{"title":"A reconfigurable metastructure for wave-based matrix maths","authors":"Miranda L. Vinay","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00159-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00159-5","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications presents a reconfigurable metastructure capable of wave-based analogue computations for linear algebra problems.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"154-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boron nitride for applications in microelectronics","authors":"Szu-Hua Chen, Blanka Magyari-Kope, Chuang-Han Hsu, Wei-Yen Woon, Szuya Sandy Liao","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00141-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00141-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this Perspective, we survey recent research on boron nitride (BN) including synthesis, integration and simulation aspects from the material engineering perspective for applications in microelectronics industry. First, we discuss the BN history and its process development milestones, with an emphasis on amorphous BN and hexagonal BN deposition process, highlighting the need for deep understanding of precursor and surface chemistry as well as integration issues. Next, we summarize recent material synthesis simulation progress for BN in the context of tackling complex amorphous material network formation mechanisms and discuss new methodology development needs to address current challenges. We propose future research directions towards the co-development between experimental and modelling approaches to further accelerate discovery of additional material property improvements. Finally, overall trends in microelectronic applications of BN and perspectives are presented and categorized into two main directions. This Perspective provides an overview of boron nitride research from the perspective of its synthesis, integration and simulation from the material engineering aspects to applications in microelectronics industry.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"205-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-025-00141-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Micro air vehicles with bird-like navigation speed and safety","authors":"Silvia Conti","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00156-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00156-8","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Science Robotics presents a micro air vehicle able to navigate obstacles with high speed and bird-like agility.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"153-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Liu, Yunyang Bai, Boon Chin Heng, Yong Wang, Xuehui Zhang, Thanh D. Nguyen, Xuliang Deng
{"title":"Biomimetic electroactive materials and devices for regenerative engineering","authors":"Yang Liu, Yunyang Bai, Boon Chin Heng, Yong Wang, Xuehui Zhang, Thanh D. Nguyen, Xuliang Deng","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00145-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00145-x","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical signalling cues have an important role in regulating human metabolism. Electrical stimulation is widely used to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Electroactive biomaterials and devices, which convert various physical stimuli and energy sources to electrical signalling cues, have demonstrated much potential in repairing damaged tissues such as bone, cartilage, nerves, skin, muscle, tendons and ligaments, owing to their self-powering and biomimetic properties. In this Review, we examine the design and engineering of biomimetic electroactive devices for tissue repair. We highlight the conductive, piezoelectric and triboelectric properties of materials that can be applied for regenerative engineering as well as the engineering strategies used to develop effective devices with these materials. We also discuss how electroactive materials and devices can target specific tissues and clinical applications, and the mechanisms underlying the successful regeneration of tissue with these devices. Finally, we outline the need for further work on safety, effectiveness and regulation to aid the clinical translation of electroactive devices for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Electroactive biomaterials show promise for repairing various tissues through electrical stimulation. This Review examines the design, engineering strategies, clinical applications and challenges for the effective translation of electroactive biomaterials and devices in regenerative medicine.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"188-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Standardizing structure design of soft robots through origami","authors":"Hongying Zhang, Zheng Wang, Zirui Fan","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00152-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00152-y","url":null,"abstract":"Soft robots offer an ideal embodiment for artificial intelligence integration owing to their inherent safe interaction with humans. However, their growth is impeded by low standardization. Origami-based standardized soft actuators and a LEGO-like assembly strategy enable the creation of complex, functional, soft robotic systems.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mass transfer technique for high-density 2D FET arrays","authors":"Olga Bubnova","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00147-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00147-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"81-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On-chip spectral imaging and sensing transition towards marketable technologies","authors":"Kaiyu Cui, Yidong Huang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00148-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00148-8","url":null,"abstract":"The shift from lab research to real-world production of scientific innovations comes with challenges. For spectral imaging chips, we address practical application needs by identifying real problems, solving them efficiently and delivering functional solutions. This has enabled a substantial transition from academic research to market-ready products.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"151-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward liquid–solid hybrid high-frequency energy conversion","authors":"Zhuang Li, Yihua Hu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00149-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00149-7","url":null,"abstract":"High-frequency energy conversion is essential in modern systems, with most relying on solid-state conductors. However, traditional materials such as copper and aluminium face challenges such as skin effects, proximity effects and inefficiency; exploring liquid metal composites could enable liquid–solid hybrid energy conversion, advancing applications such as power converters, motors, magnetic fields and rapid recycling.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"147-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Open challenges and opportunities in photovoltaic recycling","authors":"Ying Sim, Ankit, Yeow Boon Tay, Dwarakanath Ravikumar, Nripan Mathews","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00124-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00124-8","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaics — the fastest-growing renewable energy — has seen rapid growth in global cumulative installations, owing to continuous technological advancements in module and cell designs and a decreasing levelized cost of energy. However, this growth brings challenges associated with end-of-life (EOL) management of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Recycling, an important pillar of the circular economy, has a pivotal role in the liberation and recovery of embedded materials present in the EOL PV modules. In this Review, we discuss the current PV recycling strategies, covering liberation of materials and metal recovery approaches, for both pilot trials and laboratory-scale demonstrations. We then highlight their characteristic parameters, performance and key differences, as well as open challenges to PV recycling in terms of cost-effectiveness, policy regulations and data availability. Next, we summarize the technological innovations needed to achieve adequate separation of embedded materials and efficient material recovery. Finally, we propose a way forward to achieve cost-effective, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling of EOL PV modules. This Review provides a critical assessment of the existing photovoltaic recycling technologies, discusses open challenges and makes key recommendations, such as the promotion of design for recycling, widening data availability, policy developments and incentives for upcycling.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"96-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark L. Brongersma, Ragip A. Pala, Hatice Altug, Federico Capasso, Wei Ting Chen, Arka Majumdar, Harry A. Atwater
{"title":"The second optical metasurface revolution: moving from science to technology","authors":"Mark L. Brongersma, Ragip A. Pala, Hatice Altug, Federico Capasso, Wei Ting Chen, Arka Majumdar, Harry A. Atwater","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00136-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00136-4","url":null,"abstract":"Optical metasurfaces are judiciously nanostructured thin films capable of manipulating the flow of light in a myriad of new ways. During the past two decades, we have witnessed a true revolution in the basic science that underlies their operation. As a result, these powerful optical elements can now deliver never-seen-before optical functions and transformed the way we think about light–matter interaction at the nanoscale. They also offer a favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements such as lenses and prisms based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics. These valuable traits are especially relevant for use in many emerging applications, including wearable displays and sensors, autonomous navigation (robotics, automotive and aerospace), computational imaging, solar energy harvesting and radiative cooling. With the advent of advanced software and high-volume manufacturing processes, the promise of metasurfaces is becoming a practical reality and has already generated tremendous interest from industry. This Review discusses the rapid, recent advances towards transitioning metasurface science into real technologies, propelling the second metasurface revolution. Metasurface optics offer a very favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics, and these valuable traits are now propelling their use in many areas of technology.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"125-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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