Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering最新文献_第2页

Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers 光子晶体表面发射激光器

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00113-x

Susumu Noda, Masahiro Yoshida, Takuya Inoue, Menaka De Zoysa, Kenji Ishizaki, Ryoichi Sakata

{"title":"Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers","authors":"Susumu Noda, Masahiro Yoshida, Takuya Inoue, Menaka De Zoysa, Kenji Ishizaki, Ryoichi Sakata","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00113-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00113-x","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance lasers are important to realize a range of applications including smart mobility and smart manufacturing, for example, through their uses in key technologies such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and laser processing. However, existing lasers have a number of performance limitations that hinder their practical use. For example, conventional semiconductor lasers are associated with low brightness and low functionality, even though they are compact and highly efficient. Conventional semiconductor lasers therefore require external optics and mechanical elements for reshaping and scanning of emitted beams, resulting in large, complicated systems for various practical uses. Furthermore, even with such external elements, the brightness of these lasers cannot be sufficiently increased for use in laser processing. Similarly, gas and solid-state lasers, while having high-brightness, are also large and complicated. Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) boast both high brightness and high functionality while maintaining the merits of semiconductor lasers, and thus PCSELs are solutions to the issues of existing laser technologies. In this Review, we discuss recent progress of PCSELs towards high-brightness and high-functionality operations. We then elaborate on new trends such as short-pulse and short-wavelength operations as well as the combination with machine learning and quantum technologies. Finally, we outline future research directions of PCSELs with regard to various applications, including not only LiDAR and laser processing, as described above, but also communications, mobile technologies, and even aerospace and laser fusion. This Review surveys recent progress in photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser development and applications, including high-brightness, high-functionality, short-pulse and short-wavelength operations, and smart integration with machine learning.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"802-814"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficient metal recovery from lithium-ion batteries using plastics 利用塑料从锂离子电池中高效回收金属

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00127-5

Lishu Wu

引用次数: 0

Nanoscale electromagnetic field imaging by advanced differential phase-contrast STEM 先进差相衬STEM纳米级电磁场成像技术

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00117-7

Satoko Toyama, Takehito Seki, Yuji Kohno, Yoshiki O. Murakami, Yuichi Ikuhara, Naoya Shibata

{"title":"Nanoscale electromagnetic field imaging by advanced differential phase-contrast STEM","authors":"Satoko Toyama, Takehito Seki, Yuji Kohno, Yoshiki O. Murakami, Yuichi Ikuhara, Naoya Shibata","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00117-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00117-7","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoscale electromagnetic fields formed at localized structures such as interfaces play a pivotal role in the properties of state-of-the-art electronic and spintronic devices. Direct characterization of such local electromagnetic fields inside devices is thus crucial for propelling their research and development. In recent years, direct electromagnetic field imaging via differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC STEM) has attracted much attention. Recent developments of tilt-scan averaging systems and magnetic-field-free objective lenses have finally enabled the practical application of this technique to electronic and spintronic devices. This progress has led to the nanoscale, quantitative observations of electric fields of p–n junctions, 2D electron gas and quantum wells, as well as magnetic fields of magnetic domains, magnetic tunnel junctions and antiferromagnets. These studies demonstrate that DPC STEM can observe local electromagnetic fields from nanometre to sub-angstrom length scales across a wide range of materials and devices. In this Review, we describe the basic principles of DPC STEM, discuss its recent developments in both hardware and imaging techniques and finally show its practical applications in device characterization. We emphasize the immense potential of advanced DPC STEM for the research and development of future electronic and spintronic devices. Direct characterization of nanoscale electromagnetic fields is crucial for propelling device development. This Review summarizes recent developments and applications of high-resolution electromagnetic field imaging by scanning transmission electron microscopy, demonstrating the real-space electromagnetic field and charge observations at device interfaces.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"27-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-resolution sensors and deep learning models for tree resource monitoring 用于树木资源监测的高分辨率传感器和深度学习模型

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00116-8

Martin Brandt, Jerome Chave, Sizhuo Li, Rasmus Fensholt, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Fabian Gieseke, Sassan Saatchi, C. J. Tucker, Christian Igel

{"title":"High-resolution sensors and deep learning models for tree resource monitoring","authors":"Martin Brandt, Jerome Chave, Sizhuo Li, Rasmus Fensholt, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Fabian Gieseke, Sassan Saatchi, C. J. Tucker, Christian Igel","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00116-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00116-8","url":null,"abstract":"Trees contribute to carbon dioxide absorption through biomass, regulate the climate, support biodiversity, enhance soil, air and water quality, and offer economic and health benefits. Traditionally, tree monitoring on continental and global scales has focused on forest cover, whereas assessing biomass and species diversity, as well as trees outside closed-canopy forests, has been challenging. A new generation of commercial and public satellites and sensors provide high-resolution spatial and temporal optical data that can be used to identify trees as objects. Technologies from the field of artificial intelligence, such as convolutional neural networks and vision transformers, can go beyond detecting these objects as two-dimensional representations, and support characterization of the three-dimensional structure of objects, such as canopy height and wood volume, via contextual learning from two-dimensional images. These advancements enable reliable characterization of trees, their structure, biomass and diversity both inside and outside forests. Furthermore, self-supervision and foundation models facilitate large-scale applications without requiring extensive amounts of labels. Here, we summarize these advances, highlighting their application towards consistent tree monitoring systems that can assess carbon stocks, attribute losses and gains to underlying drivers and, ultimately, contribute to climate change mitigation. Trees are crucial for Earth’s ecosystems, aiding in carbon absorption, climate regulation and biodiversity support. High-resolution satellite sensors and artificial intelligence enable detailed tree monitoring at national and continental levels, simplifying biomass assessment, national reporting and climate change mitigation efforts.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-024-00116-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Publisher Correction: Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory technology status and future directions 出版者更正：自旋转移转矩磁阻随机存取存储器技术现状及未来发展方向

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00123-9

Daniel C. Worledge, Guohan Hu

引用次数: 0

The future of 2D spintronics 二维自旋电子学的未来

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00115-9

Tiancheng Song, Xiaodong Xu

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Spintronics for ultra-low-power circuits and systems 用于超低功耗电路和系统的自旋电子学

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00119-5

引用次数: 0

Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory technology status and future directions 自旋转移力矩磁阻随机存取存储器技术现状与未来发展方向

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00111-z

Daniel C. Worledge, Guohan Hu

{"title":"Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory technology status and future directions","authors":"Daniel C. Worledge, Guohan Hu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00111-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00111-z","url":null,"abstract":"Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) is a non-volatile memory technology with a unique combination of speed, endurance, density and ease of fabrication, which has enabled it to recently replace embedded Flash as the embedded non-volatile memory of choice for advanced applications, including automotive microcontroller units. In this Review, we describe the working principles of STT-MRAM, and provide a brief history of its development. We then discuss the requirements, product status and outlook for four key STT-MRAM applications: stand-alone, embedded non-volatile memory, non-volatile working memory and last-level cache. Finally, we review potential future directions beyond STT-MRAM, including spin–orbit torque MRAM (SOT-MRAM) and voltage control of magnetic anisotropy MRAM (VCMA-MRAM), with an emphasis on their technological potential. Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) has recently replaced embedded Flash as the embedded non-volatile memory of choice for advanced applications. This Review discusses STT-MRAM history, operation, application requirements, product status and potential future directions.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"730-747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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High-temperature superconductors and their large-scale applications 高温超导体及其大规模应用

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00112-y

Tim A. Coombs, Qi Wang, Adil Shah, Jintao Hu, Luning Hao, Ismail Patel, Haigening Wei, Yuyang Wu, Thomas Coombs, Wei Wang

{"title":"High-temperature superconductors and their large-scale applications","authors":"Tim A. Coombs, Qi Wang, Adil Shah, Jintao Hu, Luning Hao, Ismail Patel, Haigening Wei, Yuyang Wu, Thomas Coombs, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00112-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00112-y","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, superconductor materials have promised high power, high efficiency and compact machines. However, as of 2024, commercial applications are limited. One of the few successful examples is represented by low-temperature superconductor (LTS) materials that are used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hospitals worldwide. High-temperature superconductors (HTSs) can support currents and magnetic fields at least an order of magnitude higher than those available from LTSs and non-superconducting conventional materials, such as copper. However, HTSs are seldom used, even if there are important areas where these materials could perform better than conventional ones or LTSs. For example, HTSs can replace conventional materials in wind turbines and aeroplane motor engines to improve power-to-weight ratios. In tokamak fusion reactors, HTSs might enable sustainable positive power outputs. Additionally, in medicine, HTSs might replace LTSs for smaller MRI machines, producing high-resolution images, without the need to use a scarce resource such as helium (fundamental for LTSs). The primary barriers to deployment are alternating current loss, quench, heat losses and costs. Developments in HTS manufacture have the potential to overcome these barriers. In this Review, we set out the problems, describe the potential of the technology and offer (some) solutions. High-temperature superconductors are now used mostly in large-scale applications, such as magnets and scientific apparatus. Overcoming barriers such as alternating current losses, or high manufacturing costs, will enable many more applications such as motors, generators and fusion reactors.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"788-801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards quantum light-emitting devices based on van der Waals materials 基于范德华材料的量子发光器件

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00108-8

Leyi Loh, Junyong Wang, Magdalena Grzeszczyk, Maciej Koperski, Goki Eda

{"title":"Towards quantum light-emitting devices based on van der Waals materials","authors":"Leyi Loh, Junyong Wang, Magdalena Grzeszczyk, Maciej Koperski, Goki Eda","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00108-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00108-8","url":null,"abstract":"Van der Waals (vdW) materials have emerged as a promising platform for the generation of single-photon emitters, attracting considerable interest in the past several years. This diverse material class presents intriguing prospects for quantum technologies owing to their facile integration and highly tunable properties. The development of quantum light-emitting devices (QLEDs) — optoelectronic components capable of electrically triggering single-photon emission on demand — represents a crucial step towards practical implementation. Reports on such devices, however, remain sparse despite the rapid advancements in the generation and characterization of single-photon emitters in recent years. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the current landscape in QLED development, comparing the attributes of vdW materials with those of their predecessors, such as quantum dots and diamond. We discuss device architectures and design principles for spatially and energetically targeted electrical excitation of quantum emitters. Lastly, we highlight the prevailing challenges and distinctive opportunities that vdW materials present for the development of quantum light sources, shedding light on the path to continued innovation in device architectures within the field. Quantum light-emitting devices (QLEDs) are essential for scalable on-chip quantum technologies. This Perspective analyses electrical pumping and quantum confinement schemes enabled by van der Waals materials and explores how they can be harnessed for the advancement of QLED development.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"815-829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0