Journal of Cytology最新文献

{"title":"Solitary Facial Cylindroma: A Cytomorphological Evaluation on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.","authors":"Akriti Agrawal, Rajesh N Ganesh, Debasis Gochhait, Laxmisha Chandrashekar","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_95_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_95_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"181-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148724149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring a Paired Perspective: Significance of Reporting the Presence of Cannon Balls and the Absence of Lactobacilli on Pap Smears.","authors":"Hima Sree Edupuganti, Sandhyarani Kanna, Archana Shetty, Kudalapura Srikantasetty Rashmi, Nisarga Rani","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_95_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_95_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cannon balls are a frequently observed finding in inflammatory Pap smears. Though associated with <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> (TV) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), variability in their interpretation and association exists. Additionally, reporting the presence or absence of normal flora (lactobacilli) is still a matter of debate.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study done over a period of 1.5 years in the cytopathology section of a tertiary care center. The objectives were to determine the association between inflammation, cannon balls, and lactobacilli with infectious etiology, and also to assess the association between different grades of inflammation and cannon balls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 300 Pap smears analyzed, 96.3% were inflammatory. Cannon balls were present in 34.6% of inflammatory smears, and infectious organisms were found in 38.8% of cases, with BV being the most common finding. A notable association was observed between the presence of cannon balls and BV and <i>TV</i>, but not with <i>Candida</i>. The absence of lactobacilli showed a strong link to the presence of cannon balls, suggesting a role in microbiome imbalance. While the odds ratio suggested an increased likelihood of cannon balls with inflammation severity, the association was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found a significant association between cannon balls and BV and trichomoniasis (TV), with the strongest link to BV. However, no significant association was observed between inflammation severity and the presence of cannon balls. Additionally, the absence of lactobacilli as an indicator of infection was noted, implying the importance of mentioning this negative finding in the Pap smear reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"144-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytogenetic Alterations in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders Associated with Chronic Mechanical Irritation: A Comparative Analysis of Micronuclei, Silver-Stained Nucleolar Organiser Count and Comet Assays.","authors":"Arumugam Aarthi, Thuckanaickenpalayam Ragunathan Yoithapprabhunath, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Thangadurai Maheswaran, Vadivel Ilayaraja, Janardhanam Dineshshankar, Jerónimo Pablo Lazos, Eduardo David Piemonte","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_156_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_156_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) of the oral mucosa has been suggested as a potential cofactor for oral cancer (OC) as a dependent risk factor. OC could be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), and early detection can improve prognosis. The prevalence of genetic damage among the OPMD individuals associated with and without CMI remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective is to assess genetic damage in oral exfoliative cells of CMI-associated individuals presenting with and without OPMD using micronuclei count, argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) count, and comet assay.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Micronucleus assay, AgNOR assay, and comet assay analysis were performed in a total sample of 75 individuals grouped as control (<i>n</i> = 25), CMI without OPMD (<i>n</i> = 25), and CMI with OPMD (<i>n</i> = 25).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant increase in DNA damage is not only found in CMI with OPMD group, but also in CMI without OPMD, where chronic irritation can act as an independent factor in causing DNA damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CMI could cause permanent DNA damage and is considered a low-risk factor in cancer development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"174-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Hepatic Masses: A Retrospective Observational Study and Assessment of Risk of Malignancy Based on the Proposed World Health Organization Reporting System for Liver Cytology.","authors":"Neha Nigam, Neha Kumari, Jyoty Singh, Anil Singh, Nandita Chaudhary, Gaurav Pandey, Ram N Rao, Vinita Agrawal, Prabhakar Mishra, Nirbhay Kumar, Amit Rastogi","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_117_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_117_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatic masses present a diagnostic challenge due to their variable etiology and overlapping imaging features. While radiology plays a pivotal role in lesion detection and characterization, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid and minimally invasive method. This study reclassifies liver FNAC cases using the World Health Organization (WHO) Reporting System for Liver Cytology and assesses the diagnostic performance and risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 1741 ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations performed on hepatic lesions over 8 years at a tertiary care center. Cytological specimens were reclassified into WHO categories: nondiagnostic, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant. Histopathology follow-up served as the reference standard. Diagnostic metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy, were calculated. ROM was determined for each cytological category.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1741 FNAC cases, 1660 yielded adequate material. Malignant lesions constituted the majority (<i>n</i> = 1254; 72.0%), with metastatic adenocarcinoma being most prevalent. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC for detecting malignancy were 98.46% and 92.64%, respectively, with a diagnostic accuracy of 97.04%. The ROM for WHO categories ranged from 4.9% in the benign group to 100% in the malignant group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FNAC, particularly when classified according to the WHO system, demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy and predictive reliability for hepatic space-occupying lesions. Standardized application of the WHO reporting framework enables objective ROM stratification and facilitates effective clinical decision-making. FNAC remains a vital diagnostic tool in the evaluation of hepatic masses, especially in resource-limited or time-sensitive settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"157-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Efficacy of the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology Classification in Pleural Effusion Samples to Analyze the Risk of Malignancy Associated with Each Category and Explore the Prognostic Significance of the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index within These Classifications.","authors":"Gyanendra Singh, Tarang Patel, Avani Danger, Vaishali Bhankhodia, Vishal Tayde","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_127_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_127_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pleural effusion is a common clinical manifestation of both neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. Cytological evaluation of serous fluids remains a cost-effective and minimally invasive diagnostic tool. To standardize reporting and improve the diagnostic accuracy, the International Academy of Cytopathology and the American Society of Cytopathology proposed the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC). The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) is a composite measure of systemic inflammatory status, being a novel prognostic biomarker. It has been linked to adverse outcomes in several malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the ISRSFC in categorizing pleural effusion samples, determine the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each diagnostic category, and assess the prognostic significance of SII across ISRSFC categories.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 142 pleural effusion cases diagnosed at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, from January 2023 to April 2025. Cytological samples were classified according to ISRSFC categories and correlated with histopathology, radiology, and clinical data. Complete blood count parameters were retrieved to calculate the SII (neutrophil × platelet/lymphocyte count). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 142 cases, the majority fell into benign categories (2A and 2B, 88%). ROM increased progressively across ISRSFC categories: 0% (Category 1), 14.4% (2A+2B), 25% (3), 66% (4), and 100% (5). Using analysis of variance, neutrophil count and SII were revealed to be significantly higher in malignant categories (<i>P</i> <0.05). High SII values correlated strongly with categories 4 and 5, suggesting poor prognosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ISRSFC framework effectively stratifies pleural effusion cases with a stepwise increase in ROM, reinforcing its diagnostic reliability. Additionally, the SII provides independent prognostic value, being significantly elevated in malignant categories. Together, the ISRSFC and SII offer a reproducible, low-cost marker for risk assessment and prognosis in pleural effusion patients. Larger multicentric studies are warranted to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"167-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Aqueous Toluidine Blue Stain and Conventional Papanicolaou Stain in Cervicovaginal Smear.","authors":"Moutusi Roy, Sanchita Hazra, Ayandip Nandi, Ranu R Biswas, Anuradha De Pati","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_83_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_83_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer. In India, cervical cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among women following breast cancer. Early detection of precursor lesions of cervical cancer on cervical cytology by a screening program remarkably reduces the death rate.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to see the efficacy of aqueous toluidine blue stain in cervicovaginal smears in comparison with conventional Papanicolaou stain, compare staining properties on nucleus as well as cytoplasm, reporting time, cost-effectiveness, and clinicopathological profile of the patient.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An institution-based, prospective cross-sectional study of 100 sexually active females aged 21-60 years. Two to three cervical smears were collected from each patient over a period of 18 months. Two percent aqueous toluidine blue stain and conventional Papanicolaou stain were performed on the smears. Cytomorphology of the smears was studied and compared in reference to staining in the nucleus and cytoplasm, timing, and efficacy of stain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Efficacy and nuclear staining properties by 2% aqueous toluidine blue stain are as good as in conventional Papanicolaou stain in cervicovaginal smears. Reporting time and cost are less in aqueous toluidine blue stain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both stains show identical results; however, reduced staining time and cost-effectiveness are critical in a lower-middle-income country like India.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"138-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytopathology 2.0: How Artificial Intelligence Is Redefining the Future of Cytopathology.","authors":"Prabal Deb, Bishakha Deb, Rushabh Mehta, Aishwarya Arora","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_94_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_94_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has driven major disruption across multiple domains of clinical medicine and patient care and is fundamentally redrawing the landscape of modern medicine. In this context, cytopathology stands at a critical crossroads, where traditional microscopic evaluation meets the frontier of computational medicine. Conventionally, a successful cytopathology workflow entails intensive manual effort performed under the close supervision of an expert cytopathologist and an experienced, highly competent team of cytotechnologists. With the advancements in medical science driven by the demand for precision and personalized medicine, workload of the cytopathology laboratory is ever increasing by many folds, while there is an alarming decreasing trend in the availability of skilled human resource. A new era of diagnostic precision is emerging, as machine learning and deep learning algorithms take center stage in the laboratory. These systems tend to streamline the workflow by reviewing high-volume slide sets, prioritizing high-risk cases, and offering prognostic insights. These processes are highly dependent on meticulous digitization of cytology smears using whole slide imaging pathology scanners, which in turn enables telecytology, large-scale data sharing, and the development of robust training datasets, all of which accelerate AI innovation. This review provides an overview of the technical processes and applications of AI-based cytopathology algorithms across different organ systems, workflow transformation (from preanalytical to quality control, telecytopathology, and integration with molecular diagnostics), and the various challenges and limitations in their adoption in the routine diagnostic workflow for patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"119-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148722994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology: The Need for Version 2.0.","authors":"Padmini C Vijayasarathy, Shanmugapriya Shankar, Anil K Sirasagi, Chinmayi Saravanane","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_129_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_129_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serous effusion cytopathology, of neoplastic and non-neoplastic origin, when feasible, should be coupled with ancillary procedures for the detection of malignancies. \"The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology\" (TIS) categorizes into nondiagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypical cells of undetermined significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant (MAL) categories to establish better communication between pathologists and clinicians.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to reclassify the serous body fluids according to TIS and assess their risk of malignancy (ROM).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology for a period of 4.5 years after obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Serous effusions, having corresponding cell block or tissue biopsy, were recategorized as per the TIS, and ROM was calculated for all categories. Continuous variables were represented as ranges, medians, and means. <b>Analysis of</b> v<b>ariance (</b>ANOVA) and chi-square tests were used to analyze the distribution of continuous variables as per the TIS category.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 370 fluids. The majority (224 samples, 60.5%) comprised ascitic fluid, followed by 136 pleural fluids (36.7%). ND, NFM, AUS, SFM, and MAL categories had 7 (1.89%) cases, 285 (77%) cases, 6 (1.62%) cases, 15 (4.05%) cases, and 57 (15.4%) cases with ROM of 14.28%, 10.82%, 83.33%, 86.66%, and 100.00%, respectively. ANOVA and chi-square tests showed a <i>P</i> value of 0.002.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TIS is a standardized and efficient approach in categorizing serous body fluids. Due to the close ROM observed in the AUS and SFM categories, there lies a scope for finer refinement of the criteria for the AUS category.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 3","pages":"150-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13466618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical Cancer Screening in the Molecular Era: Integrating Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Biomarkers.","authors":"Nithye Parvathy, Nalini Gupta","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_53_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_53_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer screening has evolved immensely with advances in molecular diagnostics and improved understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated carcinogenesis. While conventional cervical cytology has historically played a pivotal role in reductions in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, its limitations have led to the development of liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV-based testing. LBC offers improved sample adequacy, better preservation of cellular morphology, and permits the use of residual material for ancillary testing. HPV DNA testing, particularly as a primary screening modality, provides high sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In addition, emerging biomarkers such as p16INK4a and Ki-67 dual staining enhance risk stratification and triage of HPV-positive women. Despite the growing adoption of primary HPV screening, cytology remains indispensable for morphologic assessment, detection of HPV-independent lesions, and clinical correlation. An integrated approach combining HPV testing, cytology, and biomarkers represents the most effective strategy for cervical cancer screening. Such a balanced model is essential for optimizing diagnostic accuracy, guiding management, and supporting global efforts toward cervical cancer elimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 2","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13299018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Newer 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Cytopathology of Thyroid Nodules and Estimating their Risk of Malignancy.","authors":"Sushma Bharti, Renu Singh, Manupriya Sharma","doi":"10.4103/joc.joc_33_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/joc.joc_33_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Thyroid swellings are among the most common clinical presentations, yet not all cases necessitate surgical intervention. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted, minimally invasive diagnostic method that reduces the need for unnecessary surgeries and guides appropriate clinical management. This study is important as it provides population-specific data on the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC and evaluates the risk of malignancy (ROM) and risk of neoplasm (RON) in thyroid nodules (TNs) using the latest Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (2023 edition). By systematically categorizing thyroid lesions, the study offers insights into effective risk stratification and supports evidence-based, cost-efficient approaches to patient care.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retro-prospective study was conducted over 2 years, enrolling 111 patients with TNs, after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee. FNAC was performed on all cases. Smears were stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains and categorized according to the Bethesda classification. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistics (version 21.0), and Fisher's exact test was applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.33%, specificity of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 90.24%. The positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 80.95%. ROM was 0% in Category I, 19.4% in Category II, and 100% in Categories IV, V, and VI. The overall RON was 21.62%. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common malignancy observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FNAC remains a highly effective and accessible tool for diagnosing thyroid lesions, particularly when combined with rapid on-site evaluation and cell block preparation. It enables accurate categorization, risk stratification, and a more individualized, cost-effective approach to the management of TNs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cytology","volume":"43 2","pages":"74-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13299025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}