Psychology and Aging最新文献

{"title":"Process explanations of age-related changes in memory specificity.","authors":"Nathaniel R Greene, Dominic Guitard, Moshe Naveh-Benjamin","doi":"10.1037/pag0000987","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult aging is associated with a decline in memory for the specific details of past experiences, but the reasons for these declines remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we consider the potential of computational process models of memory to reveal mechanisms underlying age-related changes in memory specificity. We define empirical benchmarks in the most widely used tasks for studying age differences in memory-recognition and free recall. We then systematically review two broad classes of process models-global matching and retrieved context models-that are well-suited to explaining these benchmarks. We discuss and, at times, illustrate through simulations how age differences in memory specificity can arise from different mechanisms in these models, such as reductions in encoding fidelity, cue-selectivity of retrieval, contextual reinstatement, or retrieval monitoring. These models hold great promise for uncovering the latent mechanisms of age-related memory change, but several explanatory shortcomings must be addressed for a more comprehensive theory to emerge. Because process models often incorporate simplifying shortcuts, they risk advancing descriptive rather than mechanistic explanations for age differences in memory. Furthermore, models that have identified multiple processes of age-related memory impairment have left unaddressed the ways in which these processes affect each other. By illuminating these and other challenges in current process models, our review aims to stimulate future advances that can dramatically reshape our understanding of the processes of age-related changes in memory specificity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related changes in multisensory emotional speech perception: Evidence for a dual-pathway model.","authors":"Yi Lin, Hongwei Ding, Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1037/pag0000990","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite consistent reports on age-related declines in emotion perception, existing studies remain unclear about whether aging exerts a direct influence or an indirect effect via other age-related factors. This study examined the direct and indirect pathways through which age influences multisensory emotional speech perception, specifically focusing on the roles of sensory (auditory) and cognitive functions. In 2022-2024, participants (aged 18-82, <i>N</i> = 182) completed two emotional speech perception tests: a cross-channel test pairing prosody with semantics and a cross-modal test that additionally included visual facial expressions. They were also assessed for hearing sensitivity as well as global and specific cognitive functions, including selective attention, working memory, and musical emotion discrimination. A structural equation modeling approach was applied to examine how these age-related auditory and cognitive factors influenced emotional speech perception across different communication channels. In the cross-channel test, age mediated the performance through cognitive functioning and, to a lesser degree, hearing sensitivity, with both pathways stronger for emotional prosody than for semantics. In the cross-modal test, while the indirect effect of age was enhanced and remained most pronounced in prosody compared to the other two channels, it was primarily mediated via cognitive functioning. In addition, age was found to be a significant direct predictor of perceptual performance, especially in the semantic task. Our findings delineate an integrated, dual-pathway model of age-related changes in multisensory emotional speech perception. This involves test-specific direct age effects, especially for semantic processing, and general indirect effects on prosody perception primarily via cognitive functioning and, to a lesser extent, through hearing sensitivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrophysiological evidence for age-related changes in event knowledge use during language comprehension.","authors":"Rachel Myers, Melissa Troyer, Kara D Federmeier","doi":"10.1037/pag0000945","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>General event knowledge can be rapidly used during language comprehension and shapes word understanding. However, little is known about how event knowledge use might be affected by normal aging, which is associated with increases in world knowledge but decreases in fluid abilities. We measured event-related brain potentials, focusing on N400 potentials (neuroelectric markers of semantic processing) and post-N400 late positive complexes, as younger (aged 18-30; <i>N</i> = 24) and older (aged 53-80; <i>N</i> = 30) adult participants read short descriptions of real-world scenarios ending with the most predictable word or one of two types of contextually anomalous words, either related or unrelated to the event being described. For young adults, as previously reported (Metusalem et al., 2012), N400s were reduced to predictable compared to anomalous words and, among anomalous words, were reduced for those related to the event compared to unrelated anomalies. Older adults also showed N400 reductions for predictable compared to anomalous words but not for anomalous but event-related words compared to unrelated anomalies. Among older adults, age was negatively correlated with N400 effects of event-relatedness. Thus, whereas young adults seemed to broadly activate and maintain information about an event being described, even when it was linguistically infelicitous, older adults did not. However, older adults did differentiate the two types of anomalous words in a later time window (late positive complex), showing they eventually (likely more explicitly) appreciated the event-related relationships (after reading the related anomaly). These results thus suggest that the immediate availability of event knowledge during language comprehension is impacted by normal aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"400-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12777575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145679248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What makes a birdbrain tick: Long-term memory drives expertise effects on working memory binding.","authors":"Vanessa M Loaiza, Kishen Senziani, Lea M Bartsch, Eda Mizrak","doi":"10.1037/pag0000952","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Considerable research concerning the multidirectionality of cognitive aging indicates that retrieving factual knowledge from semantic long-term memory (LTM) remains stable in healthy older age despite declines in actively maintaining information in working memory (WM). This study addressed how older adults' extensive acquired knowledge may support WM by mitigating age deficits in the speed of establishing bindings in WM (Block 1) or through greater contributions from LTM (Block 2). Younger novices (<i>N</i> = 38; <i>M</i>_age = 23.63, <i>SD</i> = 5.49), older novices (<i>N</i> = 56; <i>M</i>_age = 69.55, <i>SD</i> = 5.48), and older experts (<i>N</i> = 26; <i>M</i>_age = 66.96, <i>SD</i> = 5.41) in birding completed two blocks of a WM binding task that presented images of birds paired with words (e.g., robin-mudflat; pigeon-quick) for an immediate test of each bird (e.g., robin) with three options: the target (e.g., mudflat), a lure from the trial but not paired with that bird (e.g., quick), and a new-to-block distractor. Block 1 showed that older experts were just as slow as older novices when adapting the presentation rate of the pairs to achieve similar accuracy performance, regardless of the expertise-relevance of the stimuli (i.e., intact normal birds vs. scrambled meaningless birds). However, in Block 2, older experts exhibited an advantage to model parameter estimates of binding memory, but only when LTM was reliable (i.e., under no but not high proactive interference). Thus, rather than faster WM binding, expertise in healthy older age may confer benefits by outsourcing the demands of WM storage to LTM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"361-374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145758181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of cumulative automatization in logical problem solving: Differences between younger and older adults.","authors":"Rosa Angela Fabio, Giulia Picciotto, Valeria Iamonte, Elisa Colosimo, Rossella Suriano","doi":"10.1037/pag0000953","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the role of cumulative automatization in supporting complex logical reasoning, with a specific focus on age-related differences between younger and older adults. Grounded in the cumulative and emerging automatic deficit model, the research explores how the gradual automatization of cognitive subroutines influences higher order problem-solving abilities. Participants (<i>N</i> = 68), divided into two age groups, completed associative learning tasks using Chinese ideograms followed by inductive reasoning problems of increasing complexity. Behavioral data revealed that greater automatization-measured by faster reaction times, fewer errors, and reduced attempts-facilitates more efficient cognitive processing. While older adults showed slower acquisition and higher cognitive load during the learning phases, their performance in complex reasoning tasks aligned with that of younger participants once automatization was achieved. These results suggest that automatization acts as a cognitive buffer, enhancing reasoning efficiency by offloading controlled processes. Findings emphasize the importance of targeting automatization in cognitive training programs, especially in aging populations, and support a dynamic model of interaction between automatic and controlled cognitive mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"387-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive functioning in perimenopause: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Amanda Bangle, Danielle Williams, Jared Walters, Lan Nguyen","doi":"10.1037/pag0000946","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perimenopause is a transitional stage of reproductive aging characterized by fluctuating hormone levels which impact cognition. Cognitive concerns (e.g., forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating) are frequently reported during this stage and can affect daily functioning, work, and relationships. Numerous studies have reported that perimenopause is associated with subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive deficits; however, findings have been inconsistent due to methodological variability including different comparison groups (premenopause/postmenopause) and different outcomes investigated (attention, memory, etc.). This systematic review and meta-analytic investigation therefore sought to provide clarity by exploring differences in cognition during perimenopause compared to both premenopause and postmenopause. Across 26 articles comprising 9,428 participants, group differences were examined between perimenopausal and premenopausal women (21 studies), and between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women (21 studies). Overall, perimenopausal women exhibited poorer cognitive outcomes than premenopausal women (moderate effect), though, notably, this negative effect was only found in studies utilizing the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW+10) criteria to categorize menopausal/reproductive stages. In contrast, no differences were found between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, though moderator analyses indicated that studies not utilizing the STRAW+10 criteria yielded significant effects (better cognition in perimenopausal than postmenopausal groups). Additionally, compared to postmenopausal women, perimenopausal women demonstrated better objective cognitive outcomes (accuracy, reaction time), with a trend for poorer self-reported outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of applying standardized reproductive staging (STRAW+10) and the inclusion of subjective and objective assessments in future research. A clearer understanding of cognitive changes during perimenopause may improve clinical assessment and inform interventions to support cognitive health in midlife women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"303-318"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is repetition learning preserved in old age? Insights from the Hebb paradigm.","authors":"Joscha Dutli, Klaus Oberauer, Lea M Bartsch","doi":"10.1037/pag0000947","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repetition learning has been frequently studied using the Hebb effect: Immediate serial recall performance improves for a memory list which is repeated among other, nonrepeated lists. Previous research has suggested that older adults learn as well as younger adults in the Hebb paradigm. Because older adults show an age-related deficit in associative episodic memory, this suggests that learning in the Hebb paradigm is not driven by associative memory. In fact, it has been shown that learning sequentially presented lists through repetition is likely to be driven by a chunking mechanism, by which the whole list is integrated into a single unified representation. Here, we investigate age differences in the Hebb paradigm to determine the conditions under which repetition learning relies on associative episodic memory. We found that older adults learn at the same rate as younger adults in a standard Hebb paradigm with lists of letters and lists of words, as well as in a modified version in which a coherent segment of a list is repeated at varying positions within a list. By contrast, Hebb repetition learning of pairwise associations of words was slower in older than in younger adults. Our results suggest that (a) repetition learning is only driven by associative memory when learning pairwise associations is required to solve the task and (b) older adults' capability to learn from repetition is as good as that of younger adults when memory lists are presented in sequence. Thus, the process of chunk formation is largely preserved in old age, at least in the verbal domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"319-339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audiovisual integration in phonetic perception without visual awareness and its age-related decline.","authors":"Wataru Teramoto","doi":"10.1037/pag0000954","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speech is essential for everyday communication during the entire lifespan of an individual. Visual lip movement can support auditory speech perception, particularly in noisy environments and among older adults with hearing impairments. This study investigated whether visual information is integrated with auditory phonetic information without visual awareness and how this process changes with age. Participants heard low signal-to-noise monosyllables (/ba/, /da/, or /ga/) accompanied by visual lip movements under either visible or invisible conditions, the latter being achieved using continuous flash suppression. Three types of visual stimuli were used: incongruent (eliciting the McGurk effect), congruent, and no-lip movements. Participants identified the syllable they heard on each trial. Under continuous flash suppression, stimulus visibility was assessed via subjective reports in Experiment 1 and a four-alternative choice line localization task in Experiment 2. In both experiments, the McGurk effect was observed in both age groups under the visible conditions but only in younger adults under continuous flash suppression. These findings suggest that younger adults can integrate visual and auditory phonetic information without visual awareness, whereas this process may decline with age and be replaced by a more effortful, conscious mechanism-at least under low auditory signal-to-noise conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"415-427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145490426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Don't stop believin': Emotion beliefs and daily well-being across adulthood.","authors":"Jocelyn A Rutledge, Meaghan A Barlow","doi":"10.1037/pag0000951","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion control beliefs reflect the extent to which people believe their emotions <i>can</i> and <i>should</i> be controlled and have been linked to psychological well-being. However, research has yet to examine age-related differences in these beliefs and their daily associations with well-being. Accordingly, the present research examines age differences in daily emotion control beliefs and their within-person associations with positive and negative affect. To do so, we used 14-day daily diary data from an adult community sample (younger adults: 18-36 years old, <i>N</i> = 72; older adults: 66-92 years old, <i>N</i> = 66). The results revealed that older adults reported higher average <i>can</i> emotion control beliefs than younger adults, but no age differences were observed for average <i>should</i> emotion control beliefs. Further, multilevel models revealed that, in general, having stronger beliefs that one <i>can</i> control their emotions was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect across age, whereas having stronger beliefs that one <i>should</i> control their emotions was only associated with higher negative affect in younger adults. Examining daily variations, while both age groups also experienced significant increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect on days they believed they <i>could</i> control their emotion more than usual, the daily association with positive affect was stronger among young adults. Further, younger, but not older, adults experienced decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect on days in which they believed they <i>should</i> control their emotions more than usual, while older adults' affect did not significantly change. These findings add to theory and research on lifespan development and emotional aging by highlighting that emotion control beliefs are differentially associated with well-being, and these associations change across the adult lifespan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"375-386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145543378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High confidence, low accuracy: Younger and older adults overestimate lie detection performance.","authors":"Mélanie Fernandes, Domicele Jonauskaite, Nizar Michaud, Maël Theubet, Frédéric Tomas, Christine Mohr","doi":"10.1037/pag0000948","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pag0000948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many individuals believe that they can detect lies; however, empirical evidence indicates the opposite: Humans are poor lie detectors. This overestimation of lie detection performance has predominantly been studied in young adults. Yet older adults might exhibit such biases to an even higher extent due to their age-related changes in visual and cognitive processing. Accordingly, we tested 18- to 36-year-old (<i>n</i> = 221) and 55- to 91-year-old (<i>n</i> = 109) adults in their (a) self-reported lie detection performance, (b) actual lie detection performance, (c) confidence in their judgments, and (d) lie detection cues they normally rely on. Lie detection was assessed based on videos of a person being truthful or lying when describing a picture. This study showed that older and younger adults did not differ in their actual and self-reported lie detection performances. However, older adults seemed more realistic about their performance in comparison to others and confident with their decisions. The predicted age-related differences were also not found. Both groups overestimated their self-reported lie detection performance around chance level and showed the same tendency to rely more on nonverbal than verbal cues. For age differences, older adults (a) reported higher confidence in their lie detection judgements, (b) performed lower in self-reported lie detection, and (c) used fewer cues to detect lies. Future studies should enhance the ecological validity of the study material, providing more context information and creating higher stakes for participants. Overall, understanding lie detection performance and biases across the lifespan can inform interventions aimed at improving deception detection accuracy across different age groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48426,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Aging","volume":" ","pages":"351-360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145543400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}