Seunguk Song, Michael Altvater, Wonchan Lee, Hyeon Suk Shin, Nicholas Glavin, Deep Jariwala
{"title":"Indium selenides for next-generation low-power computing devices","authors":"Seunguk Song, Michael Altvater, Wonchan Lee, Hyeon Suk Shin, Nicholas Glavin, Deep Jariwala","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00251-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00251-w","url":null,"abstract":"As silicon-based computing approaches fundamental physical limits in energy efficiency, speed and density, the search for complementary materials beyond silicon-based technology has intensified. In this Perspective, we examine van der Waals indium selenides — particularly InSe and In2Se3 — as promising candidates for next-generation low-power electronics. Indium selenides exhibit exceptional electron mobility exceeding 1,000 cm2 V–1 s–1, high thermal velocity of >2 × 107 cm s–1, thickness-tunable bandgaps of 0.97–2.5 eV and unique phase-dependent ferroelectric properties, enabling both high-performance logic and non-volatile memory functions within a single material system. This Perspective critically evaluates the materials properties, fabrication challenges and device applications of indium selenides, examining their potential to surpass silicon in ultra-scaled transistors through ballistic transport while simultaneously offering ferroelectric memory capabilities impossible in conventional semiconductors. We analyse breakthroughs in ballistic InSe transistors, tunnel field-effect transistors and In2Se3-based ferroelectric devices for information storage, and identify key research priorities for addressing persistent challenges in scalable synthesis, phase control and oxidation prevention. By bridging fundamental materials science with practical device engineering, we provide a roadmap for translating the exceptional properties of indium selenides into commercially viable, low-power computing technologies that can overcome the limitations of silicon while enabling novel computing architectures. Indium selenides, InSe and In2Se3, exhibit high electron mobility, high thermal velocity, thickness-tunable bandgaps and unique phase-dependent ferroelectric properties. Addressing their challenges of scalable synthesis, phase control and oxidation could be the basis for next-generation, low-power computing.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 3","pages":"185-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Sun, Zheng Zeng, Xiaofei Pan, Li Ran, Yihua Hu, Songtao Huang, Yangang Wang, Jian Li
{"title":"Recycling power semiconductor devices","authors":"Peng Sun, Zheng Zeng, Xiaofei Pan, Li Ran, Yihua Hu, Songtao Huang, Yangang Wang, Jian Li","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00242-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00242-x","url":null,"abstract":"Rising global energy demand is accelerating the adoption of power semiconductor devices (PSDs), and tens of billions of PSDs will be decommissioned in the coming years. By 2050, the number of decommissioned PSDs annually may reach about 33.5 billion, creating major environmental challenges from electronic waste. The design lifetime of PSDs often exceeds that of their host equipment; as a result, many decommissioned PSDs still retain useful life for reuse. This Perspective outlines a roadmap for graded recycling and second-life use of decommissioned PSDs, supported by life-cycle analysis and multidimensional assessment — technological, economic, environmental and societal — to drive the transition to a circular economy in the power electronics sector. We identify key challenges in industrializing PSD recycling and propose future directions for researchers, engineers, industry stakeholders and policymakers. Decommissioned power semiconductor devices often still have useful life, creating opportunities to reuse rather than discard them. This Perspective outlines how careful screening and creative upcycling, including artificial intelligence-assisted assessment and circuit reconstruction, can extend device lifetimes while reducing waste and supporting a circular and lower carbon power electronics industry.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 2","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Underwater data centres chart a path to zero-carbon operation","authors":"Haosen Yang, Hanjiang Dong, Jizhong Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00246-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00246-7","url":null,"abstract":"Data centres powering artificial intelligence now consume vast amounts of electricity, which raises new sustainability concerns. Underwater data centres powered by offshore wind, solar and wave energy, and cooled by seawater systems, offer a route toward zero-carbon artificial intelligence.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 2","pages":"76-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Energy and Chemical Engineering at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","authors":"Sang Il Seok, Silvia Conti, Miranda Vinay","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00247-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00247-6","url":null,"abstract":"Sang Il Seok talks to Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about research and education at the School of Energy and Chemical Engineering at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), including work to advance perovskite solar cells by pioneering inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells that contain perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 2","pages":"81-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuan He, Chengxiang Ma, Zhiping Jia, Yanbo Su, Jianshi Tang
{"title":"High-density integration for RRAM-based computing-in-memory","authors":"Yuan He, Chengxiang Ma, Zhiping Jia, Yanbo Su, Jianshi Tang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00250-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00250-x","url":null,"abstract":"Resistive random-access-memory (RRAM)-based computing-in-memory (CIM) chips could overcome the von Neumann bottleneck and drastically improve energy efficiency for artificial intelligence (AI) applications. However, realizing their scalability necessitates the realization of higher-density integration, calling for cross-layer innovations from RRAM device optimization and unit cell design to integration strategies.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 3","pages":"139-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Path to global microelectromechanical sensor industry competitiveness","authors":"Yuxin Zhao","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00227-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00227-w","url":null,"abstract":"China’s microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor industry is surging, but technical gaps, fragmented production and coordination challenges hinder its full potential. As global demand accelerates, it is important to consolidate this sector and forge greater independence in innovation to enhance China’s global competitiveness in the field.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rolling and folding deployable robotics","authors":"Miranda L. Vinay","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00252-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00252-9","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers introduce the FoRoGated-Structure, a folding and rolling structure that combines compact storage with strength. This structure supports sliding and load bearing, enabling robots with extended reach and structural stability demonstrated through a vacuum-inspired reaching robot and a gantry structure.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AI data centres step up as flexible grid assets","authors":"Jiahao Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00255-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00255-6","url":null,"abstract":"A study in Nature Energy reports a software-based approach that allows AI data centres to operate as flexible, grid-aware loads, reducing power demand during peak periods without compromising performance.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"8-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Science decade for sustainable development","authors":"Shaofeng Hu, Rachel Won","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00249-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00249-4","url":null,"abstract":"Shaofeng Hu, director of the Division of Science Policy and Basic Sciences at UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector, speaks to Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about the objectives, expected outcomes and global impact of UNESCO’s International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development. Shaofeng Hu speaks about the objectives, expected outcomes and global impact of UNESCO’s International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bridging the quantum divide","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00245-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00245-8","url":null,"abstract":"This year’s quantum celebrations and triumphs have sparked global excitement. Now it’s time to turn that momentum into lasting action to build an inclusive global quantum community.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"789-789"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-025-00245-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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