Biophysics最新文献

{"title":"Age-Dependent Dysfunction of Brain Mitochondria Mediated by Changes in Expression and Localization of 2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase","authors":"O. V. Krestinina,&nbsp;Yu. L. Baburina,&nbsp;L. D. Sotnikova","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700260","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700260","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role of 2',3'-cyclonucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in age-dependent dysfunction of non-synaptic mitochondria in the rat brain has been studied. Analysis of respiratory activity, electron microscopy, and Western blot revealed complex changes in mitochondrial functions during aging. It was found that in old animals (≥18 months), compared with young animals (&lt;3 months), there was a decrease in the rate of phosphorylating respiration, respiratory control and uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration with an increase in the rate of respiration after the excess of adenosine diphosphate was exhausted. Ultrastructural abnormalities were detected, including mitochondrial swelling, crystael fragmentation, and matrix vacuolization. In addition, there was a 70% decrease in the level of CNPase in the mitochondria of the brain of old rats and a change in its distribution in the complexes of the respiratory chain. The study of Ca²⁺-induced swelling showed an age-dependent increase in mitochondrial sensitivity to Ca²⁺ (accelerated swelling) and a loss of the modulating effect of CNPase. In the mitochondria of young rats, specific CNPase substrates increased sensitivity to Ca²⁺. Inhibition of CNPase on the outer membrane of mitochondria by antibodies eliminated the effect of 2',3'-cNADP and revealed a weak protective effect of 2',3'-cAMP. The results of the study indicate that an age-dependent decrease in the level and a change in the intramitochondrial localization of CNPase lead to dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to the mechanisms of brain aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"252 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of DNA Damage in Nucleoids Irradiated with Protons at Different Dose Rates Using the Comet Assay","authors":"E. A. Kuznetsova,&nbsp;S. I. Glukhov,&nbsp;N. P. Sirota,&nbsp;Yu. K. Gavrilov,&nbsp;D. A. Kokontsev,&nbsp;V. G. Merzlikin,&nbsp;I. A. Yakovlev,&nbsp;S. V. Akulinichev","doi":"10.1134/S000635092670020X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S000635092670020X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In vivo, DNA undergoes continuous repair, which masks the level of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. To overcome this limitation, this study irradiated mouse splenocyte nucleoids, where DNA repair is already inactive. Nucleoids are DNA-protein complexes formed by cell lysis and the removal of membranes and some nuclear proteins. An alkaline version of the Comet assay was used to assess the level of DNA damage in nucleoids. Nucleoids were embedded in agarose on glass slides, which were then irradiated with protons or X-rays. In the dose range of 3–13 Gy, %TDNA of nucleoids (the percentage of DNA in the comet tail) irradiated with protons in Flash (dose rate ~100 Gy/s), single-pulse Flash–Splash (~10⁶ Gy/s), and Conv modes (&lt;1 Gy/s) exhibit a dose-dependent pattern and are comparable to those observed with X‑ray irradiation in Conv mode. The obtained data indicate the possibility of using such nucleoids for biodosimetry using the Comet assay with varying dose rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"206 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Biophysical Response of the Amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis Population to the Effect of an Electromagnetic Field of Non-Thermal Power in the Centimeter and Millimeter Wavelength Ranges","authors":"L. A. Morozova,&nbsp;S. V. Savel’ev","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700338","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For the first time, a comparative analysis of the biophysical response in the form of changes in the resistance of the aquatic medium of populations of the amoeba <i>Entamoeba gingivalis</i> with a concentration of 1000 and 4000 pcs./L under the effect of an electromagnetic field in the centimeter (2.1 GHz) and millimeter (42.25 GHz) wavelength ranges has been experimentally carried out. It is shown that the studied populations demonstrate qualitatively comparable biophysical responses to the external electromagnetic effects of the centimeter and millimeter ranges in the form of changes in the resistance of the aquatic medium. It has been established that the biophysical response is characterized by four temporal phases: 1) the phase of information exchange, 2) the phase of decreasing the resistance of the aquatic medium, 3) the phase of steady state of a reduced resistance, and 4) the phase of increasing resistance. The nature of the biophysical responses indicates a group reaction of individuals in populations. The duration of the phases of the biophysical response depends on the frequency of the applied field and pH of the aquatic medium. It has been established that the demonstrated functional states of the “<i>Entamoeba gingivalis</i> amoeba–water” system are more resistant to changes in the functional state when exposed to an electromagnetic field in the millimeter range. The results of the work can be used in a comparative assessment of the biophysical effects of electromagnetic fields in cellular communication ranges, including the 5G band.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"337 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Cytochrome c Interaction with Cardiolipin and Phosphatidic Acid Using Phosphatidylcholine Labeled with the NBD Fluorescent Probe","authors":"A. Yu. Makarov,&nbsp;G. O. Stepanov,&nbsp;Yu. A. Vladimirov,&nbsp;A. N. Osipov","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700235","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cytochrome <i>c</i> interaction with anionic phospholipids is a key stage in the development of apoptotic processes occurring in the cell and beginning on the inner membrane of mitochondria. Such phospholipids include the well-known cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and several other phospholipids. The stability of the formed cytochrome <i>c</i>/phospholipid complex is determined by the presence of a negatively charged characteristic group and unsaturated fatty acid residues in phospholipid. In this study, NBD-PC fluorescent probe whose fluorescence intensity decreased in the presence of cytochrome <i>c</i> was used to determine the stability of the formed complexes. To quantify the interaction of cytochrome <i>c</i> with liposomal phospholipids, the titration curves of the fluorescent probe with cytochrome <i>c</i> were analyzed by the Langmuir method, which enabled the obtaining of the equilibrium dissociation constant (<i>K</i>_d) and the maximum normalized decrease in fluorescence intensity (<i>B</i>_max) proportional to the number of binding sites for cytochrome <i>c</i> with lipids. As a result of the conducted experiments, it was found that the force of cytochrome <i>c</i> interaction with liposomal membranes containing 10% cardiolipin was approximately twice as strong as that of liposomes containing 10% phosphatidic acid. When the content of anionic phospholipids was increased to 20%, the interaction with cardiolipin enhanced by a factor of 1.5, and that with phosphatidic acid by a factor of approximately 3 which, under those conditions, puts phosphatidic acid on the same level as cardiolipin. The obtained results indicate that phosphatidic acid, along with cardiolipin, may be involved in apoptotic processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"228 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of TrpC Promoter on the Efficiency of Targeted Deletion of SIX13 Gene by the Split-Marker Recombination Approach in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini","authors":"A. A. Logachev,&nbsp;M. G. Samsonova","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700211","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors used the split-marker recombination approach to obtain <i>SIX13</i> gene knockouts from the genome of highly virulent <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lini</i> strain MI39. Deleterious constructs were created to replace the <i>SIX13</i> gene with hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene <i>HPH</i> under control of strong constitutive TrpC promoter by homologous integration into the MI39 genome. After selection and verification, the frequency of obtaining Δ<i>six13</i> knockouts was 63.2% of the total number of obtained isolates. The remaining 36.8% of isolates were transformed; however, in addition to the <i>HPH</i> marker gene, they retained the intact target <i>SIX13</i> gene. Transformation with constructs lacking the TrpC promoter did not result in getting mutants, and all the resulting transformants also carried both <i>HPH</i> and <i>SIX13</i> genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"213 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable Carbon Isotopes’ Ratio in Frog Tissues and Organs During the Postlarval Period of Ontogenesis","authors":"Yu. K. Doronin,&nbsp;V. S. Sevastyanov,&nbsp;O. V. Kuznetsova,&nbsp;A. V. Tarasov","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700314","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper presents the results of mass spectrometric measurements of the ratio of stable carbon isotopes in the organs of metamorphosing larvae, actively growing yearlings, and 2- and 3-year-old frogs. The profound restructuring of the digestive system and skin during the metamorphosis climax reduces carbon exchange between metamorphs and the environment. As metamorphosis progresses, the δ¹³C values of samples containing material from most metamorphic organs do not change significantly, while liver samples become enriched in the heavy carbon isotope. During 3 years of rapid growth of juvenile frogs, bone tissue, skin, lens, and brain are enriched, while the gonads are depleted in heavy carbon isotope. Isotopic signatures of muscle tissue and myocardium do not change significantly in growing frogs. It is assumed that differences in the levels of carbon isotope fractionation in organs are caused by partial conversion of absorbed nutrients, while the whole organism is characterized by almost complete conversion of absorbed substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"302 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Developing of Ways to Mitigate the Effects of Ionizing Radiation","authors":"L. A. Romodin,&nbsp;I. B. Ushakov","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700326","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review describes the current understanding of the nature of biological effect of ionizing radiation and approaches to pharmacological radioprotection. Various theories explaining the biological effect of ionizing radiation are considered, and the molecular mechanisms of radiation damage development are described, indicating the features of radiosensitivity of cells in various phases of the cell cycle. A critical analysis of the most complete existing classifications of radioprotective drugs has been carried out with a description of the mechanisms of protective effect of compounds of various classes. The work explains the need for an integrated approach to evaluating the effectiveness of anti-radiation drugs using several, clearly unrelated, effectiveness criteria. Promising strategies for the development of new radioprotective agents aimed at modulating signaling pathways, the use of natural compounds, and hormonal factors are also described. The possibility of using genetically engineered approaches to the development of means to mitigate the severity of radiation damage, including the design of synthetic peptides with targeted nuclear localization, has been analyzed. The necessity of integrating research at various levels of the organization is substantiated, from molecular genetic (DNA repair, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications) and biochemical (lipid radiotoxin metabolism, and oxidative stress) to physiological (hematological parameters, tissue morphology, and survival). The authors propose the concept of a multifactorial assessment of the effectiveness of regimens for the prevention and treatment of experimental radiation sickness. This concept involves the integration of research on laboratory animals and cell cultures under radiation exposure modes.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 2","pages":"310 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A23187-Induced Release of Deposited Ca2+ Accelerates the Formation of the Blastocyst Stage. Involvement of the Calcium-Dependent Phosphоinositol Signaling Cascade","authors":"M. A. Pokhilchenko,&nbsp;L. M. Mezhevikina,&nbsp;E. E. Fesenko","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700053","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The most vulnerable stage of embryogenesis is the early embryonic period. It is here that natural selection for viability takes place, and it is here that the highest percentage of losses is observed—nature “checks” the viability of the embryo before allowing it to implant and begin to form a body. Solving the applied aspects of reproduction is closely related to the study of embryogenesis and the search for stimulating factors that target specific processes that determine the fate of the embryo and its potential for implantation at the blastocyst stage. In a model of early mouse embryos, premature embryo compactification was detected in the early stages of development in the presence of calcium ionophore A23187 (1.0 µM). Morphological signs of compactification appear 2 min after the addition of the ionophore and are accompanied by an increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium (3.5 times). At the same time, the visible boundaries between the blastomeres disappear, and their contact area increases, which normally occurs in mammals at the late eight-cell stage. The observed effect under the influence of A23187 is reversible: after removing the ionophore from the environment, the morphology of the embryos is partially restored within 20–30 min. It has also been shown that A23187-induced compactification in the early stages stimulates in vitro development processes. In embryos that have been pretreated with an ionophore, the rate of cavitation increases, and hatching occurs faster compared to embryos that have not been exposed to A23187. It is concluded that a short-term sharp increase in intracellular calcium in the early stages of development is an incentive for triggering primary morphogenetic processes with the participation and control of the calcium-dependent phosphoinositol signaling cascade. Inhibition of the main components of phosphoinositol signaling leads to a delay in the onset of embryo cavitation, a dose-dependent decrease in the rate of cavitation or lack thereof when using a phospholipase C blocker, and a delay in the blastocyst in zona pellucida, which may indicate the inability of the embryo to implant in the uterus and continue its development.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 1","pages":"43 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148342919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo Antitumor Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to High-Power Electromagnetic Pulses","authors":"V. A. Vdovin,&nbsp;N. B. Morozova,&nbsp;A. A. Pankratov,&nbsp;S. A. Sapetskii,&nbsp;R. A. Denisov,&nbsp;L. V. Repetskaya,&nbsp;V. A. Cherepenin","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700168","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experiments on the non-thermal effect of nanosecond electrical pulses in vivo on tumors of S37 soft tissue sarcoma and Lewis lung carcinoma inoculated on laboratory mice are described. The pulse parameters that make up effective therapy regimens leading to significant inhibition of tumor growth over several weeks have been determined. The combination of non-thermal effects and chemotherapy was studied and it was concluded that the combination of the two methods is more intense than the action of one of the components. Experiments have shown that non-thermal effects on sarcoma S37 in an effective therapeutic regimen inhibits the development of metastases in the lymph nodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 1","pages":"150 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148342930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and Evolution of Transcription Elongation Complexes","authors":"E. V. Osina,&nbsp;A. N. Korovina,&nbsp;N. S. Gerasimova,&nbsp;O. S. Sokolova,&nbsp;T. B. Stanishneva-Konovalova","doi":"10.1134/S0006350926700041","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0006350926700041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the process of cellular transcription, short-lived intermediates called elongation complexes are formed. They contain matrix DNA, RNA, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and transcription factors that regulate transcription parameters. The accumulated biochemical and structural data on transcriptional elongation complexes allow us to consider them as independent functional units. This article provides an analysis of published experimental and theoretical works, on the basis of which a hypothesis is put forward about the joint structural and functional evolution of the components of transcriptional elongation complexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":493,"journal":{"name":"Biophysics","volume":"71 1","pages":"28 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":4.033,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148342884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}