Biosensors-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors Using Electrochemically Etched Porous Silicon.","authors":"Teodora Despotovski Kiš, Marko Radović, Brankica Kartalović, Nikola Knežević","doi":"10.3390/bios16090498","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Versatile nanostructured materials based on electrochemically etched porous silicon (pSi) are being developed, which have tuneable pore morphology and unique optical and electrochemical properties that enable their effective biosensing applications. It has been shown that fabrication parameters critically influence pore formation and sensor performance, yet challenges remain in reproducible synthesis, structural stability and device integration. Here we review the electrochemical etching synthesis of pSi and recent advances in pSi-based optical and electrochemical biosensors for detecting bacteria, biomolecules, and viruses. We highlight strategies such as surface functionalisation, incorporation of nanomaterials, and integration with microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies that enhance sensitivity and response times by addressing mass transfer limitations. These developments highlight pSi's potential as a low-cost, adaptable biosensing material with applications in clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, while mapping future directions to overcome current fabrication and stability challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable Inertial Sensor-Based Detection of Exercise-Induced Mobility Adaptations in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Mauricio Barramuño-Medina, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Pablo Aravena-Sagardia, Jordan Hernandez-Martínez, Edgar Vásquez-Carrasco, Wilson Pastén-Hidalgo, Cristian Sandoval-Vásquez, Germán Gálvez-García","doi":"10.3390/bios16090496","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable inertial sensors have become tools for objectively assessing mobility in older people. This study analyzed whether wearable inertial sensors could detect exercise-induced mobility changes and compared the effects of multicomponent training (MCT) and elastic band training (EBT) on mobility and physical function in older women. Forty-two participants were randomly allocated to either the MCT (<i>n</i> = 21) or EBT (<i>n</i> = 21) group, where 38 (EBT: <i>n</i> = 19; MCT: <i>n</i> = 19) completed the 16-week intervention. Outcomes included instrumented Timed Up-and-Go (iTUG) assessed with a wearable inertial sensor, the Senior Fitness Test, maximal isometric handgrip strength, conventional TUG, anthropometric measurements, health-related quality of life, and blood biomarkers. Data were analyzed using age-adjusted linear mixed-effects models. The iTUG showed shorter completion time (<i>p</i> < 0.001), reduced middle-turn duration (<i>p</i> = 0.004), and increased cadence (<i>p</i> = 0.007). Significant time effects were also observed for chair stand (<i>p</i> = 0.011), arm curl (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and conventional TUG (<i>p</i> = 0.009). No significant group × time interactions were detected. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, no significant changes were observed in anthropometric measures, health-related quality of life, or blood biomarkers. Wearable inertial sensors detected training-related mobility changes, and both exercise programs improved physical function and mobility without between-group differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoacoustic Imaging for Liver Disease: The Systems and the Molecules.","authors":"Bowen Jiang, Zhixian Lin, Xiaoquan Yang","doi":"10.3390/bios16090497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver disease represents a significant global health burden, and its effective management relies on early, accurate diagnosis. Established assessments for liver diseases, ranging from invasive biopsies to conventional noninvasive imaging (e.g., ultrasound, MRI, and CT), are often limited by inadequate specificity, potential safety risks, or unsuitability for dynamic tracking. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), a hybrid modality that combines optical absorption contrast with deep ultrasonic detection, offers an attractive solution for noninvasive, high-sensitivity, and high-specificity imaging in deep organs such as the liver. This review summarizes recent advances in photoacoustic imaging for liver pathophysiology, beginning with the evolution of imaging systems and extending to the diverse molecules employed for preclinical studies and early clinical trials. Specifically, novel reconstruction algorithms improved the spatial resolution and acquisition speed by up to threefold, Monte Carlo-based fluence compensation increased the deep-tissue signal-to-background ratio by approximately 50%, and a 7-azaindole-modified probe exhibited one-magnitude-higher superoxide-triggered activation than conventional hemicyanine dyes. Furthermore, we discuss key challenges and future perspectives, highlighting the translational potential of PAI as an emerging liver imaging modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry-Tunable Nanoneedle Arrays Reveal Membrane Penetration Mechanics for Intracellular Delivery.","authors":"Xuanhe Zhang, Zheng Wang, Yiqing Chen, Lele Song, Yuan Ma, Jiadao Wang","doi":"10.3390/bios16090495","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoneedle arrays provide a promising interface for intracellular delivery, yet scalable control of array geometry and membrane penetration mechanics remains insufficiently understood. Here, we developed a rapid and scalable strategy for fabricating geometry-tunable silicon nanoneedle arrays. One-step SF₆/O₂ etching produced ordered arrays with center-to-center spacing of 1-5 μm, whereas pseudo-Bosch etching produced high-aspect-ratio (HAR) nanoneedles. Using a microwell-assisted cell-on-probe atomic force microscopy platform, we quantified the first penetration force, penetration probability, and number of penetration events at the single-cell level. For one-step-etching arrays, increasing spacing from 1 to 5 μm reduced the first penetration force from 34.87 ± 2.90 to 4.05 ± 0.30 nN and increased the penetration probability from 0.21 ± 0.03 to 0.87 ± 0.04. A phenomenological inverse-square model captured the force-spacing relationship, supporting an array-level load-sharing mechanism. Under identical vibration-assisted microfluidic conditions, the FITC-dextran-positive fraction increased from 22.8% for 1 μm arrays to 77.1% for 5 μm arrays, whereas 1 μm HAR arrays achieved 28.8%. These results identify array spacing as a key factor governing single-cell penetration and delivery and provide a mechanistic basis for nanoneedle-based biosensor and cell-interface design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of an SPR Sensor for Milk Adulteration Monitoring.","authors":"John Germán Vera Luzuriaga, Marco Guevara, Diana Coello-Fiallos, Cristian Vacacela Gomez","doi":"10.3390/bios16090494","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may be illegally added to milk to delay visible spoilage, producing concentration-dependent changes in its refractive index. This study numerically evaluates the optical response of a B-sil/Al/Al₂O₃/WS₂ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) configuration to these refractive-index variations. The angular SPR response was calculated at λ = 633 nm using the transfer matrix method under TM-polarized illumination. The B-sil/Al/Al₂O₃/WS₂ architecture was established through sequential evaluation of prism material, Al thickness, Al₂O₃ thickness, and 2D interfacial material, followed by assessment of its response to H₂O₂-associated refractive-index changes in milk. The final structure consisted of 70 nm Al, 25 nm Al₂O₃, and 0.80 nm WS₂. Across the simulated H₂O₂ conditions, the resonance angle shifted from 85.65° to 86.11°, while the angular sensitivity ranged from 383.82 to 406.45°/RIU. The best balance among the evaluated metrics was obtained for H₂O₂-C2, with a sensitivity of 406.45°/RIU, QF of 4.65 RIU^-1, FoM of 436.48 RIU^-1, LoD of 1.23 × 10^-5, and CSF of 436.56. The WS₂-containing interface produced calculated angular shifts for small refractive-index variations in the milk sensing medium. Comparison with reported SPR systems for milk-related sensing showed a comparable angular sensitivity range, while QF and detection accuracy were limited by the broad resonance profile. These results characterize the theoretical optical response of the B-sil/Al/Al₂O₃/WS₂ multilayer under H₂O₂-associated refractive-index changes but do not establish chemical selectivity toward H₂O₂. Experimental implementation would require an appropriate selective filtering or recognition strategy, together with validation of matrix effects and practical sensing performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Properties and Fabrication of Bioinspired Cactus Spine Microneedles.","authors":"Hongru Liu, Xiang Long, Qiumeng Sun, Shixiong Wu, Zhishan Yuan","doi":"10.3390/bios16090488","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery enables painless and efficient drug administration but is limited by insufficient mechanical strength and high insertion forces. Inspired by the efficient penetration capability of cactus spines, this study investigated the microstructure and biomechanics of natural cactus spines and bioinspired microneedles. Finite element analysis showed that a groove width of 50 μm produced the highest stress and strain. Solid bioinspired microneedles were fabricated by 3D printing, while dissolvable hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and gelatin microneedles were prepared using femtosecond laser-fabricated titanium molds and replica molding. Optimized laser parameters generated micropores approximately 500 μm deep. Mechanical tests showed insertion forces of 60-100 mN for solid microneedles, with the 50 μm groove design exhibiting the highest value. Among dissolvable microneedles, gelatin displayed the greatest mechanical strength, whereas hyaluronic acid demonstrated the best overall potential for transdermal drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on a AuNP/Chitosan Conductive Network for Saxitoxin Detection in Freshwater Samples.","authors":"Luyang Zhang, Zongyu Yan, Zaiyu Zhang, Ziran Wang, Guorui Zhao","doi":"10.3390/bios16090489","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saxitoxin (STX) is a highly potent marine biotoxin, and trace contamination in aquatic environments can pose serious risks to human health. Therefore, reliable detection of low-concentration STX is crucial for water safety monitoring. Here, we developed a robust electrochemical aptasensor based on a gold nanoparticle/chitosan (AuNP/CS) conductive network for STX detection in freshwater samples. The chitosan matrix provides a three-dimensional scaffold for aptamer immobilization, while interconnected AuNPs create efficient electron-transfer pathways across the sensing interface. This integrated architecture improves interfacial conductivity and supports stable target-induced aptamer recognition. The aptasensor exhibits a linear response from 1 to 1000 nM and a limit of detection of 0.74 nM, with an apparent dissociation constant K_d = 70.29 ± 29.2 nM, together with high batch-to-batch consistency and long-term stability, retaining 93% of its initial response after 25 days. In spiked freshwater samples, the aptasensor achieved recoveries ranging from 99.10% to 111.33%, demonstrating the practical potential of this platform for monitoring STX contamination in aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Signals from One Event: Exploiting Intrinsic Dual-Functional Selenium Nanomaterials for Signal-On Chiroptical and Colorimetric Sensing of Free Thiols.","authors":"Jiayang Gao, Xinling Liu","doi":"10.3390/bios16090493","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid identification of free thiols is essential in pharmaceutical quality control and food safety. Herein, we demonstrate the sensing concept of \"two signals from one event\" by exploiting the intrinsic dual functionality of selenium (Se) nanomaterials to construct a signal-on, dual-mode sensing platform for free thiols. The single event is thiol-triggered seeded growth: free thiols interact with L-cysteine-modified Se seeds, driving seed fusion and crystallization into chiral trigonal Se structures. This same event yields two readouts simultaneously: a colorimetric response arising from particle size enlargement (UV-Vis red-shift) and a turn-on circular dichroism (CD) signal from long-range chiral ordering. The method achieves a detection threshold of 10 μmol/L for various free thiols and can be completed within 60 min from seed preparation to signal readout without complex instrumentation. It serves as a general indicator of total free thiols rather than distinguishing individual thiol species. Above the threshold, concentration-dependent color deepening and spectral redshifts provide semi-quantitative estimation of the concentration range. Its practicality was validated by detecting D-penicillamine in commercial tablets. This strategy offers an approach for on-site free thiol screening and highlights the potential of chiral inorganic nanomaterials in multi-mode sensing via chiral transfer and amplification.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Experimental Validation for Detecting Indoor Respiratory Droplet.","authors":"Fuqiang Hu, Pengfei Zhang, Yusheng Sun, Xiaofang Wang, Pengfei Lu","doi":"10.3390/bios16090492","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precise quantification of respiratory pathogen transmission is urgently needed to underpin disease surveillance and support diagnostic decision-making in indoor healthcare settings. Although numerical simulations are widely used to study macro-scale transmission, the key physical parameters governing droplet dynamics remain insufficiently understood. This study develops a multi-scale transmission model to evaluate the effects of droplet evaporation, sedimentation, and ventilation on viral transmission. Based on the Wells evaporation-sedimentation theory, a time-varying model is formulated incorporating droplet size distribution, environmental humidity, and ventilation conditions, with analytical expressions derived for concentration distributions across different respiratory activities (breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing). Results show that droplet size is decisive for transmission distance and lower relative humidity significantly extends sedimentation range. Small coughing droplets can travel up to 2.5 m, while the bimodal sneezing distribution (1.5 µm and 74 µm) generates high-concentration zones up to 2 m. To validate the model, a molecular communication testbed is developed as a biosensing-oriented platform integrating transmitters, receivers, and configurable ventilation modules with real-time sensing capabilities, enabling systematic verification under varied breathing modes, humidity, and ventilation conditions. Experimental results show strong agreement with theoretical predictions. This framework provides a quantitative basis for biosensing-enabled environmental monitoring and diagnostic-oriented risk assessment, informing ventilation optimization and infection control measures in indoor environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable Paper-Based Colorimetric Biosensor for Rapid Screening of Organophosphate Exposure via Acetylcholinesterase Activity and RGB Image Analysis.","authors":"Carlos E Zambra, Jorge Morales-Ferreiro, Francisca Herrera Vielma, Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández","doi":"10.3390/bios16090490","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid screening of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is essential for monitoring exposure to organophosphate compounds, particularly in field settings where access to laboratory infrastructure is limited. This study aimed to develop a portable paper-based colorimetric biosensor for the semi-quantitative detection of AChE activity in blood samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The biosensor was based on a pH-dependent color change adapted from the modified Edson method. The platform was first optimized using experimental models and then evaluated in human capillary blood samples collected under real field conditions. Reference serum cholinesterase activity was determined by a certified clinical laboratory and used for comparison with the colorimetric response of the biosensor. RGB (red, green, and blue) image analysis was performed in a subset of samples to digitally characterize the chromatic response of the device.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Samples with preserved AChE activity showed a visible color shift associated with substrate hydrolysis, whereas samples with reduced or inhibited activity maintained darker blue-dominant tones. RGB analysis of human samples revealed significant associations between AChE activity and the R and G channels, supporting the ability of the platform to distinguish between chromatic patterns associated with different ranges of enzymatic activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed platform demonstrated the feasibility of translating a pH-based AChE assay into a portable paper-based format for semi-quantitative visual and RGB-assisted screening. Its evaluation in human samples demonstrated the feasibility of its use under field conditions as a proof-of-concept. Further studies are needed to optimize its analytical performance and validate its application in larger and more diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}