Biosensors-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Wearable Ultrasound-Imaging-Based Visual Feedback (UVF) Training for Ankle Rehabilitation of Chronic Stroke Survivors: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Crossover Study.","authors":"Yu-Yan Luo, Chen Huang, Zhen Song, Vaheh Nazari, Arnold Yu-Lok Wong, Lin Yang, Mingjie Dong, Mingming Zhang, Yong-Ping Zheng, Amy Siu-Ngor Fu, Christina Zong-Hao Ma","doi":"10.3390/bios15060365","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effect of wearable ultrasound-imaging-based visual feedback (UVF) on assisting paretic ankle dorsiflexion training of chronic stroke survivors. Thirty-three participants with unilateral hemiplegia performed maximal isometric contractions on an isokinetic dynamometer in randomized conditions with and without UVF that provided by a wearable ultrasound imaging system. Torque parameters (mean, peak, percentage of maximal voluntary contraction) and tibialis anterior muscle thickness were analyzed across different contraction phases. Statistical comparisons were conducted using paired <i>t</i>-tests or Wilcoxon tests. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson's or Spearman's tests. Results demonstrated that UVF significantly improved torque output, as evidence by the increased percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) during entire contractions (<i>p</i> = 0.007), increased mean (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.022) and peak (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.044) torque and the %MVC (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.004) during mid and end phases, and larger muscle thickness during mid contraction (<i>p</i> = 0.045). Moderate correlations were found between torque and muscle thickness (r ≥ 0.30, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.049). These findings preliminarily supported the positive outcomes of real-time wearable UVFs in enhancing paretic ankle dorsiflexion strength and force control during isometric contractions in chronic stroke survivors. While the developed and validated new training protocol may potentially serve as a practical adjunct to existing rehabilitation approaches, further investigations emphasizing the functional outcomes and clinical translations are still needed to verify the clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polypyrrole Coatings as Possible Solutions for Sensing and Stimulation in Bioelectronic Medicines.","authors":"Cristian Sevcencu, Izabella Crăciunescu, Alin-Alexandru Andrei, Maria Suciu, Sergiu Macavei, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran","doi":"10.3390/bios15060366","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioelectronic medicines record biological signals and provide electrical stimulation for the treatment of diseases. Advanced bioelectronic therapies require the development of electrodes that match the softness of the implanted tissues, as the present metal electrodes do not meet this condition. The objective of the present work was to investigate whether the electroconductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) could be used for fabricating such electrodes, as PPy is several orders softer than metals. For this purpose, we here investigated if electrodes made using coatings and films of PPy doped with naphthalin-2-sulfonic acid (PPy/N) are capable to record and elicit by stimulation cardiac monophasic action potentials (MAPs) and if PPy/N is also biocompatible. The results of this study showed that the tested PPy/N electrodes are capable of recording MAPs almost identical to the MAPs recorded with platinum electrodes and eliciting stimulation-evoked MAPs almost identical to the spontaneous MAPs. In addition, we show here that the cell cultures that we used for biocompatibility tests grew in a similar manner on PPy/N and platinum substrates. We, therefore, conclude that PPy/N coatings and films have recording and electrical stimulation capabilities that are similar to those of platinum electrodes and that PPy/N substrates are as biocompatible as the platinum substrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Hydrogel-Integrated SERS Platforms: Innovations, Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects in Food Safety Detection.","authors":"Xorlali Nunekpeku, Huanhuan Li, Ayesha Zahid, Chenhui Li, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/bios15060363","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: Food safety remains a global concern due to biological and chemical contaminants, including adulterants, pathogens, antibiotic residues, and pesticides. Traditional detection methods are accurate but limited by time requirements, complex sample preparation, high costs, and poor field applicability. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) offers non-destructive analysis with low detection limits and high specificity, yet conventional SERS substrates face challenges with reproducibility, nanoparticle aggregation, and sensitivity in food matrices. Hydrogels have emerged as supporting materials for SERS due to their water content, tunable porosity, flexibility, and ability to entrap plasmonic nanostructures. <i>Scope and Approach</i>: This review examines recent advances in hydrogel-integrated SERS platforms for food safety applications. The three-dimensional structure of hydrogels enables homogeneous distribution of metal nanoparticles, prevents aggregation, and offers analyte enrichment. We analyze material design, functionalization strategies, and how hydrogel properties-crosslinking density, porosity, surface charge, and nanoparticle distribution-influence SERS performance in food matrices. <i>Key Findings and Conclusions</i>: Hydrogel-integrated SERS platforms demonstrate superior performance in detecting various food contaminants-including pesticides, adulterants, and additives-in real food matrices, often achieving detection limits in the nanomolar to picomolar range, depending on the analyte and substrate design. Current limitations include storage stability concerns, batch-to-batch variability, and regulatory acceptance hurdles. Future research directions should focus on multiplex detection capabilities, integration with smart sensing technologies, and industrial scalability to facilitate practical deployment in global food safety monitoring across diverse supply chains.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colorimetric Biosensors: Advancements in Nanomaterials and Cutting-Edge Detection Strategies.","authors":"Yubeen Lee, Izzati Haizan, Sang Baek Sim, Jin-Ha Choi","doi":"10.3390/bios15060362","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorimetric-based biosensors are practical detection devices that can detect the presence and concentration of biomarkers through simple color changes. Conventional laboratory-based tests are highly sensitive but require long processing times and expensive equipment, which makes them difficult to apply for on-site diagnostics. In contrast, the colorimetric method offers advantages for point-of-care testing and real-time monitoring due to its flexibility, simple operation, rapid results, and versatility across many applications. In order to enhance the color change reactions in colorimetric techniques, functional nanomaterials are often integrated due to their desirable intrinsic properties. In this review, the working principles of nanomaterial-based detection strategies in colorimetric systems are introduced. In addition, current signal amplification methods for colorimetric biosensors are comprehensively outlined and evaluated. Finally, the latest trends in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning integration into colorimetric-based biosensors, including their potential for technological advancements in the near future, are discussed. Future research is expected to develop highly sensitive and multifunctional colorimetric methods, which will serve as powerful alternatives for point-of-care testing and self-testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Sensor Platform for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Toxins.","authors":"Kundan Kumar Mishra, Krupa M Thakkar, Vikram Narayanan Dhamu, Sriram Muthukumar, Shalini Prasad","doi":"10.3390/bios15060361","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zearalenone (ZEA), a potent mycotoxin commonly found in contaminated grains, presents a serious threat to food safety and public health. Conventional detection methods, including culture-based assays and laboratory-bound analytical tools, are often time-consuming, require specialized infrastructure, and lack portability, limiting their utility for rapid, on-site screening. In response, this study introduces a compact, real-time electrochemical sensing platform for the swift and selective detection of ZEA in corn flour matrices. Utilizing a non-faradaic, label-free approach based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), the sensor leverages ZEA-specific antibodies to achieve rapid detection within 5 min. The platform demonstrates a low detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL, with a broad dynamic range from 0.1 ng/mL to 25.6 ng/mL. Reproducibility tests confirm consistent performance, with both inter- and intra-assay variation remaining under a 20% coefficient of variation (%CV). Comparative evaluation with standard benchtop systems underscores its accuracy and field applicability. This portable and user-friendly device provides a powerful tool for real-time mycotoxin monitoring, offering significant potential for improving food safety practices and enabling point-of-need testing in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimuli-Responsive DNA Hydrogel Design Strategies for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Minhyuk Lee, Minjae Lee, Sungjee Kim, Nokyoung Park","doi":"10.3390/bios15060355","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are three-dimensional network structures composed of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in water and are very similar to soft tissues such as connective tissue or the extracellular matrix. DNA hydrogels are particularly notable for biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility, physiological stability, molecular recognition, biodegradability, easy functionalization, and low immunogenicity. Based on these advantages, stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels that have the property of reversibly changing their structure in response to various microenvironments or molecules are attracting attention as smart nanomaterials that can be applied to biosensing and material transfer, such as in the case of cells and drugs. As DNA nanotechnology advances, DNA can be hybridized with a variety of nanomaterials, from inorganic nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and quantum dots (QDs) to synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). These hybrid structures exhibit various optical and chemical properties. This review discusses recent advances and remaining challenges in biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive smart DNA hydrogel-based systems. It also highlights various types of hybridized DNA hydrogel, explores various response mechanism strategies of stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogel, and provides insights and prospects for biomedical applications such as biosensing and drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Imaging Detection of Organ Fibrosis in Minute Samples for Early Stage Utilizing Dual-Channel Two-Photon and Second-Harmonic Excitation.","authors":"Bo-Song Yu, Qing-Di Cheng, Yi-Zhou Liu, Rui Zhang, Da-Wei Li, Ai-Min Wang, Li-Shuang Feng, Xiao Jia","doi":"10.3390/bios15060357","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histopathological staining remains the fibrosis diagnostic gold standard yet suffers from staining artifacts and variability. Nonlinear optical techniques (e.g., spontaneous fluorescence, Second Harmonic Generation) enhance accuracy but struggle with rapid trace-level detection of fibrosis. To address these limitations, a dual-channel nonlinear optical imaging system with excitation wavelengths at 780 nm and 820 nm was developed, enabling simultaneous spontaneous fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging through grid localization. This study applies dual-modality nonlinear imaging to achieve label-free, high-resolution visualization of pulmonary and renal fibrosis at the ECM microstructure scale. Through leveraging this system, it is demonstrated that collagen can be rapidly detected via spontaneous fluorescence at 780 nm, whereas the spatial distribution of collagen fibrils is precisely mapped using Second Harmonic Generation at 820 nm. This approach allows for the rapid and sensitive detection of trace fibrosis in a 5-day unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model. Additionally, we identify that the elastic fibers, which can also be visualized, provide a foundation for staging diagnosis and delivering accurate and quantitative data for pathological studies and analysis. The research findings underscore the potential of this dual-channel nonlinear optical imaging system as a powerful tool for rapid, precise, and noninvasive fibrosis detection and staging.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Aptasensors: Emerging Design and Deployment Landscape.","authors":"Fahd Khalid-Salako, Hasan Kurt, Meral Yüce","doi":"10.3390/bios15060359","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SPR biosensors operate on the principle of evanescent wave propagation at metal-dielectric interfaces in total internal reflection conditions, with consequent photonic energy attenuation. This plasmonic excitation occurs in specific conditions of incident light wavelength, angle, and the dielectric refractive index. This principle has been the basis for SPR-based biosensor setups wherein mass/concentration-induced changes in the refractive indices of dielectric media reflect as plasmonic resonance condition changes quantitatively reported as arbitrary response units. SPR biosensors operating on this conceptual framework have been designed to study biomolecular interactions with real-time readout and in label-free setups, providing key kinetic characterization that has been valuable in various applications. SPR biosensors often feature antibodies as target affinity probes. Notably, the operational challenges encountered with antibodies have led to the development of aptamers-oligonucleotide biomolecules rationally designed to adopt tertiary structures, enabling high affinity and specific binding to a wide range of targets. Aptamers have been extensively adopted in SPR biosensor setups with promising clinical and industrial prospects. In this paper, we explore the growing literature on SPR setups featuring aptamers, specifically providing expert commentary on the current state and future implications of these SPR aptasensors for drug discovery as well as disease diagnosis and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds by Haller's Structure in Ixodidae Tick: Electroscutumography and Olfactometric Bioassay.","authors":"Alivia Mandal, Bishwajeet Paul, Biswanath Bhowmik, Raja Reddy Gundreddy, Adolat U Mirzaieva, Kakali Bhadra","doi":"10.3390/bios15060358","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Chemosensation in ticks opens a novel and unique field for scientific research. This study highlights ticks' chemosensory system to comprehend its host-searching behavior and other integrated chemistry and biology involving Haller's structure. <b>Methodology:</b> This study combines microanatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral experiments to investigate the role of Haller's organ in adult ticks in response to different classes of organic compounds. <b>Results:</b> We showed the microscopic anatomy of Haller's organ in <i>Haemaphysalis darjeeling</i>, present at the terminal segment of the first pair of appendages. Haller's structure serves a vital function in perceiving odor. The electrophysiological activity of adult ticks to different classes of organic compounds via electroscutumography was explored at five different concentrations: <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0%. Among 55 organic compounds, moderate to high stimulation was recorded with pyruvate (13.28 mv at 2%), ammonia (12.26 mv at 2%), benzoic acid (1.99 mv at 0.001%), isobutyric acid (1.39 mv at 0.001%), 2,6-dichlorophenol (1.34 mv at 0.001%), p-Tolualdehyde (1.26 mv at 2%), tetradecane (1.23 mv at 2%), docosane (1.17 mv at 2%), citronellal (1.13 mv at 0.1%), isopropyl acetate (1.05 mv at 0.01%), cyclohexanol (1.03 mv at 2%), 1-octane-3-ol (1.02 mv at 2%), and 1-octanol (1.01 mv at 0.001%). Olfactometric bioassays at <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> 2.0% concentration further confirmed that ammonia, pyruvate, 1-octane-3-ol, hematin porcine, p-Tolualdehyde, methyl salicylate, uric acid, tetradecane, carbon dioxide, propanoic acid, 3-hexanol, hexanoic acid, adenine, 2,6-dichlorophenol, hexadecane, heptanoic acid, pentanoic acid, octadecane, guanine, and nonanoic acid acted as strong attractants, while citronellal, eugenol, butyric acid, geraniol, benzaldehyde, and tiglic aldehyde showed an active repellent effect against the tick species. <b>Conclusions:</b> This investigation provides knowledge of the olfactory sensilla of Haller's structure as biosensors behind tick olfaction and the possibility for chemical detection of diverse attractants and repellents for future development of anti-tick compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Gait Sub-Phase Switching-Based Active Training Control Strategy and Its Application in a Novel Rehabilitation Robot.","authors":"Junyu Wu, Ran Wang, Zhuoqi Man, Yubin Liu, Jie Zhao, Hegao Cai","doi":"10.3390/bios15060356","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios15060356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research study proposes a heuristic hybrid deep neural network (DNN) gait sub-phase recognition model based on multi-source heterogeneous motion data fusion which quantifies gait phases and is applied in balance disorder rehabilitation control, achieving a recognition accuracy exceeding 99%. Building upon this model, a motion control strategy for a novel rehabilitation training robot is designed and developed. For patients with some degree of independent movement, an active training strategy is introduced; it combines gait recognition with a variable admittance control strategy. This strategy provides assistance during the stance phase and moderate support during the swing phase, effectively enhancing the patient's autonomous movement capabilities and increasing engagement in the rehabilitation process. The gait phase recognition system not only provides rehabilitation practitioners with a comprehensive tool for patient assessment but also serves as a theoretical foundation for collaborative control in rehabilitation robots. Through the innovative active-passive training control strategy and its application in the novel rehabilitation robot, this research study overcomes the limitations of traditional rehabilitation robots, which typically operate in a single functional mode, thereby expanding their functional boundaries and enabling more precise, personalized rehabilitation training programs tailored to the needs of patients in different stages of recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}