Biosensors-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Beyond Detection Limits: Integrated Biosensors for Molecular Diagnostics, Longitudinal Monitoring, and Clinical Translation.","authors":"Nilanjan Roy, Michael Powers, Minelly Gonzalez, Luca Cucullo","doi":"10.3390/bios16090477","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biosensors are evolving from isolated analytical detectors into integrated systems for molecular diagnosis, longitudinal monitoring, dynamic tissue assessment, and clinical or preclinical decision support. This critical narrative review synthesizes literature from 2018 through July 2026 on biorecognition, biointerface engineering, transduction, wearable and microneedle architectures, CRISPR diagnostics, and sensor-integrated microphysiological systems. Unlike previous work that primarily classifies biosensors by analyte, recognition chemistry, or transduction modality, this review provides a unified translational framework that shifts evaluation from analytical sensitivity alone to the ability of systems to generate reliable, longitudinal, and clinically actionable information. A central distinction is made among snapshot assays, repeated discrete measurements, and genuine molecular trajectories, which require reversible recognition, controlled sampling, calibration, drift management, and temporal fidelity. Across applications, translational maturity depends on the measurement pathway. Continuous glucose monitoring remains the clearest benchmark because it combines durable chemistry, reproducible manufacture, workflow integration, and demonstrated clinical benefit. Other platforms have reached authentic-matrix testing, feasibility, prospective validation, or regulatory clearance but remain limited by fouling, matrix effects, calibration transfer, incomplete sample-to-answer operation, device variability, and insufficient manufacturing evidence. Future progress requires durable interfaces, claim-matched validation, reproducible scale-up, interoperable data systems, and measurements that remain trustworthy across time, users, devices, and settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Low-Cost Wearable Multimodal Brain Signal Acquisition System Integrating EEG and fNIRS for Depression Detection.","authors":"Zihan Fei, Hao Li, Zhongyuan Ying, Xingxing Li, Yuezhou Zhang, Qizhi Zhao, Bin Lian, Weiming Cai, Jialin Cui, Tao Yu, Xianghong Zhao, Shuhao Lv, Zhengxiang Yu, Guanxiang Ding, Yuzhou Ying, Yuhang Zhu","doi":"10.3390/bios16090478","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable brain-imaging devices have been developed to meet the growing demand in the healthcare industry for long-term monitoring of brain signals in natural conditions, such as monitoring brain diseases and emotions. However, conventional EEG and fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) devices are often expensive, bulky and difficult to operate, making it difficult to monitor patients for long periods in natural conditions. To address these issues, this article proposes a low-cost, portable and multimodal wearable brain signal acquisition scheme. It combines EEG (electroencephalography) and fNIRS to reflect brain activity from different perspectives. In order to make it more wearable, a conductive rubber material is used as the electrode for the EEG. In this study, the corresponding experiments were used to verify the performance of the device. The first is the measurement of internal system noise, which satisfies the data acquisition of EEG and fNIRS at different gain levels. The <i>α</i>-rhythm experiment and the SSVEP (steady-state visual evoked potentials) experiment were used to validate the performance of EEG data acquisition. The performance of the fNIRS was verified by measuring changes in cerebral blood oxygen during breath-hold and breathing. In addition, by decomposing the raw fNIRS data with the VMD (variational mode decomposition) algorithm and performing correlation analysis, heart rate information was separated from the data. The performance of the proposed device was validated in the above experiments, confirming the feasibility of the design for multimodal data acquisition and meeting the requirements for portability and wearability. Furthermore, the proposed device was tested with 31 subjects (15 depressive subjects) to detect depression. Experiments proved the effectiveness of the multimodal signals, which outperformed single modal and surpassed EEG by 8.4% and fNIRS by 23.5%.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Self-Driven Liquid Biosensor Based on Metamaterials for Glioblastoma-Related Sample Detection.","authors":"Kanglong Chen, Minghui Du, Peiyuan Sun, Pei Yang, Xiaojun Wu","doi":"10.3390/bios16090476","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A self-driven terahertz metamaterial liquid biosensor composed of channel-structured metamaterials and a quartz microcavity is proposed for glioblastoma sample detection. The device transports liquid samples via capillary force. The permittivity (<i>ε_eff</i>) of liquid suspensions is comprehensively analyzed to provide theoretical support for the detection. For suspensions with the same contents, <i>ε_eff</i> decreases with increasing concentration, while under the same concentration condition, <i>ε_eff</i> decreases as particle size grows. An electric dipole resonance is excited at ~1.54 THz with theoretical sensitivity ≥ 242 GHz/RIU (where RIU denotes refractive index unit). For the same type of cell discrimination, the frequencies of the biosensor's feature peaks shift from ~1.14, ~1.18, and ~1.20 THz with the rise in cell concentration of glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) suspension from 4 × 10⁵, 6 × 10⁵ to 8 × 10⁵ cells/mL, respectively. In addition, the GSC, U87 and U251-whose average diameters increase in that order-tested at the same concentration of 4 × 10⁵ cells/mL lead to feature peak shifts from ~1.14, ~1.17, and ~1.20 THz. Clear THz differences exist between healthy and patient serum, with peaks at 1.18 and 1.19 THz. The sensor effectively distinguishes cell suspensions but has limited serum discrimination capacity. The sensor retains cell morphology, requires little pretreatment, and is low-cost and fast for rapid glioblastoma clinical screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Advances and Future Perspectives of Point-of-Care Detection Technologies and Biosensors for Mosquito-Borne Viruses.","authors":"Erkang Bian, Ruohang Wang, Kun Yin, Xiong Ding","doi":"10.3390/bios16090474","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses, place a substantial burden on diagnostic services, especially where molecular laboratories are inaccessible or slow to return results. Point-of-care biosensors could reduce turnaround times and bring testing closer to patients in primary care, outbreak response, and field settings. This review critically examines nucleic acid amplification, CRISPR-assisted assays, lateral-flow platforms, microfluidic systems, electrochemical and optical biosensors, paper-based devices, and smartphone-enabled readouts. These technologies are evaluated in terms of sample preparation, analytical sensitivity and specificity, matrix interference, multiplexing, workflow integration, cost, and clinical validation. Overall, nucleic-acid-amplification and CRISPR-assisted platforms often achieve low reported detection limits under controlled conditions; lateral-flow and paper-based devices offer relatively simple and minimally instrumented workflows; and microfluidic, electrochemical, and smartphone-enabled systems support increasing levels of workflow integration, quantitative readout, and connectivity. However, few platforms currently integrate these advantages into a fully integrated and clinically validated \"sample-to-result\" workflow. Due to sample heterogeneity, viral strains, reference methods, assay conditions, and disparities in reporting practices, conducting meaningful cross-study comparisons remains challenging. Limited comparisons and insufficient prospective clinical and field validation further restrict the assessment of practical diagnostic utility. Therefore, strong analytical performance alone should not be interpreted as evidence of clinical validity. Priority directions include unified definitions of performance and reporting units, standardized validation protocols and external quality assessment, prospective multi-site evaluation using representative populations and specimens, and earlier consideration of manufacturing scalability, reagent stability, quality systems, and applicable regulatory requirements. Future platforms should integrate simplified sample preparation, multiplex detection, objective digital or AI-assisted interpretation, and secure connectivity while demonstrating measurable benefits for patient management and outbreak surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Horseradish Peroxidase-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Melatonin Detection.","authors":"Andra-Georgiana Trifan, Constantin Apetrei","doi":"10.3390/bios16090475","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for melatonin (MLT) detection using a graphene-modified screen-printed electrode (G/SPE). HRP was immobilized at different temperatures (4 °C and 20 °C) and enzyme amounts (10 and 20 µL of 5 mg/mL HRP solution) to optimize the performance of the biosensors. FTIR analysis confirmed successful enzyme immobilization, while differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed a clear oxidation peak of MLT at 1.1 V with enhanced current responses for HRP-modified electrodes. The optimal biosensor, prepared at 4 °C with 10 µL enzyme of 5 mg/mL HRP solution, exhibited the best analytical performance, with a linear range of 0.4-3.6 µM, and a detection limit of 1.02 µM. Kinetic studies confirmed strong enzyme-substrate affinity, while the biosensors demonstrated excellent repeatability and a good stability. The method was successfully validated on pharmaceutical products, proving to be a reliable and an accurate tool for MLT quantification in real samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic Single-Cell Bioanalysis for Decoding Tumor Heterogeneity.","authors":"Xingyu Tao, Shuang Feng, Yi Luo, Zhenfei Yu, Ruiheng Wang, Ru-Jia Yu","doi":"10.3390/bios16090473","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor heterogeneity drives cancer progression, dissemination, therapeutic adaptation, and relapse, yet many clinically relevant cell states are rare, transient, context-dependent, and obscured by population-averaged analysis. This review examines how microfluidic platforms preserve biologically meaningful linkages among cell identity, molecular state, secreted output, functional phenotype, perturbation history, and microenvironmental context, which are frequently disrupted by conventional workflows. We first define analytical requirements imposed by tumor heterogeneity, then examine microwell- and microchamber-based systems, droplet microfluidic platforms, valve-assisted and other active manipulation or capture systems, and integrated multimodal workflows that preserve single-cell information while introducing distinct engineering trade-offs. We further discuss major readout modalities, including genomic and transcriptomic profiling, extracellular vesicle and secretome analysis, metabolic measurements, and proteomic readouts, and applications in circulating tumor-cell dissemination, tumor-microenvironment interactions, and therapy-response heterogeneity. Finally, we highlight bottlenecks in measurement fidelity, source attribution, reproducibility, benchmarking, biological representation, multimodal integration, and clinical validation. We propose that microfluidic single-cell oncology should advance from descriptive profiling toward decision-oriented systems that preserve cell-resolved states, source-attributed outputs, perturbation histories, and longitudinal responses within reproducible workflows and connect them to clinically actionable information.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIRSLINK: A Modular Cascaded Wearable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System for High-Speed Multi-Site Hemodynamic Monitoring.","authors":"Shuo Zhang, Kangkang Xu, Nan Zeng, Jiansong Sun, Qianrui Yang, Qianke Zeng, Zheng Ding, Yanyu Lu, Jian Zhao, Mohamad Sawan, Shan Fu, Guoxing Wang, Cheng Chen","doi":"10.3390/bios16090472","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring, yet conventional CW-NIRS systems suffer from limited temporal resolution, scalp-only measurement, and mandatory manual tuning to compensate for optical heterogeneity across subjects and sites. This work develops NIRSLINK, a modular cascaded wearable NIRS system for high-speed multi-site hemodynamic acquisition. Its flexible probes adopt spring-floating optics with a standardized 30 mm optode separation, integrating dual 735/850 nm LEDs, silicon photodiodes, and a two-stage closed-loop tuning algorithm. A single probe achieves a peak sampling rate of 3 kHz, and up to eight cascaded probes form 52 valid channels, with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 78.61 ± 7.03 dB and an optical dynamic range (DR) of 101.32 ± 12.41 dB. Phantom experiments verify its millisecond temporal resolution and high sensitivity to blood flow and hemoglobin variations. In vivo trials, including the Valsalva maneuver, forearm occlusion, and two-back cognitive tasks, demonstrate simultaneous recording of hemoglobin concentration shifts, pulse waveforms, and beat-to-beat pulse transit times (PTTs). NIRSLINK supports hemodynamic measurements across multiple anatomical locations, including the forehead, forearm, upper arm, and thigh, covering both cranial and peripheral body regions. The embedded auto-tuning module stabilizes signals from the forehead, forearm, and other regions within the optimal ADC range without manual adjustment, preventing signal saturation and SNR degradation. This scalable adaptive platform overcomes critical drawbacks of traditional wearable NIRS, applicable to cognitive neuroscience, non-invasive cardiovascular assessment, and ambulatory physiological monitoring, and provides design references for multi-site optical sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Spiking Neural Network for Non-Invasive Glucose Estimation on Wearable Bioimpedance Biosensors, with a Multiplication-Free Neuromorphic Path.","authors":"Matheus Willian Sprotte, Pedro Bertemes Filho","doi":"10.3390/bios16090469","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable glucose monitoring demands low-power local processing, but conventional neural networks rely on energy-intensive multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations that limit battery life. This study shows that a Spiking Neural Network (SNN), built on a regression-adapted Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron, can estimate blood glucose from multi-frequency bioimpedance and auxiliary biosignals with clinically auditable accuracy at low computational and memory cost. Using data from 98 patients (717 measurements, eGluco3 device, Azambuja Hospital, Brusque, Brazil) evaluated by 5-fold walk-forward cross-validation under ISO 15197:2013, three main findings emerge. First, a new calibration method-the Patient Fingerprint, built from each patient's first K sensor readings-outperforms conventional one-hot patient encoding (14.2 ± 2.6 mg/dL vs. 15.4 ± 3.3 mg/dL mean absolute error) and, unlike one-hot, requires only these <i>K</i> readings rather than the patient's presence in the training set; a leave-patients-out analysis confirms that the fingerprint captures individual physiology and that unseen-patient accuracy improves with calibration depth but remains clinically insufficient (MAE 94.8→65.9 mg/dL from K=3 to K=5), positioning clinical-grade cross-patient generalization on a larger cohort as the primary scaling axis. Second, the direct-injection fingerprint model reaches 100% of the samples within Consensus Error Grid Zones A+B across all validation folds (the rate-coding variant reaches 98.8%, just below the 99% Criterion B threshold), without requiring any demographic or clinical metadata; sensor history alone renders such records redundant; and Criterion A, however, stays below the 95% normative threshold, so the results support clinical safety rather than formal certification. Third, replacing the analog input encoding with a multiplication-free rate-coding scheme removes all first-layer MAC operations at a cost of 2.7 mg/dL additional error; because the additional microticks raise the total operation count, this defines a design lever whose energy payoff is specific to neuromorphic hardware rather than a net saving on conventional microcontrollers. Together, these results demonstrate that SNNs offer a clinically auditable, self-calibrating, and memory-efficient path to continuous glucose estimation on embedded wearable devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optically Silent Epoxysilane Chemistry for Paper-Based ABO Blood Typing.","authors":"Chinnawut Pipatpanukul, Komkrisd Wongtimnoi, Laurent Mezeix, Santi Phosri","doi":"10.3390/bios16090468","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Safe transfusion depends on rapid, accurate ABO typing, yet reference methods require centrifuges and instrumentation unavailable at the point of need. Here, a paper-based ABO-RhD typing device built on a covalent, optically silent surface chemistry is reported. Aminosilane (APTES) and epoxysilane (GPTMS) functionalisation of Whatman cellulose was compared by water contact angle, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) across two paper grades, three silane concentrations (5, 10 and 20% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and three reaction times (1-6 h). APTES produced a strongly hydrophobic layer that impeded aqueous wicking, and its glutaraldehyde activation generated a red-brick chromophore incompatible with a red-channel readout. GPTMS coupled antibodies in a single mild step, without a crosslinker or visible chromophore, while preserving wicking. GPTMS (10% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 3 h, Whatman No. 4) with a six-cycle 100 µL saline wash was selected; antibodies were immobilised in a four-zone layout (anti-A, anti-B, anti-D and control) within a 3D-printed two-compartment housing that traps agglutinated cells while free cells wash through. On 80 EDTA clinical blood samples (20 each of groups A, B, AB and O) the device classified every sample correctly (accuracy 100%; 95% confidence interval 95.4-100%), with visual and instrumented reads in full agreement. All samples were RhD-positive, so the anti-D channel is validated here for the positive call.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Electrochemical Sensing: A Network Evidence Map of Translational Barriers and Pathways to Point-of-Care Deployment.","authors":"Muhammad Saqib, Elena I Korotkova, Kunquan Li, Neda Firoz, Mrinal Vashisth, Amrit L Hui, Olga I Lipskikh, Pradip Kumar Kar","doi":"10.3390/bios16090470","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bios16090470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with electrochemical sensing has revolutionized analytical diagnostics by overcoming traditional limitations such as signal drift, peak overlapping, and matrix interference. However, despite the exponential growth of this field, a unified framework evaluating translational feasibility remains absent. This review critically analyzes AI/ML architectures applied to electrochemical sensors and biosensors from 2016 to 2025. To the best of our knowledge, this work introduces the first coded Network Evidence Map to quantitatively map the co-occurrence of methodological strengths, weaknesses, and translational barriers across the examined literature. The analysis reveals that while deep learning and ensemble models excel in signal deconvolution and multiplexing, the field is severely constrained by systemic bottlenecks. Network pathways demonstrate that over 83% of studies lack uncertainty quantification, and data scarcity coupled with restricted data-sharing policies critically undermines model reproducibility. Furthermore, batch-to-batch hardware variability measurably co-occurs with the opacity of black-box algorithms, hindering regulatory approval. We conclude that advancing from laboratory proof-of-concept to real-world point-of-care deployment necessitates a paradigm shift toward open-source electrochemical repositories, explainable AI (XAI), physics-informed machine learning, and hardware-software co-design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48608,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}