Biomimetic electroactive materials and devices for regenerative engineering

Electrical signalling cues have an important role in regulating human metabolism. Electrical stimulation is widely used to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Electroactive biomaterials and devices, which convert various physical stimuli and energy sources to electrical signalling cues, have demonstrated much potential in repairing damaged tissues such as bone, cartilage, nerves, skin, muscle, tendons and ligaments, owing to their self-powering and biomimetic properties. In this Review, we examine the design and engineering of biomimetic electroactive devices for tissue repair. We highlight the conductive, piezoelectric and triboelectric properties of materials that can be applied for regenerative engineering as well as the engineering strategies used to develop effective devices with these materials. We also discuss how electroactive materials and devices can target specific tissues and clinical applications, and the mechanisms underlying the successful regeneration of tissue with these devices. Finally, we outline the need for further work on safety, effectiveness and regulation to aid the clinical translation of electroactive devices for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Electroactive biomaterials show promise for repairing various tissues through electrical stimulation. This Review examines the design, engineering strategies, clinical applications and challenges for the effective translation of electroactive biomaterials and devices in regenerative medicine.