Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering最新文献_第10页

The 1st International Conference on Superconductor Materials and Metamaterials for Quantum Hardware (SM2Q-2025) 第一届量子硬件超导材料与超材料国际会议（SM2Q-2025）

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00248-5

Rachel Won

引用次数: 0

The rise of hydrogel transistors 水凝胶晶体管的兴起

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00231-0

Hao Huang, Xiaonan Chen, Jing Bai, Dingyao Liu, Björn Lüssem, George G. Malliaras, Shiming Zhang

{"title":"The rise of hydrogel transistors","authors":"Hao Huang, Xiaonan Chen, Jing Bai, Dingyao Liu, Björn Lüssem, George G. Malliaras, Shiming Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00231-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00231-0","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state silicon transistors have profoundly transformed modern life by enabling a wide array of electronic technologies. The rise of bioelectronics has emphasized the necessity for interfacing transistors with living systems. However, challenges such as mechanical incompatibility, disparities in charge carrier types and differences in form factors present significant barriers to seamless integration. Recent advances in hydrogels have led to the development of hydrogel transistors, which merge the unique properties of hydrogels with transistor functionality, offering a solution to overcome these mismatches. This Perspective highlights hydrogel transistors, their biomimetic features and methods for their fabrication and characterization. We envision how hydrogel transistors, by evolving from conventional 2D thin-film electronics to 3D gel electronics, expand the device toolbox, enabling next-generation 3D, programmable and living bioelectronics. Transistors, the foundation of modern electronics, are typically rigid, planar and 2D, which limits their integration with soft, irregular, 3D biological systems. This Perspective highlights the rise of hydrogel transistors in overcoming these challenges and how they provide an unprecedented opportunity for next-generation 3D, programmable and living bioelectronics.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"61-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Organic electrochemical transistors for integrated sensing–memory–computing hardware towards intelligent Internet of Bodies 面向智能身体互联网的集成传感-存储-计算硬件的有机电化学晶体管

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00234-x

Bingjun Wang, Shijie Wang, Chao Zhao, Xi Chen, Zhongrui Wang, Wei Ma

{"title":"Organic electrochemical transistors for integrated sensing–memory–computing hardware towards intelligent Internet of Bodies","authors":"Bingjun Wang, Shijie Wang, Chao Zhao, Xi Chen, Zhongrui Wang, Wei Ma","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00234-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00234-x","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Bodies (IoB), an extension of the Internet of Things, refers to the network connecting human bodies and Internet of Things objects for health and medical applications. Current IoB systems are limited by the physical separation of sensing from memory and computing, leading to high latency and energy consumption. In this Perspective, we discuss how organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) can serve as core hardware to evolve the IoB into an intelligent network with integrated sensing–memory–computing capabilities. OECTs are suited for this role owing to their dual functionality as volatile sensors and non-volatile in-memory computing devices, alongside their biocompatibility. Three integration approaches — heterogeneous, homogeneous and merged integration — can be used for OECT-based integrated sensing–memory–computing hardware. Addressing key challenges in device stability, biosafety and auxiliary circuits will be crucial to unlocking the potential of intelligent IoB to revolutionize personalized health care, brain–computer interface and sophisticated swarm intelligence. The Internet of Bodies, an evolution of the Internet of Things, involves devices that interact intimately with the human body. Organic electrochemical transistors are well suited for these applications owing to their integrated sensing–memory–computing functions as well as high biocompatibility.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 3","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Future interconnect materials for highly integrated semiconductor devices 用于高集成半导体器件的未来互连材料

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00233-y

Hyeongjoon Kim, Sehun Oh, Sihyeon An, Jaewon Kim, Taehoon Kim, Seohyun Jeong, Onurcan Kaya, Thomas Galvani, Stephan Roche, Judy J. Cha, Manish Chhowalla, Hyeon Suk Shin, Hyeon-Jin Shin

{"title":"Future interconnect materials for highly integrated semiconductor devices","authors":"Hyeongjoon Kim, Sehun Oh, Sihyeon An, Jaewon Kim, Taehoon Kim, Seohyun Jeong, Onurcan Kaya, Thomas Galvani, Stephan Roche, Judy J. Cha, Manish Chhowalla, Hyeon Suk Shin, Hyeon-Jin Shin","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00233-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00233-y","url":null,"abstract":"As semiconductor-based electronic technologies continue downscaling, there is an urgent need to overcome the limitations of interconnect architectures and materials that are driving an unsustainable increase in energy consumption and jeopardizing performance. In this Review, we investigate the primary causes of prolonged signal delays in interconnect systems, providing an overview of the development of key interconnect components: metals, diffusion barriers and intermetal dielectrics. We define the essential requirements and technological hurdles for next-generation materials to be industrialized within damascene processes, including topological semi-metals such as molybdenum phosphide (MoP) and 2D materials such as graphene and amorphous boron nitride (a-BN). Integrating new materials into advanced device systems offers opportunities for the advancement of interconnect technologies and highly integrated semiconductor devices. Interconnect architectures are vital frameworks that allow disparate components, such as cores and memory, to communicate. This Review provides an overview of the development of key interconnect components, such as metals, diffusion barriers and intermetal dielectrics, and how they can offer more efficient and sustainable performance.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"835-845"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Active-matrix digital microfluidics for high-throughput, precise droplet handling 主动矩阵数字微流体用于高通量，精确的液滴处理

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00230-1

Dongping Wang, Shengzhe Jiang, Hanbin Ma, Jun Yu, Arokia Nathan

{"title":"Active-matrix digital microfluidics for high-throughput, precise droplet handling","authors":"Dongping Wang, Shengzhe Jiang, Hanbin Ma, Jun Yu, Arokia Nathan","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00230-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00230-1","url":null,"abstract":"Active-matrix digital microfluidics (AM-DMF) leverages semiconductor-derived electrode arrays to dynamically control thousands of micrometre-scale droplets and has emerged as a transformative platform for high-throughput and precise manipulation of liquid samples. This technology enables various programmable operations, such as droplet generation, transport, mixing and dilution, to be performed with unparalleled accuracy and, thereby, overcomes several limitations of conventional microchannel and passive-matrix digital microfluidics. This Review provides a critical analysis of the design principles and transformative potential of AM-DMF, focusing on its potential biomedical applications in genomics, single-cell analysis and drug discovery. Important contributions of artificial intelligence that increase the efficiency and reliability of complex AM-DMF workflows are also discussed. Despite this considerable progress, further innovation is needed to overcome ongoing challenges such as biofouling, reagent selectivity and electrode stability. This Review outlines future directions for AM-DMF as a versatile tool in life sciences and showcases its role in enabling next-generation droplet manipulation and workflow automation. Active-matrix digital microfluidics (AM-DMF) presents a highly scalable and programmable platform for handling microscale liquid samples. Wang et al. describe advances in AM-DMF chip design, circuit optimization and functional integration and discuss its considerable commercial potential for automated high-throughput biomedical sample manipulation.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"46-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing photon pair generation with Quasi-BIC metasurfaces 准bic超表面增强光子对生成

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00244-9

Miranda L. Vinay

引用次数: 0

Patent law and quantum theory 专利法和量子理论

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00243-w

Andrew Fearnside

引用次数: 0

Towards global quantum key distribution 迈向全球量子密钥分发

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00238-7

Haoran Zhang, Haotao Zhu, Ruihua He, Yan Zhang, Chao Ding, Lajos Hanzo, Weibo Gao

{"title":"Towards global quantum key distribution","authors":"Haoran Zhang, Haotao Zhu, Ruihua He, Yan Zhang, Chao Ding, Lajos Hanzo, Weibo Gao","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00238-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00238-7","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technology that supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. As QKD scales to a global level, it must address performance limitations, high costs and practical security concerns. In this Review, we outline the key technical challenges, applications and prospective developments towards a global QKD network. Advances such as satellite-based QKD and newly developed protocols offer promising solutions for extending QKD over long distances. Field trials have progressively expanded from intercity links to larger-scale networks. Nevertheless, balancing cost–performance and security considerations will continue to challenge advanced research efforts. On the basis of the strategies addressing these obstacles, we highlight future directions that can support the efficient realization of global QKD infrastructures. Information security remains a vital concern for communications technology, and quantum key distribution may offer the highest security theoretically possible. This Review discusses the performance limitations, high costs and practical security concerns for quantum key distribution to scale to a global level.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"806-818"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Democratizing quantum science through sustained action 通过持续的行动使量子科学民主化

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00240-z

Amal Kasry, Rachel Won

引用次数: 0

Bayesian electronics for trustworthy artificial intelligence 贝叶斯电子学用于可靠的人工智能

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00226-x

Damien Querlioz, Elisa Vianello

{"title":"Bayesian electronics for trustworthy artificial intelligence","authors":"Damien Querlioz, Elisa Vianello","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00226-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00226-x","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly powers safety-critical systems that demand robust, energy-efficient computation, often under conditions of data scarcity and uncertainty. Traditional AI approaches are limited in their ability to quantify confidence, leaving them vulnerable to unreliable predictions. In this Perspective, we introduce Bayesian electronics, which harnesses the intrinsic randomness of emerging nanodevices for on-device Bayesian computations. By encoding probability distributions at the hardware level, these devices naturally estimate uncertainty and reduce overhead compared with purely deterministic designs. We examine how Bayesian networks and Bayesian neural networks can be implemented in this framework to enhance sensor fusion and out-of-distribution detection. We also describe how hardware training via Markov chain Monte Carlo or Langevin dynamics yields energy-frugal sampling-based learning. Finally, we draw parallels with biological systems that are hypothesized to similarly exploit noise for probabilistic computation. By integrating device engineering, algorithmic design and system-level optimization, Bayesian electronics offers a path towards more trustworthy and adaptive AI hardware. Bayesian electronics harness the randomness of noisy sensor data to quantify uncertainty and make predictions at low computational cost. This Perspective shows how they can be realized to improve reliability and reduce energy in wearable devices, smart industrial sensors and autonomous robots","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"846-855"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0