Biosensors-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Periodontal Disease Diagnosis by a Chemically Etched Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8).","authors":"Rigoberto Tovar, Sarkis Sozkes, Marzhan Sypabekova","doi":"10.3390/bios16090491","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A miniature label-free biosensor based on a chemically etched single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is reported for the detection of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), a salivary biomarker of active periodontitis with a clinical decision threshold of 20 ng/mL. Fibers etched in 48% hydrofluoric acid to a waist diameter of 16.0 ± 1.4 µm gave a mean refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 376.8%/RIU and an RI limit of detection (LOD) of 5.9 × 10^-4 RIU. Fibers were tested with MMP-8 spiked into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and into saliva over 0-200 ng/mL using a post-rinse protocol with per-fiber matrix subtraction. Dose-responses followed a Langmuir isotherm (Kd = 7.1 ng/mL in PBS, 12.7 ng/mL in saliva), with cohort LODs of 0.043 and 0.52 ng/mL, both well below the threshold. MMP-9 (100 ng/mL) and human serum albumin (1 mg/mL) gave negligible responses (≤2.7%, versus 68.2% for MMP-8 at 100 ng/mL); antibody immobilization was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence. A commercial sandwich ELISA on the same spike series gave a matched-matrix LOD of 41.1 ng/mL, nearly two orders of magnitude higher. This performance requires no metal coating, nanostructuring, label, or signal amplification, only a single wet-etching step on stock telecommunications fiber.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable and Invisible ECG Quality and Usability Assessment in Cockpit Monitoring.","authors":"Mariangela Pinnelli, Ana Sofia Antunes Calado, Tiago Filipe Rodrigues Fernandes, Paulo Sérgio de Brito André, Emiliano Schena, Carlo Massaroni, Hugo Plácido da Silva","doi":"10.3390/bios16090486","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous physiological monitoring can support pilot-state assessment, but routine cockpit use requires sensing approaches that are both unobtrusive and physiologically reliable. Wearable ECG (wECG) provides stable cardiac recordings through skin-contact electrodes, whereas cockpit-integrated invisible ECG (iECG) can reduce user burden by acquiring signals through instrumented controls. However, iECG depends on intermittent hand contact and may show incomplete ECG morphology even when cardiac timing information is still preserved. This study proposes a window-based framework to assess the quality and task-specific usability of simultaneous wECG and iECG acquired during simulated flight. ECG data were collected in an Airbus A320 simulator from 14 volunteers, including experienced pilots and novices. The framework combines contact availability, R-peak reliability, PQRST morphology, and complementary signal quality indices into graded usability classes for heart rate (HR)-oriented monitoring. The iECG channel remained accessible for most of the analyzed recording time, with 93.8% of windows showing full or partial contact. Several windows classified as low quality by individual SQIs were retained as HR-usable when contact and R-peak timing remained reliable, indicating that single-metric rejection can be overly conservative for external-contact ECG. HR agreement supported the physiological relevance of the proposed classes: concordant wECG-iECG windows showed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.1 bpm, compared with 7.1 bpm for discordant windows. Bland-Altman analysis for iECG windows classified as usable for HR estimation showed a small mean bias of 1.4 bpm. These findings indicate that incomplete ECG morphology does not necessarily imply loss of HR usability, and that contact-aware, task-specific classification can preserve useful physiological information from unobtrusive cockpit interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fetal Magnetocardiography Using Optically Pumped Magnetometers: A Literature Review.","authors":"Rok Hren, Urban Marhl, Tamás Dóczi, Erika Országh, Vojko Jazbinšek, Tilmann Sander","doi":"10.3390/bios16090487","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) provides direct non-invasive assessment of fetal cardiac electrophysiology, enabling detailed evaluation of cardiac rhythm, conduction, and repolarization. However, the clinical adoption of conventional fMCG has been limited by its reliance on superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) systems, which require cryogenic cooling and specialized infrastructure. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have emerged as a promising cryogen-free alternative with the potential to broaden access to fetal electrophysiological assessment. This review summarizes the technological evolution and early clinical evaluation of OPM-based fMCG through an analysis of original in vivo human studies published up to June 2026. Twelve eligible studies were identified and synthesized narratively. Advances in sensor design, magnetic shielding, acquisition strategies, and signal-processing algorithms have enabled SQUID-comparable signal quality and cardiac interval measurements while substantially reducing cryogenic and infrastructure requirements. OPM-fMCG has demonstrated the potential to assess fetal cardiac time intervals, heart rate variability, fetal movement, and clinically important arrhythmias, including congenital long QT syndrome, atrioventricular block, and supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. However, the available evidence remains dominated by small, single-centre studies, with relatively few fetuses affected by clinically significant arrhythmias. Prospective multicenter clinical validation, protocol standardization, independent replication, and regulatory evaluation are therefore required before OPM-fMCG can be integrated into routine diagnostic pathways for pregnancies requiring advanced fetal electrophysiological assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring EML4-ALK Biomarkers via a Microfluidic Assay for Treatment Efficacy Assessment.","authors":"Shaked Doron, Lev Brio, Matan Krasner, Efrat Barbiro-Michaely, Doron Gerber","doi":"10.3390/bios16090484","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring prognostic biomarkers is essential for evaluating cancer treatment efficacy in real time. Here, we present a rapid, proof-of-concept microfluidic assay for cancer biomarker quantification and functional therapy evaluation. The assay requires only 5 µL of sample, eliminates tedious sample manipulation, and uses commercial antibodies to track both biomarker concentration and functional activity. We demonstrated the successful detection of VEGF and EML4-ALK proteins in both lung cancer cell culture supernatant and serum-spiked samples, achieving a detection sensitivity 15 times greater than standard ELISA using the same antibody pairs for the respective antigens. Crucially, we showcase the platform's distinct applicability to functional assays by monitoring dynamic phosphorylation changes in EML4-ALK following treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor alectinib, successfully capturing a significant, rapid decrease in phosphorylation levels. At this preclinical stage, the platform demonstrates analytical and functional feasibility for highly sensitive and rapid biomarker monitoring, providing a foundation for future validation in patient-derived ALK-positive samples for therapeutic-response assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Portable Colorimetric Biosensor Platform for Urinary Colorectal Cancer Biomarker Testing in Low-Resource Settings.","authors":"Prashanthi Kovur, Scott MacKay, Songtian Bai, James Cook, Claudia Torres-Calzada, Dipanjan Bhattacharyya, Upasana Singh, David S Wishart","doi":"10.3390/bios16090485","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is challenging in low-resource settings because access to colonoscopy and centralized laboratory testing is limited. Urine-based metabolite biomarkers offer a non-invasive alternative for CRC triage, but translating a laboratory assay into a point-of-care (PoC) system requires standardized fluid handling, operator-independent timing, field-compatible reagents, and quantitative calibration. Here, we present a low-cost, semi-automated PoC platform integrating a validated, sequential, three-metabolite CRC-biomarker assay with robotic fluid handling, a motorized chromatographic module, an optical reader, Bluetooth electronics, and tablet-guided control. The platform measures urinary diacetylspermine and hippuric acid, with creatinine serving as a normalization reference, and reports absolute quantitative concentrations. Automated dilution, tube positioning, timed incubation, controlled column elution, and software-guided transfer reduce operator-dependent variation. Using pooled urine samples spiked at clinically relevant concentrations, the creatinine assay showed a strong quadratic response (0-50 mM, R² = 0.998), as did the diacetylspermine assay (0-4 μM, R² = 0.979), while the hippuric acid assay showed a linear response of R² = 0.989. The RGB sensor tracked the concentration-dependent trend observed with a laboratory microplate reader (R² = 0.968-0.999). Reagents reformulated as lyophilized or pre-weighed, vacuum-sealed kits withstood accelerated heat and humidity (45 °C/70% RH) testing and international shipping to the pilot site very well. At approximately USD 490 for the complete instrument (including tablet) and roughly USD 7.65 in consumables per screening test, the platform offers a practical, quantitative, and portable route for decentralized CRC screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocarbon as a Quantum Material for Biointerfaces and Magnetic Platforms in Theranostic Biomedicine in Oncology: A Critical Review.","authors":"Priscila M Galdino, Barbara R Geraldino, Nilséia A Barbosa, Fernando M Araújo-Moreira","doi":"10.3390/bios16090482","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanostructured carbon materials are low-dimensional systems relevant to oncology biosensing, with their utility arising from an electronic structure coupled to defect and edge states, a charge-transfer behavior and optical response that report molecular binding, an interfacial chemistry governing contact with the analyte, and, in selected cases, magnetic properties enabling manipulation and readout. In functional terms, these behaviors trace to specific quantum-relevant features-quantum confinement, edge and defect states, and the resulting size-dependent optical and charge-transfer responses-rather than to a generic quantum-material designation. This critical review treats nanocarbons as engineered biointerfaces whose performance is set by how the carbon surface behaves in biological fluid, how recognition chemistry is anchored, and how the binding event is transduced, with magnetic responsiveness, stability, reproducibility, and fabrication control as decisive constraints. The analysis separates three material classes-non-magnetic nanocarbon sensors, hybrid carbon-magnetic systems, and defect-associated or potentially metal-free magnetic carbons-while grading evidence as direct, adjacent, comparator-derived, or prospective. Directly, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene quantum dots, and magnetic carbon hybrids serve in electrochemical, optical and fluorescent, field-effect, and magnetic-assisted formats. Clinical translation, however, remains constrained by biofouling, protein-corona formation, matrix interference, unstable functionalization, batch variability, incomplete standardization, and scarce validation in real samples and patient cohorts. Metal-free or defect-associated magnetic carbons therefore warrant caution, remaining prospective platforms until the preservation of magnetic response, reproducible functionalization, matrix compatibility, safety, and measurable analytical advantage are directly demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic-Integrated CRISPR-Cas Biosensor for Marine Pollutant and Pathogen Monitoring: A Review.","authors":"Natalia Binti Ali, Yuting Xiao, Kuiyu Jin, Yixuan Wang, Youquan Zhao","doi":"10.3390/bios16090483","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine ecosystems face escalating threats from heavy metals, harmful algal bloom toxins, pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes, yet conventional detection methods remain laboratory-dependent and incapable of real-time, multiplexed field monitoring. CRISPR-Cas diagnostics, leveraging programmable Cas12a/Cas13a <i>trans</i>-cleavage for attomolar-level sensitivity, offers a transformative solution when integrated with microfluidic platforms that provide the automation and miniaturisation required for field deployment. This review systematically examines this emerging convergence across four marine target classes: heavy metals, biotoxins, pathogens, and resistance genes alongside integration architectures, signal readout strategies, and comparative performance benchmarking. We identify that only a small fraction of reported platforms have been validated in authentic seawater, with cross-class multiplexing, biofouling resistance during autonomous deployment, and regulatory standardisation remaining largely unaddressed. By synthesising this rapidly developing literature and articulating these unresolved challenges, this review provides a foundational reference and research agenda for translating microfluidic-CRISPR biosensors from laboratory proof-of-concept to operational marine environmental surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conducting Polymer-Nanomaterial Hybrids for Cancer Diagnostics.","authors":"Mingyu Bae, Jin-Ho Lee","doi":"10.3390/bios16090479","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer continues to pose a major global burden because of the high incidence and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for innovative and highly sensitive diagnostic technologies. Conducting polymer-nanomaterial (CP-NM) hybrid biosensors have become promising platforms for cancer biomarker detection, integrating the redox-active and biocompatible nature of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) with the high surface area and charge transport properties of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon-based nanostructures, and two-dimensional materials. The synergistic interfaces in these hybrids enable efficient electron transfer, signal amplification, and stable biomolecular immobilization, facilitating ultrasensitive and multiplexed detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites associated with tumor progression. This review highlights recent advances in CP-NM hybrid biosensors for cancer diagnostics, focusing on material design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and representative applications across electrochemical, optical, and mechanical modalities. Finally, key challenges and future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the potential of CP-NM hybrid platforms to drive next-generation approaches for early cancer detection, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Dynamics of Zebrafish Under Hydrodynamic Stimuli Induced by Magnetic Microactuator in Microfluidics.","authors":"Dineshkumar Loganathan, Pu-Hsiang Wang, Chia-Yuan Chen","doi":"10.3390/bios16090480","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behavioral investigation in zebrafish is essential for understanding adaptive responses, where learning represents a key process influenced by external stimuli. The applied stimulus plays a critical role in shaping such responses, therefore making physiologically relevant stimulation strategies important. Hydrodynamic stimuli represent one such modality, providing a natural and non-invasive means of activating mechanosensory responses in aquatic organisms, thereby enabling behavioral manipulation in microfluidic environments. To address this, a microfluidic assay was developed to generate controlled hydrodynamic environments by employing multiple S-shaped magnetic microactuators (SMMAs). Further, motions of these SMMAs were independently controlled to produce spatiotemporally varying vortical flow fields, enabling flow-induced transportation of zebrafish larvae. Flow dynamics were characterized by employing micro-particle image velocimetry (µPIV). Compared to the control condition, transportation time under microactuator-assisted guidance was significantly reduced, with a maximum improvement of 94.3% observed for a representative target zone. Building on this validated transport capability, training-dependent behavioral adaptation was quantified using latency under repeated hydrodynamic-training, where a reduction of 82.7% was achieved. Post-training assessment further demonstrated short-term retention of the acquired behavioral response followed by progressive extinction. These findings demonstrate that the proposed paradigm serves as a foundational behavioral assay leveraging hydrodynamic cues for studying adaptive responses in microfluidics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interval-Level Validation of a Wearable Dry-Electrode ECG Biosensor Platform: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","authors":"Avshalom Shaffer, Daniel Possti, Yizhaq Shmayahu, Deganit Barak-Shinar, Roy Beigel, David Hochstein, Rona Haker, Yael Hanein, Hila Meiri, Oliana Vazhgovsky, Shai Tejman-Yarden","doi":"10.3390/bios16090481","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable dry-electrode electrocardiographic (ECG) systems may enable longer and more comfortable rhythm monitoring, but their interval-level measurement fidelity requires validation against reference acquisition systems. In this single-center proof-of-concept study, 20 participants (10 healthy volunteers and 10 cardiology patients) underwent simultaneous ECG recordings with a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared wearable dry-electrode platform (X-trodes System M) and a wired reference system (MP150 with ECG100C module, Biopac Systems). Three-minute paired segments were recorded and underwent temporal synchronization, bandpass filtering, baseline correction, automated discrete-wavelet peak detection in NeuroKit2 (version 0.2.10), and standardized manual adjudication. After predefined exclusions for temporal alignment and P-wave detection quality, agreement was assessed in nine cardiac and ten healthy participants for RR intervals and in seven cardiac and eight healthy participants for P-to-R peak intervals. RR interval agreement was excellent in the healthy and cardiac cohorts, with a mean bias of 0.4 ± 3.1 ms and 0.1 ± 4.6 ms and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.97 ms and 1.28 ms, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was over 0.99 for both cohorts. P-to-R peak interval agreement was strong, with an MAE of 1.76 ms and 7.14 ms and ICC of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. These findings provide preliminary evidence of interval-level agreement for the X-trodes wearable dry-electrode ECG biosensor platform under controlled, short-duration daytime conditions. Because the matched interval pairs were clustered within a small number of participants, the findings should be regarded as proof-of-concept evidence supporting larger ambulatory validation studies rather than as definitive clinical validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}