Biosensors-Basel最新文献

{"title":"AI-Ready Multimodal Wearable Biosensors Beyond Glucose: Biofluid Sampling, Sensor Fusion, and Clinical Translation.","authors":"Ahmet Akif Kızılkurtlu, Ali Akpek","doi":"10.3390/bios16080448","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous glucose monitoring has established that a molecular signal can be repeatedly measured in daily life and translated into clinically meaningful action. The next frontier is broader: wearable biosensors that monitor metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, drugs, nutrients, inflammatory markers, and tissue-state indicators beyond glucose. This review proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-ready framework for multimodal wearable biochemical monitoring. We organize the field as a complete measurement chain that links biofluid access, sampling chronology, flexible biointerfaces, molecular recognition, signal conditioning, metadata capture, sensor fusion, clinical validation, and lifecycle governance. The central argument is that the clinically useful variable is rarely a raw current, potential, optical intensity, or spectrum; it is a quality-controlled, context-aware, and uncertainty-aware digital biomarker. We compare sweat, interstitial fluid, saliva, tears, wound exudate, and breath condensate; evaluate enzymatic, ion-selective, affinity, transistor, optical, and spectroscopic sensing strategies; synthesize representative high-impact studies; and define minimum metadata, validation metrics, and translation gates. The review highlights recurring gaps in biofluid validity, real-world robustness, reference-comparator alignment, subgroup evidence, and algorithmic governance. We conclude with practical design rules for converting flexible biochemical wearables from attractive prototypes into clinically credible intelligent biosensing systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bystander Effect Induced by Electrical Stimulation Promotes N2a Differentiation Through Interleukin-6.","authors":"Daniel Martín, Luis Orta, Akaitz Dorronsoro, Diego Ruano, Alberto Yúfera, Paula Daza","doi":"10.3390/bios16080447","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The bystander effect describes the induction of responses in non-targeted cells through cell signaling by directly stimulated cells. While this phenomenon has been extensively studied in the context of ionizing radiation, its occurrence following electrical stimulation (ES) remains poorly understood. Conditioned medium from N2a neuroblastoma cells exposed to voltage-controlled biphasic pulses at 500 mV/mm and 100 Hz induced neuronal differentiation in non-stimulated cells through an ES bystander effect. Bystander medium promoted morphological changes associated with neuronal differentiation, including increased neurite outgrowth and a reduction in the proliferation marker KI-67, indicating that the effects of ES extend to neighboring non-targeted cells. Molecular analysis revealed increased expression and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) following ES, while neutralization of the IL-6 receptor inhibited the effects of ES, highlighting the role of IL-6 as a key mediator of this effect. We provide the first evidence that ES promotes a differentiation-associated bystander effect mediated by IL-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Activity of TDP-43: A Direct Biomarker for ALS.","authors":"Kirti Shila Sonkar, Vito Levi D'Ancona, Jade Cramp, Hannah Shilling, Ellie Giles, Tyler Howell-Bray, Becky Fillingham, Merit E Cudkowicz, Avindra Nath, Jeffrey D Rothstein, Robert Bowser, Barbara Borroni, James D Berry, Ghazaleh Sadri-Vakili, Emanuele Buratti, Ian P Thrippleton","doi":"10.3390/bios16080446","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TDP-43 dysfunction is a defining feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet no biofluid biomarker directly measures its functional activity. We developed a serum-based homogeneous time-resolved FRET (hTR-FRET) assay that quantifies TDP-43 RNA binding activity using synthetic UU-rich RNA probes. We analyzed 1080 serum samples from controls, sporadic ALS, and genetic subgroups (C9orf72, SOD1) across multiple biorepositories. Cross-sectionally, TDP-43 functional activity was elevated in ALS (mean 390 a.u.) versus controls (302 a.u.), yielding AUC = 0.79. Genotype means were 392 a.u. (sporadic), 382 a.u. (C9orf72), and 323 a.u. (SOD1); a 366 a.u. threshold achieved 95% specificity against controls. Longitudinally, Target ALS showed a modest but significant inverse correlation between TDP-43 activity and ALSFRS-R, while other cohorts exhibited similar non-significant trends. Elevated signal in serum likely reflects increased extracellular release of probe-competent TDP-43 species during cell death and exosomal shedding, rather than restored intracellular nuclear splicing function. This assay provides a proof-of-concept platform for the direct functional measurement of probe-competent TDP-43 species in serum. While it demonstrates moderate group-level discrimination, individual diagnostic performance requires prospective validation. The assay may support exploratory applications in genotype stratification and progression monitoring in future clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning-Assisted Accuracy Improvement in Bladder Cancer Staging of Spectrum-Aided Visual Enhanced Cystoscopy Images.","authors":"Kuan-Hsun Huang, Yu-You Liu, Chia-Chien Wu, Chia-Ling Chen, Jie-Lun Hsieh, Lung-Hsiang Chuo, Hsiang-Chen Wang","doi":"10.3390/bios16080445","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent statistics reported by the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer indicate that the global incidence of bladder cancer has continued to increase in recent years, particularly in industrialized countries. Therefore, the timely diagnosis of early-stage bladder cancer is of great clinical importance for improving patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. In this context, computational optical sensing frameworks that integrate Spectrum-Aided Visual Enhancer (SAVE) technology with cystoscopy have attracted significant attention to overcome the limitations of conventional visual data interpretation. In this study, an AI-driven optical biosensing framework was evaluated using 1372 white-light cystoscopy (WLC) images of bladder cancer (RGB-WLC) collected in collaboration with Chung Shan Medical University Hospital. Hyperspectral conversion technology was applied to extract precise spectral information from the white-light images. Subsequently, dimensionality reduction was performed based on the characteristic wavelengths of narrow-band imaging cystoscopy at 415 nm and 540 nm to generate hyperspectral reconstructed narrow-band images. The images were categorized into Ta stage (Ta), above T1 stage (Above T1), and four additional classes. The dataset was divided into training and testing sets to establish both a standard white-light cystoscopy model (RGB-WLC) and an advanced hyperspectral biosensing model utilizing the YOLOv8 architecture for enhanced pattern recognition. Model performance was evaluated using sensitivity, <i>F</i>1-<i>score</i>, and overall accuracy. The standard RGB-WLC model achieved an accuracy of 0.852, whereas the SAVE-based biosensing model achieved an accuracy of 0.948, representing an improvement of approximately 11.27%. The results demonstrate that combining algorithmic hyperspectral reconstruction with deep learning architectures effectively addresses the challenges of clinical data interpretation and significantly enhances the detection and staging performance of bladder cancer imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversal Nanoimprinted 3D Plasmonic Sensor Around Microposts for Cell and DNA Detection.","authors":"Yijun Cheng, Stella W Pang","doi":"10.3390/bios16080443","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors are promising devices for label-free detection of live cells and biomolecules. However, typical plasmonic sensors have limited surface area, planar electromagnetic fields, and poor compatibility with three-dimensional (3D) interactions with cells or biomolecules. In this study, a 3D plasmonic sensor around microposts was developed using reversal nanoimprint lithography for highly sensitive cell and DNA detection. Au nanopillars were conformally integrated onto the bottom, sidewall, and top of microposts, forming additional sensing surface area along the sidewall of microposts for plasmonic sensing. The 3D plasmonic sensors exhibited tunable resonance peaks and refractive index (RI) sensitivities by varying the micropost height. The highest sensitivity of 1306 nm per RI unit was obtained from the sensor with 10 μm-tall microposts at a resonance wavelength of 1315 nm, which was significantly higher than that of typical planar plasmonic sensors. The platform was applied to live MC3T3-E1 cell detection, showing a resonance peak shift of 71 ± 11.6 nm at a cell concentration of 10⁶ cells/mL with a cell concentration ranging from 10² to 10⁶ cells/mL. In addition, DNA hybridization detection was demonstrated over a concentration range of 10^-15-10^-7 M complementary target DNA, with a resonance shift of 68 ± 2.5 nm observed at 10^-7 M target DNA concentration. The 3D plasmonic sensor provides a scalable device for additional plasmonic biointerfaces with enhanced analyte accessibility and light-matter interactions. This platform offers high-sensitivity biosensing involving live cells, nucleic acids, and other biological targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Device-Level Implementation to In-Sensor Computing in Memristive-Device-Based Biosensors: A Review.","authors":"Hyunwook Ryu, Won-Chul Lee, Jongwon Lee","doi":"10.3390/bios16080444","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memristive devices have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for overcoming the energy and data-transfer limitations of conventional computing architectures. In particular, their integration with biosensors offers a pathway toward compact and energy-efficient diagnostic systems. This review examines the development of memristive-device-based biosensors from device-level transduction to system-level integration. At the device level, sensing strategies have evolved from direct sensing toward indirect sensing architectures, improving stability and reusability. At the system level, conventional off-chip implementations have progressively shifted toward fully integrated on-chip implementations. Furthermore, this review highlights the emerging paradigm of in-sensor computing, in which sensing, memory, and computation are co-located within a single physical platform. This approach enables reduced data movement and supports energy-efficient operation for point-of-care applications. Finally, key challenges-including CMOS compatibility, device variability, and reliable multi-threshold sensing operation-are discussed as critical factors for the practical realization of memristive-device-based electrochemical biosensing systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Blockchain-Enabled Federated Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Secure Wearable Biosensor-Based Health Monitoring.","authors":"Khulud Salem Alshudukhi, Noshina Tariq","doi":"10.3390/bios16080442","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable biosensors generate continuous physiological data in smart Internet of Disease (IoD) environments. These data can support early disease detection and remote patient monitoring. However, wearable data are often noisy, sensitive, and distributed across different devices. This paper proposes a multimodal neuro-symbolic model to overcome these limitations and incorporates it into a secure Edge-Fog-Cloud framework for anomaly detection in smart healthcare applications. The proposed system integrates the semantic analysis of clinical text using Bio-ClinicalBERT with temporal numerical data using an LSTM-based model, creating a unified neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline. Initial data processing is performed at the Edge, whereas inference is carried out at distributed Fog nodes for low-latency anomaly detection. Model training is handled in the Cloud, and privacy-preserving federated learning (FL) is supported through Homomorphic Encryption (HomEnc) to facilitate collaborative model training without sharing raw patient data. A sharded Tangle ledger is also used, with transactions broadcast by the Fog nodes and validated in the Cloud to create tamper-evident transaction logs. Furthermore, Honey Encryption (HoneyEnc) is integrated into the Fog layer to enhance security against brute-force attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieved 99.22% accuracy and a 99.31% F1-score on the held-out test set, with bootstrap 95% confidence intervals of 98.96-99.47% for accuracy and 99.08-99.53% for the F1-score. It also reduced detection latency from 185 ms in the baseline setting to approximately 50 ms in the Fog-inference setting. The blockchain layer achieved approximately 500 Transactions Per Second (TPS), while higher throughput was observed under increased transaction load and shard parallelism. Because the evaluation is based on synthetic multimodal EHR-like data and controlled simulations, the reported findings should be interpreted as proof-of-concept internal validation rather than evidence of deployment-ready clinical generalizability; external validation using real wearable biosensor data, hospital IoMT streams, or public clinical datasets such as MIMIC-III/MIMIC-IV is required before clinical deployment. These results highlight the potential of the proposed system for secure data processing and trustworthy anomaly detection in smart healthcare environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ready-to-Use Recombinant Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay for Thyroxine Detection.","authors":"Marius Danhausen, Sebastian Buchinger, Shimshon Belkin, Thomas Andreas Ternes","doi":"10.3390/bios16080441","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a freeze-dried ready-to-use yeast thyroid screen (YTS), preserving the general dose-response characteristics of the freshly prepared counterpart. This field-deployable method reduces the assay time of the overall procedure from several days to 5 h with no requirement for sterile conditions, thus fulfilling key requirements for on-site implementation in a biosensor array. The effects of cell density and concentration of the cryoprotectant trehalose on median effective concentrations (EC₅₀), limit of detection (LOD) and biosensor induction (IF) were determined and monitored over a storage period of 5 months. In addition, the impact of these parameters was monitored on the biosensor survival rate during freeze-drying and the subsequent storage process. Throughout the 5-month study, the freeze-dried recombinant yeast assay retained comparable dose-response characteristics to those of the freshly prepared counterpart, displaying median values of EC₅₀ in the range of 350 nM to 550 nM and LODs in the range of 20 nM to 45 nM of the reference compound thyroxine (T4). Long-term stabilization is demonstrated using spiked (T4, 2 µM) river water and extracted wastewater effluent. After 5 months of storage, the T4-equivalent activities were 96 ± 38% and 112 ± 15% for river water and wastewater, respectively. In summary, we have successfully demonstrated a proof of principle of a field-deployable yeast thyroid screen (YTS) by using freeze-dried cells and trehalose as a cryoprotectant to achieve storability for up to 5 months at 4 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCDA-EDA Colorimetric Nanofiber Sensor for Rapid Visual GHB Screening: Linker Reassignment and Scalable Fabrication.","authors":"Seunghye Yang, Jeongwook Lee, Om Darlami, Dongyun Shin","doi":"10.3390/bios16080440","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a colorless and odorless central nervous system depressant associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault, demands rapid on-site detection. Polydiacetylene (PDA) colorimetric sensors derived from 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) conjugates are a promising platform, but the molecular origin of GHB recognition in PCDA-gabazine systems has remained unresolved. Here, we compare a series of structurally related PCDA conjugates to examine how the chemical state of the EDA-derived unit affects the GHB-induced colorimetric response. A side-by-side substituent screen of three PCDA derivatives showed that PCDA-EDA produced the largest colorimetric response (ΔR = 53) within 30 s, the hydrazide analogue gave a moderate response (ΔR = 34), and a simple amide was negligible (ΔR = 12). By contrast, a PCDA-gabazine mat prepared by the same protocol showed only a subtle, barely discernible color shift after several hours and remained predominantly blue even after approximately 24 h, without a visually appreciable blue-to-red transition. This difference suggests that the accessible free primary amine of PCDA-EDA is an important factor contributing to its faster and stronger response. Building on this mechanistic finding, we replaced the previously used PVDF-HFP/PEO matrix with a cellulose/PVDF-HFP formulation processed from DMF and adopted multi-nozzle electrospinning, reducing the fabrication time from approximately 120 to 30 min per sheet, corresponding to a 75% reduction in processing time. The sensor mat showed a clearly distinguishable, dose-dependent visual response across 0.5-3% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> GHB within 30 s, covering the forensically relevant concentration window. These findings reposition linker architecture as a central design parameter for PDA-based forensic colorimetric sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Broadband Metasurface Absorber Enabled by a Central-Bar-Coupled Split-Disk Dimer.","authors":"Carlotta Panciera, Giuseppe Brunetti, Caterina Ciminelli, Muhammad A Butt","doi":"10.3390/bios16080439","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16080439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A hybrid metasurface absorber (MSA) based on a central-bar-coupled split-disk dimer is proposed and numerically investigated for high-resolution refractive-index sensing in the near-infrared spectral region. The metasurface consists of silicon nitride dielectric resonators integrated with a gold plasmonic layer, enabling strong electromagnetic confinement, enhanced light-matter interaction, and ultra-narrow resonant features within the 1000-1400 nm wavelength range. The optimized structure supports multiple resonant modes under both <i>x</i>- and <i>y</i>-polarized excitation, producing sharp reflection dips with full-width-at-half-maximum values as low as 0.58 nm and quality factors reaching 2007. Refractive-index sensing performance was evaluated by varying the aqueous superstrate refractive index from 1.33 to 1.35, resulting in bulk sensitivities up to 860 nm/RIU under normal incidence. The angular response was further analyzed for incidence angles up to 5°, revealing polarization-dependent resonance splitting and the emergence of additional high-Q resonant branches under oblique excitation. Several angularly induced resonances exhibit narrower linewidths than those observed at normal incidence while preserving high refractive-index sensitivity up to 870 nm/RIU. Electric-field distributions confirm strong field localization near the dielectric boundaries and coupling regions, validating the hybrid resonant mechanism responsible for the enhanced spectral selectivity and sensing performance. The proposed MSA provides a promising platform for compact and ultrasensitive biosensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}