Using biopotential and bio-impedance for intuitive human–robot interaction

The rising interest in robotics and virtual reality has driven a growing demand for intuitive interfaces that enable seamless human–robot interaction (HRI). Bio-signal-based solutions, using biopotential and bio-impedance, offer a promising approach for estimating human motion intention thanks to their ability to capture physiological neuromuscular activity in real time. This Review discusses the potential of biopotential and bio-impedance sensing systems for advancing HRI focusing on the role of integrated circuits in enabling practical applications. Biopotential and bio-impedance can be used to monitor human physiological states and motion intention, making them highly suitable for enhancing motion recognition in HRI. However, as stand-alone modalities, they face limitations related to inter-subject variability and susceptibility to noise, highlighting the need for hybrid sensing techniques. The performance of these sensing modalities is closely tied to the development of integrated circuits optimized for low-noise, low-power operation and accurate signal acquisition in a dynamic environment. Understanding the complementary strengths and limitations of biopotential and bio-impedance signals, along with the advances in integrated circuit technologies for their acquisition, highlights the potential of hybrid, multimodal systems to enable robust, intuitive and scalable HRI. The growing interest in robotics in daily life has increased the demand for intuitive interfaces for human–robot interaction (HRI). This Review examines the potential, challenges and innovations of bio-signal analysis to enhance HRI and facilitate broader applications.