warehouses (ARSWs) are a particular type of steel racks that combine the structural efficiency of steel construction with automated machines for handling stored products.</div><div>This work addressed the fire development in ARSW, by investigating the fire modelling which can be used in a multi-depth ARSW structure, by adopting zone models, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ones. Since the traveling fire plays a key role in these peculiar structures, a simplified “multi-cells” fire model that allows vertical and horizontal propagation, is proposed.</div><div>Starting from the results of an extensive experimental campaign, available in the literature, conducted on steel racks, criteria to evaluate the vertical and horizontal propagation times are provided. Finally, the criteria of the simplified fire model were also compared with the results of advanced CFD analyses, in which the traveling fire was naturally considered, showing a good agreement. This proposed “multi-cells” zone model provides a useful tool for both design and assessment of the fire behaviour of ARSW structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of Flame–Structure interaction under NexGen burner-induced horizontal jet fires","authors":"Zhou Jinggang ,&nbsp;Cong Beihua ,&nbsp;Zhou Xuanyi ,&nbsp;Wang Yiran ,&nbsp;Wang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Standard fire testing, mandatory in the aviation industry, employ new-generation NexGen burners to accurately control fuel and air flow during testing to meet airworthiness standards. In actual fire incidents, jet diffusion flames often strike structures, causing flame impingement. In such cases, the presence of structural elements, including their position, size, shape, and other characteristics, influences flame behaviour, which subsequently affects the thermal and mechanical responses of these elements. However, the characteristics of this flame‒structure interaction remain largely unexplored. Thus, this paper presents experimental and numerical simulation studies on the horizontal impingement of a standard flame generated by NexGen burners against a vertical steel plate. In the simulations, fluid-thermal-solid coupling is achieved through direct coupling approach (full conjugate heat transfer method, FCHT method), with its accuracy verified by comparing steel plate temperature results with experimental data. Simulation analyses across various cases (different steel plate positions and sizes) reveal that changes in the steel plate positions or sizes affect flame morphology and airflow dynamics, which, in turn, impact the thermal response of the structure. For instance, when the distance between the burner and the steel plate (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) is 70 mm, the mutual interaction between different vortices, involving both extrusion and repulsion, drives high-temperature combustion gases to flow outward along the narrow channel of the cone surface, resulting in a slightly lower temperature at the central area of the steel plate compared to its surrounding area. In contrast, when <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> is 100 mm, a portion of the high-temperature flow reverses direction upon striking the steel plate, forming a clockwise vortex and then ascending, which elevates the temperature in the upper central region of the steel plate. Subsequently, a structural analysis is conducted using the solid temperature as a boundary condition. Solid thermal-mechanical coupling is achieved, and the degradation of yield strength due to heating is investigated. The results indicate that as the distance <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> decreases, mechanical deformation increases, primarily attributable to the reduction in yield strength caused by elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting of fire deaths or serious incidents in the UK where emollients are recorded to be a contributing factor","authors":"Roisin McDermott ,&nbsp;Christopher Bell ,&nbsp;Jo Morrissey ,&nbsp;George Shajan ,&nbsp;Sarah Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The UK Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) recorded 53 deaths between 2010 and 2018 in fires where the involvement of emollient contaminated fabrics was reported. However, such incidents are widely accepted to be underreported, with problems in awareness and understanding of the increased fire risk resulting from emollient contamination. Therefore, a Freedom of Information (FOI) request was used to evaluate reporting by UK Fire and Rescue Services (FRS). 47 out of 52 responded, with 23 having no fire deaths or serious incidents where the use of emollients was documented. From 2015 to 2022, 78 deaths and 6 serious incidents were detailed in 24 responses, this was double per year than recorded previously. This may indicate improvements in awareness and therefore reporting of emollient use between 2018 and 2022. Comparison with government fire statistics indicate the possibility of 22 % of fire deaths in GB involving clothing/textile containing emollient residue as the item first ignited. Results indicate a major problem with documenting such incidents with only 3 of the 84 entered on the UK MHRA yellow card scheme. The results highlight the serious fire risk associated with emollients and the need for improved prevention advice and awareness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Experiments on fire-protected and hot-dip galvanised steel bolted connections” [Fire Safety J. 146 (2024) 104130]","authors":"Maria-Mirabela Firan ,&nbsp;Tohid Ghanbari-Ghazijahani ,&nbsp;Jinhong Cheung ,&nbsp;Martin Mensinger","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the thermal response of steelwork penetrating a fire-rated compartment wall","authors":"Edwin Ayala ,&nbsp;Mark Davison ,&nbsp;Cristian Maluk","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steelwork penetrating through fire-rated compartment walls can sometimes pose a challenge to ensuring the adequacy of compartment lines. This study investigates the thermal performance of steel beams penetrating fire-rated compartment walls, focusing on heat transfer mechanisms and their implications for insulation criteria. Using Finite Element Modelling, the research evaluates protected and unprotected steel beams in various wall types, including masonry, mass timber, and plasterboard-lined light steel stud wall. The penetration through solid walls, such as brick or mass timber, exhibits similar thermal behaviour, with the required fire protection length primarily dependent on the section factor of the steel rather than wall thickness. Notably, steel beams with a section factor above 150 m⁻¹ require consistent protection lengths across different solid wall materials. In contrast, plasterboard-lined light steel stud walls introduce greater complexity due to additional variables, such as cavity width and plasterboard configuration, influencing the temperature profile of the steel beam. The study highlights the inverse relationship between the section factor and the length of the steel exceeding insulation criteria, emphasizing the need for tailored fire protection strategies. These findings provide critical insights for improving fire safety in designs involving steel penetrations and underscore the necessity of case-specific analysis to ensure compliance with fire resistance requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}